Increasing Innovation Activity Research Articles

Mass Migration and Technological Change

AbstractThis paper studies the effect of emigration on technological change in sending locations after one of the largest migration events in human history, the mass migration from Europe to the United States in the 19th century. To establish causality, we adopt an instrumental variable strategy that combines local growing-season frost shocks with proximity to emigration ports. Using data on patents, we find that emigration led to an increase in innovative activity in sending localities. Using data on capital and labor inputs in agriculture and industry, we find evidence of an increased capital intensity related to new technologies in both sectors. We argue that these results are consistent with theories of induced (labor-saving) innovation due to high labor costs following emigration.

Carbon intensity of the Ukrainian industry: current state and foresight

As part of the current carbon intensity assessment and foresight of the prospects for the decarbonization of the Ukrainian industry, the most carbon-intensive (initially creating a significant carbon footprint) and carbon-vulnerable (showing the highest growth rates of carbon intensity over time) industrial sectors were identified. It is substantiated that the processing industry, agriculture, transport and energy, which have both of the above negative characteristics, are of the greatest competitive importance for Ukrainian GDP and are the most promising sectors for priority development. It is defined that for the period 1990-2020 the carbon intensity of Ukrainian GDP exceeds the global and European average levels, despite certain favorable trends in reducing the greenhouse gas emissions in recent years. As of 2022 the carbon footprint of the Ukrainian industry does not exceed the established quota. However, if current trends continue, it may be exhausted by 2040. At the same time, slow progress in the decarbonization of the Ukrainian energy sector, downward dynamics of the value added in industry, a weak motivating role of environmental taxes and low investment activity of industry do not provide favorable prerequisites for effective decarbonization and digitalization of the industrial complex. The established positive trends in the reduction of carbon intensity are due to destructive phenomena in the long term (deindustrialization of the economy and economic stagnation due to the pandemic) and are temporary in nature, while maintaining the risks of increasing greenhouse gas emissions to pre-crisis levels in case of maintaining the current technological order. According to the basic scenario of the decarbonization of the Ukrainian industry (preservation of current trends and phenomena), an exhaustion of the national quota for greenhouse gas emissions by 2040, further deindustrialization of the economy, an increase in technological gaps with the developed countries of the world and an aggravate in the competitive vulnerability of national exporters are expected. The optimistic scenario assumes successful decarbonization and digitalization of the technological structure of the industrial complex. Its implementation ensures the achievement of "carbon neutrality" of the economy in 2060 and the achievement of other target indicators and qualitative changes planned in the official state strategies for environmental policy and economic development for 2030. However, it requires a significant increase in innovative activity – at the level of results of low-carbon EU-27 leaders, which has taken on heightened commitments to achieve "carbon neutrality". The key condition for the implementation of the optimistic scenario is the participation of Ukraine in international projects to prevent climate change.

Analysis of factors of increasing innovation activity of domestic enterprises

Current trends show that the most relevant direction of maintaining competitiveness and obtaining competitive advantages of any state is the development of innovative technologies and knowledge-intensive industries. In this regard, the Russian government faces the task of forming a comprehensive innovation system based on its own technological developments. The fundamental factor contributing to the more effective development of such a system is the innovative activity of enterprises. It is necessary to consider it, as well as factors affecting its condition. It is also worth noting the uneven innovation activity characteristic of our country in different regions, depending mainly on the availability and development of key factors, such as economic infrastructure, financing, scale of production, etc. To date, the share of innovative products produced by theRussian Federation in the total volume of industrial production is approximately 6.7 %. The same indicator in developed countries is about 1619 %. Another characteristic feature of the Russian economy is the predominance of imports of innovative technologies over their exports. Large and medium-sized industrial enterprises have thegreatest innovation activity, and 60 % of their products are science-intensive.

Formation of innovative industry development

In the current conditions of economic development, the formation of innovative sectoral development is provided on the basis of the global implementation of human capital. In the situation of economic crises due to the instability of the external environment, human capital is the only source and resource for innovative changes in economic processes. Therefore, we propose to consider the indicator "human capital" as the basis for major innovative changes in the growth of modern Russian economy, which has been investigated in this article. The actualization of modern innovation policy, which includes guidelines for the development of the Russian Federation towards an innovation-technologically developed path, has determined the particular importance of the "human capital" indicator. The authors have highlighted the methodology for investigating the synergy of these research aspects. In the paper a conclusion is drawn, that taking into account imperfection of existing conceptual positions concerning a role and value of the human capital in the course of forming of innovative branch development for the purpose of increase of innovative activity of all participants of branch economic system and maintenance of influence on intensive development of branches and complexes, it is necessary to provide objective revision of traditional approaches of branch development research. The given research will allow increasing innovative activity of all participants of branch industrial-economic system. At the same time, human potential acts as the main driving force and asset of ensuring sustainable and intensive sectoral development, determines the opportunities of sectoral production and economic systems for the formation of diversification directions The structural and logical scheme of ensuring innovative sectoral development, which includes the stages of innovative development, such as the stage of forming prerequisites for innovative sectoral development, the stage of realization of human potential in the industry, the stage of realization of aggregate.

The specificity of innovative technologies’ implementation conditioned by Russian economic model

Successful implementation of innovation policy in national economies is influenced by many factors: the education system, tax policy, institutional conditions, resource costs. The most important of these factors is the role of the country in the global division of labor and its economic model arising from this division. The formation of such a model entails an increase in innovative activity in some industries and a decline in others whose products are less in demand on the international market.

РОЛЬ УНІВЕРСИТЕТІВ У РОЗПОДІЛІ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО РЕСУРСУ ГЛОБАЛЬНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

An increase in the world number of applicants for international academic mobility as well as updating of the list and dynamics of indicators of the structure of the world countries that receive the largest flows of foreign applicants has been revealed. The outflow of intellectual resources of the universities of the American continents to the institutions of the regions of Asia and Oceania has been showed in temporal dynamics as well as increasing innovation activity and international influence of institutions in these regions. An increase in the number of countries whose universities are competitive in an intellect-intensive global economy and intensification of competition for intellectual resources between universities within regions and individual countries has been identified. The transformation of university development strategies has been demonstrated in order to improve the competitive position in the global struggle for intellectual resources (in particular, based on the format of online education, increasing the supply of financial support and diversifying services provided to students). Emphasis has been placed on increasing and clearly formulating the requirements of business entities of the intellect-intensive global economy to university graduates as potential employees of companies. It has been argued that modern universities are becoming not only a source of knowledge, but also a motive for international intellectual migration as well as the center for the accumulation and integration of intellectual resources of the global economy.

Процессная модель государственного управления региональными институтами инновационного развития

Introduction: the current stage of Russia’s development is characterized by the growing influence of science, innovation and technology. With the proper realization of the potential in this field, it is possible to create conditions for reducing the technological gap between Russia and developed countries. Based on the need to increase innovation activity in the Russian economy, the article analyzes approaches to the concept of regional innovative development institutions, discusses the problems of their functioning. Objectives: to present the process model of public administration of regional innovative development institutions. Methods: in line with the systematic approach, general scientific methods were used, as well as formal-logical, structural-functional, formal-legal, and comparative legal analysis. Results: a theoretical analysis of the public administration practices existing in Russian regions has been carried out, the process model of public administration of regional innovative development institutions has been presented. The model considers the coordination scheme between the regional innovation development institutions and federal and local government authorities, as well as the business community. Coordination interaction should be carried out by the regional government authority having respective powers in the field of science and innovation. Conclusions: the application of the developed model in a region can contribute to its socio-economic development, expand the innovative component of the economy, while promoting the existing regional strengths in innovations and science.

DIRECTIONS OF USE OF REGIONAL FUNDS FOR SUPPORT OF SCIENTIFIC, SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL AND INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES

The article analyzes the trends in R&D expenditures as an important condition affecting the increase in innovative activity. It is indicated that one of the factors that contributes to the growth of funding for research and development is the creation of regional funds for support of scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities, the budget of which is formed from deductions from the proceeds of companies. It is noted that their creation contributes to the centralization of monetary resources. The purpose of the study is to identify areas for the use of funds from regional funds to support scientific, scientific, technical and innovation activities. Based on the analysis carried out, the main areas were identified to which the financial resources of the funds could be directed and the volume of their use was determined.

Сравнительный анализ инновационной активности компаний высокотехнологичного и низкотехнологичного секторов

The level of innovation activity has not changed for a large number of years, despite the measures taken by the state. Based on empirical data, the article examines the dynamics of the following components of companies’ innovative activity in high-tech and low-tech sectors of the manufacturing industry: introduction of product and other types of innovations; activities to improve the qualifications of personnel; purchase of licensed foreign technologies and intangible assets. We also tested the statistical significance of differences in the levels of innovation activity of high-tech and low-tech companies in different economic conditions using the t-criterion. The analysis showed a decrease in the share of companies engaged in any kind of innovative activity. During the period of economic growth, both high-tech and low-tech companies made equal use of opportunities to increase innovation activity. It was found that the level of innovation activity among high-tech companies declines to a lesser extent than among low-tech companies during the crisis. In these conditions, high-tech companies are more actively using "internal reserves": they are working more to improve the skill level of staff and implementing innovation processes. During periods of high and low rates of economic growth, high-tech companies often buy new technology, but it does not lead to greater innovation activity; companies are only updating their technological base. During the period of weak economic growth, companies in both sectors continued to reduce their innovative activity in all areas. The resumption of growth trends in innovative activities is possible only when companies see the prospects from the implementation of innovative activities.

Does diversity make collaborative subsidies effective? ICT sector in Korea

ABSTRACT Research and development (R&D) collaboration becomes essential as technology becomes more complex, and technological change occurs at an unprecedented rate in high-tech sectors such as information and communication technologies (ICT). However, no concrete evidence exists on the benefits of collaboration diversity in terms of government support. Therefore, this study investigates whether a firm’s innovation increases not only as R&D collaboration partners’ diversity increases but also as firms engage in cross-sectoral R&D collaboration. Government subsidies for ICT firms that collaborate with other firms and research institutions at the same time have significantly positive effects on firm performance. Interestingly, cross-sectoral collaborations increase innovation activity. The results suggest that firm innovation can be efficiently achieved through R&D partner diversity, and the R&D subsidy scheme needs to focus on collaboration with diverse R&D partners with different knowledge to generate innovative outcomes.

How Open Is the Maker Movement? Integrative Literature Review of the Openness Practices in the Global Maker Movement

This article explores the multiple meanings of the concept of openness in the global maker movement. Openness is viewed as one of the key principles of the maker movement. As the global maker movement is a bricolage of diverse and situated practices and traditions, there are also many different interpretations and ways of practicing openness. We have explored this diversity with an integrative literature review, relying on the Web of Science™ database. We identified three interrelated but also, in part, mutually contested approaches to openness. Firstly, openness often refers to applying open hardware. Secondly, it is in many cases related to the inclusion and empowerment of various groups in making. Thirdly, openness appears to be seen as a means to pursue economic growth through increasing innovation activity and entrepreneurship. Our results also highlight the substantial barriers encountered by makers while aiming to open up their practices. These barriers include: value conflicts in which openness is overridden by other important values; exclusion of lower income groups from making due to a lack of resources; and difficulties in maintaining long-term activities. The different meanings of openness together with the barriers create tensions within the maker movement while implementing openness. We propose that engaging in a reflexive futures dialogue on the consequences of these tensions can enhance the maker movement to become more open, inclusive and resilient.

Key elements to enable systemic innovation in construction firms

Abstract The construction industry is generally known to be resistive to change and reluctant to embrace new technologies. Innovation, which might be described as the successful exploitation of new ideas, is usually seen as the key to unlocking the industry’s potential. Although there is no doubt that some progress has been made, construction innovation still occurs in a random manner, not as a systemic and managed process. Regardless of the growing number of studies on construction innovation management, there is still a lack of research that identify, compile, classify, and summarize the innovation enablers in construction. Thus, based on a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), this paper aims to provide a holistic understanding of the key elements that enable systemic innovation in construction from a firm-level perspective. The review incorporated data from 38 articles to establish a set of 15 enablers of innovation in construction firms, such as innovation culture, external collaboration (open innovation), knowledge management, and upper management support. The enablers were classified into five different aspects of innovation management: strategic, organizational, human, processual, and financial. The review also sought to identifypractices, routines, methods, or tools that can be adopted to increase innovation activity in construction firms.

Do federal regulations beget innovation? Legislative policy and the role of executive orders

Our research note focuses on whether policy changes in the transportation sector contribute to green innovations, measured as patents. We explore federal policies, specifically energy policies such as Energy Policy Act of 1992 or 2005, that provide incentives for the development of environmentally friendly technologies in transportation. Drawing on a combination of qualitative and quantitative data, we construct and test several novel policy measures while controlling for other factors that may influence green transportation innovations. We develop a unique legislative timeline with the use of key-informant interviews, literature searches, and legislative updates reviews. Only one policy variable (executive orders) appears to have a positive effect on the number of patents in green transportation innovation sphere. High capital expenditures for pollution abatement decrease innovation activity, while high operating expenditures increase innovation activity. The federal policies over the time period analyzed seem to create uncertainty rather than provide a clear incentive for innovation. The executive orders may affect innovation levels; further tests are needed with the changes in political leadership. The results of our research note signal that stronger and more consistent incentives at federal level may be necessary to realize desired policy outcomes.

The role of digitalization in the development of socio-economic systems

The digitalization of the economy and the transformation of socio-economic processes corresponding to these changes presupposes an increase in innovative activity in the regions. The problem of introducing digital technologies into the processes of socio-economic systems is the use of ineffective incentive tools. To solve this problem, it is necessary to study the functioning of socio-economic systems, in particular, the interaction of participants in the innovation infrastructure within the framework of digitalization. The digital economy sets the vector along which socio-economic systems of micro, meso, macro levels will develop in the long term, which necessitates research and a comprehensive analysis of digital transformation processes.

Пріоритети та ризики реалізації регіональної смарт-орієнтованої економічної політики

The article discusses the economic essence of smart specialization. The European experience of applying the conception of «smart specialization» in strategic management is studied. The main components of the conception of «start-specialization» are considered. The directions of influence of start-specialization on increase of innovative activity and competitiveness of the territory are examined. The major problems, the solution of which start-specialization is aimed at, are identified. The emphasis is placed on the fact that smart specialization sets out not as much stimulating innovations, as activating the long-term structural changes in the region’s economy and be aimed at identifying strengths and developing competitive advantages of regions based on the extant structure of the regional economy. The need to introduce the conception of smart specialization in the sphere of implementation of regional economic policy in Ukraine is substantiated. The main goals, principles, priorities and risks of implementation of regional start-oriented policy are researched. It is noted that the implementation of the start-oriented regional policy, as a model of structural changes, will expand the opportunities for denfining and directly supporting priority types of economic activity for certain regions, which will increase their competitive advantages and contribute to the structural diversification of the economy on an innovative basis. Considerable attention is paid to the study of the main barriers to the implementation of smart specialization, the directions of their leveling are proposed. Attention is accentuated on the need to apply an integrated approach to the development of the regions of Ukraine, which provides for the mutual coordination of various policies implemented by the State and regions (economic, structural, industrial, innovative, foreign economic, etc.) and stakeholder activities in this process. An integrated approach to modern regional policy will ensure strategic planning of socio-economic development of region. Implementation of start-specialization priorities will facilitate the growth of the share of high-tech types of economic activity within the structure of the regional economy. The main instrument for the implementation of this direction of reforms should be regional strategies, the effectiveness of which will ensure the transition from prioritization to the implementation of specific projects.

Концептуально-методичні підходи до ідентифікації типологічних і логічно-структурних характеристик пріоритетних галузей національної економіки

Strategic importance of the formation of priority sectors for the national economy is substantiated, according to which the country should strengthen its competitive positions, ensure socio-economic progress, and increase innovation and technological activity. The results of review of scientific publications, which mention strategic or priority types of economic activity, allowed to better systematize their composition and structure, identify approaches to selecting them depending on different variants of development of the country and its economy. One can find a number of publications where priority sectors are distinguished not in general for the national economy, but in view of certain functional or structural spheres, directions, etc. It is concluded that a priori to define and form the composition of priority sectors of the economy is objectively impractical and wrong. At the same time, when substantiating the system of priority types of economic activity, it is necessary to adhere to the principle of systemacity and complexity, as well as consistency. It is established that as economic grows and characteristics of the external environment change, while taking into account the strategic vision of the country’s place in the system of international division of labor, the vision of new types of economic activity should also change, which will become the locomotives of growth in the future, but at present they necessitate the training of relevant specialists, development of institutional infrastructure, and accumulation of resource provision. The classification of priority sectors of the national economy is formed in accordance with such signs as: industry affiliation, sectors of the economy, strategic orientation, depth of influence, chosen model of economic growth, factors of economic growth, stages of economic reproduction, investment potential. A logic-structural algorithm for identifying priority sectors of the economy is developed, taking into account the degree of vertical integration of economic progress and the level of realization of the country’s economic growth potential. It is determined that the priority sectors of the economy include sectors, types of economic activity, industries, their infrastructure and relations between them, the development of which at the current stage and in the strategic perspective ensures strengthening the competitive positions of the national economy in both the domestic and the foreign markets, a structurally balanced sustainable development of the country’s territories, the implementation of national economic and social interests, creating conditions for maintaining these positions.

Results analysis methods of motivation innovation activity and growth of scientific potential of employees Khmelnytskyi the research forensic center of MIA Ukraine

The article considers the role of employee motivation in ensuring the innovative development of the institution. On the basis of the comparative analysis of scientific views of domestic and foreign scientists the essence of the basic theoretical approaches to motivation of employees of their innovative activity is outlined. The leading motives of professional activity for understanding of possibilities of application of the basic motivational theories to increase of innovative activity of employees of establishment are defined. Over a five-year period, an analysis of the formation of a system of motivation for innovative activity of staff in the Khmelnytskyi Research Forensic Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. Statistical data on the results of innovation activity and growth of scientific potential of employees of the institution are analyzed. It was found that the introduced existing mechanism of motivation of employees of the institution takes into account such important motives of professional creativity as motives of self-realization, and material and moral incentives fully contribute to increasing the innovative activity of employees. The main directions of improving the process of forming a system of motivation are identified, including the need for constant monitoring of the needs of employees, evaluation of measures taken from the standpoint of formation and promotion, expanding forms and methods of training employees in innovation.

Оцінка інноваційної діяльності за напрямами трансферу технологій підприємствами України

The article aims at clarifying the classification features of the forms and directions of technology transfer, and analyzing empirical data on technology transfer operations in Ukraine. The effectiveness, efficiency and immediacy of technology transfer depend on the choice of its rational forms and directions of technology transfer. The combined form of transfer is considered to be most promising, as it encompasses the advantages of both the vertical and horizontal transfer forms based on the open innovation business model. Ukraine has prerequisites for the implementation of this form of technology transfer, but it is necessary to increase the innovative activity of industrial enterprises and research organizations, and to increase funding for innovation. In the future the authors plan to suggest an organizational and economic mechanism to increase innovation activity at the enterprise level. In 2007-2019 research and development at industrial enterprises (R&D) accounted for about 15% in the total cost of innovation, in average. The lowest share of R&D in total expenditures on innovation was observed in 2011 (7.5%), and the highest share was observed in 2018, comprising 26.3%. The share of costs for vertical transfer is 69.6-89.5%, which is much higher than that for horizontal transfer, which is 10.5-30.4%. The main reason for the decrease in the level of technology transfer at Ukrainian enterprises is the limited funding from the state and the negative investment climate in the country. The share of non-commercial transfers has been lower than 1% since 2012. Combined transfer based on digital technology platforms is virtually absent.

Priority of stimulating creative work in innovation management in the stage of globalization

Research background: It is substantiated that outdated motivational management in practice hampers the tasks of accelerated innovative development of domestic enterprises. This leads to the destruction of motives for the development of innovations, the spread of poverty among workers, in particular among developers of new ideas and innovations. Purpose of the article: The article is devoted to the problems of modeling the process of motivational regulation of innovative activity of employees at the enterprise. Methods: Our conceptual provisions based on analysis and generalization of data of statistics of economic activity of innovatively active enterprises of Ukraine. Practical experience of personnel management based on motivational management, results of sociological surveys of personnel and involvement of experts’ conclusions the level of economic activity of staff and creativity in work. Findings & Value added: The proposed model of motivational regulation of innovation activity of employees is based on the mandatory identification and consideration of priority factors that enhance the incentive effect of remuneration for the creative component of work, increase innovation activity of staff and enterprises in general, increase its profitability, and competitiveness. The peculiarity of the presented model is its flexibility in the choice of motivational regulators depending on the goals of the enterprise, the presence of a block of choice of motivational priorities in regulating innovation, the possibility of adjusting its effectiveness taking into account the efficiency of innovation in the enterprise and the internal and external environment.

Factors and conditions for the development of innovative potential

The economy is formed under the influence of numerous objective factors for a given country that ensure the success of innovations. Long-term determinants of the evolution of innovative economic development are such factors as the size of the country, the wealth of different types of resources, the specifics of the historical development of state institutions and forms of business activity. The article pays special attention to the characteristics of the basic factors of influence and features of their manifestation in the economy of Kazakhstan. The type of economic system, the openness of the state's economic system, and the place of the country's industrial complex in the international division of labor are considered as external limitations of innovative development. It is concluded that in the context of globalization, the trends of modern changes in exogenous factors of innovative development are generally unfavorable for increasing innovation activity in most industries of Kazakhstan. Competition, institutions, and innovation are considered as internal factors. The foundation of an innovative economy is knowledge as a productive resource. The classification of knowledge by types of knowledge is presented: basic level of knowledge, “advanced” knowledge and innovative knowledge, and the special role of network structures in global communication is shown. Purposeful management of the system of dynamic factors of innovative development of the economy and development of mechanisms for converting new knowledge into product and / or technological innovations are designed to improve the efficiency of this process. At the same time, it is noted that the adaptability of institutions to innovative processes is more important than the concentration of resources on priority areas of industries.