Increasing Wind Speed Research Articles

The Effect of Wind Speed and Sea Surface Temperature on Chlorophyll –A Concentration in Sea Water Off the Libyan Coast

The effect of winds and sea surface temperature on the concentration of chlorophyll-a, which is the primary source for phytoplankton to produce carbon through photosynthesis, is one of the climatic changes formed in the atmosphere and oceans that are the focus of current global studies. The study found a strong correlation between the concentration of chlorophyll-a and wind speed. The concentration of chlorophyll-a rises with increasing wind speed and reaches 0.85. Conversely, the relationship between sea surface temperatures and chlorophyll-a concentration is inverse, meaning that the higher the sea surface temperatures, the lower the concentration of chlorophyll-a. The inverse relationship approaches -0.798 in seawater. The intensity of chlorophyll-a concentration at sea and its relationship with wind speed and sea surface temperature explain why the percentage of the effect of variable wind speed and sea surface temperature on the concentration of chlorophyll-a is affected by (73.6%, 63.8%) on the concentration of chlorophyll-a, respectively.

Effect of ambient wind on horizontal flame spread over discrete multi-column fuel arrays

The flame spread behaviors of discrete charring fuels are significantly influenced by ambient wind. This paper studied the horizontal flame spread characteristics of discrete birch rod arrays under ambient wind experimentally and theoretically. Here, seven kinds of array spacings (denoted by S, 7–19 mm) and four kinds of wind speeds (denoted by U, 0.5–2.0 m/s) were designed to develop 28 experiments. The experimental results show that the flame inclination angle decreases as wind speed increases. The non-dimensional flame length and the non-dimensional heat release rate are also found to be correlated, and two ignition modes under the action of ambient wind were differentiated. The flame spread rate and wind speed have a linear relationship based on experimental data. The ratio of wind speed to fuel loading is introduced to further examine the variation of flame spread rate. In this article, a heat transfer model is established by simplifying discrete flame spread process and incorporating both radiative and convective heat transfer. A prediction model for flame spread rate is presented, which aligns well with the experimental results. Finally, the mass loss rate under the ambient wind is discussed.

Study of a Novel Updraft Tower Power Plant Combined with Wind and Solar Energy

This study presents a novel solar updraft tower power plant (SUTPP) system, which has been designed to achieve the simultaneous utilization of solar and wind energy resources in desert regions, in response to the pressing demand for sustainable and efficient renewable energy solutions. The aim of this research was to develop an integrated system that is capable of harnessing and converting these abundant energy sources into electrical power, thereby enhancing the renewable energy portfolio in arid environments. The methodology of this study involved the design and construction of a prototype SUTPP, comprising a 53 m high tower, a 6170 m2 collector, five horizontal-axis wind turbines, and a thermal energy storage layer made up of pebbles and sand. The experimental setup was meticulously detailed, and experiments were conducted to collect data on the system’s performance under various environmental conditions. Subsequently, three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed to explore the effects of ambient wind speed and solar radiation on the output power of the SUTPP. The results indicate that the output power of the system increases with the increase in ambient wind speed and solar radiation. The impact of solar irradiation on output power was observed to diminish as ambient wind speeds increased. Notably, as the inlet wind speed rose from 4 m/s to 12 m/s, the output power showed a substantial increase of 727%. The numerical simulations revealed that ambient wind speed has a more pronounced effect on power output compared to solar radiation. Furthermore, it was found that the influence of solar radiation is significant at low wind speeds, with its impact decreasing as wind speed increases. This research provides essential guidance for the design and engineering of highly efficient solar thermal energy utilization projects, representing a significant advancement in the field of renewable energy technology deployment in desert environments.

Variations in gust factor with wind direction and height based on the measurements from a coastal tower during three landfalling typhoons

Using high-frequency onshore wind data from four different heights of a coastal tower, the variations in gust factor with turbulence intensity, height and wind speed were studied under typhoon conditions. The gust factor increases with increasing turbulence intensity and, most often, can be described by a linear relationship with the turbulence intensity. The gust factor decreases with height and is relatively small compared with those presented in the national codes and other studies. A value of 2.5 is acceptable for the peak factor, which is close to the recommended value of the national code in China. The gust factor increases with increasing wind speed and is also affected by the wind direction. The gust factor has a value to that of previously published results when the wind flows roughly perpendicular to the shoreline, and has a smaller value when the wind flows roughly parallel to the shoreline. The phenomenon is caused by the confinement of shoreline on the sea wave development. Sea waves tend to propagate normal to the shoreline because of the refraction effect. As a result, a shorter roughness length exists in the parallel direction to the shoreline. It can be further explained by the weakness in the momentum flux exchange between the air and sea based on the wave form drag theory when the wind flows parallel to the shoreline.

Preliminary Numerical Modelling of a Dynamic Spring-Mounted Wing System to Reduce the Drag of Vehicles at Higher Speeds

The dynamic behaviour of a spring-mounted symmetrical NACA0012 wing in a freestream flow of air is studied in the pre-stall region, over 0° to 12° angles of incidence. The primary aim of this work is for use within the automotive sector to reduce drag and fuel emissions. However, this work will also be of interest in the motorsport sector to improve performance, and also have some applications within the aerospace and renewable energy sectors. The general operation of the concept has previously been verified at these low angles in the pre-stall region with that of a theoretical estimation using finite and infinite wings. This paper provides a numerical solution of the same problem and is compared with the previous experimentation. At these low angles, the computations yield a dynamic response settling into a static equilibrium. The stable solutions match the start of a steady regime well, when compared with the experiment. The trends are also comparable with the experiment, but the velocities at which they occur are underestimated in the computation. The computations demonstrate a drag reduction of 59% when compared to a fixed wing, whereas the lift remains stable at a near constant value with increasing wind speed. Thence, downforce is maintained whilst drag is reduced, which will facilitate higher speeds on the straight whilst maintaining vehicle direction stability. Limitations to this proof-of-concept work are highlighted and future development work is suggested to achieve even further increases in performance.

A theoretical method to characterize the resistance effects of nonflat terrain on wind fields in a parametric wind field model for tropical cyclones

Traditionally, an empirical speed-up factor was introduced to reflect the effects of nonflat terrain on near-surface wind speeds. In this paper, the resistance effects of nonflat terrain are considered by introducing the terrain drag coefficient in the parametric wind field model for tropical cyclones (TCs) with a theoretical method. Terrain effects on wind fields are investigated in complex areas along the coastal zone in China under TC conditions. The results show that the terrain drag coefficient is the function of the slope angle and is sensitive to the spatial resolution. After including the resistance effect of nonflat terrain, the TC intensities weaken overall during landfall, with a slight enhancement near the coastal zone. The wind speeds outside the radius of the maximum wind speed decrease, while the wind speeds within the radius of the maximum wind speed increase. Both the TC eye and the radius of maximum wind speed shrink, which is more obvious when the TC center is entirely over land. As a result, the location and magnitude of the maximum wind speed are affected by the nonflat terrain. The changed structure of the wind fields demonstrates the necessity of considering the effects of nonflat terrain in simulating the wind fields under TC conditions.

Investigation into the nocturnal ozone in a typical industrial city in North China Plain, China

Ozone (O3) concentrations usually peak at midday by photochemical reactions and gradually decline after sunset due to chemical destruction and dry deposition. However, an increase in the frequency of elevated nocturnal ozone enhancement (NOE) and high nocturnal ozone value (HNOV) has been frequently observed in urban areas of eastern China, but the reasons are not well understood. In this study, taking a typical industrial city, ZiBo as a case study, we analyzed the trends, characteristics, and causes of the NOE and HNOV events in historical years by combining observations and model simulations. During the warm season (April–September) of 2017–2023, HNOV events are accompanied by low humidity, high temperature, large friction velocity, and a high boundary layer (52 days in total), whereas NOE events coincide with increases in humidity, wind speed, friction velocity, and boundary layer height (141 days in total). During the HNOV and NOE events, the nighttime average concentrations of Ox were 77 ± 7 and 12 ± 6 μg m−3 higher than the non-nocturnal O3 period, indicating enhanced atmospheric oxidizing capacity during nighttime. The modeling results indicate that both the HNOV and NOE events were mainly driven by vertical mixing and regional transport. We selected a typical period with high O3 pollution and frequent NOE and HNOV events to conduct the modeling study. Three typical nocturnal O3 events are identified: Case I was mainly driven by horizontal transport; while in the two subsequent cases, the vertical transport contribution was 80 μg m−3 h−1 (20:00 LT on June 21, 2021) and 35 μg m−3 h−1 (02:00 LT on June 26, 2021), respectively. Our study reveals that the O3 pollution in industrial cities has been extending to nighttime, primarily attributed to vertical mixing and horizontal transport within the boundary layer. This highlights the critical role of implementing regional joint control action to reduce primary emissions and eliminate residual ozone.

Multi-criteria decision analysis and experimental study on heat pipe thermoelectric generator for waste heat recovery

In the realm of heat conversion and utilization, gravity heat pipes have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional heat conduction efficiency. As a strategy to effectively enhance the efficiency of thermoelectric generator (TEG) systems through shallow geothermal heat recovery, optimizing the performance of gravity heat pipes holds significant implications for their widespread application in the field of sustainable energy. Experimental evaluations comprehensively assessed the performance of a 6 m gravity heat pipe within a temperature difference power generation system, employing multi-criteria decision-making to test thermal performance, efficiency, reliability, stability, and working fluid studies. The study demonstrates that the heat transfer efficiency of gravity heat pipes is highest under film boiling conditions at 250 °C to 350 °C. By adjusting the inclination angle to 60° to 90° and the filling ratio to 30 %–60 %, the power generation efficiency can be improved to 9.71 %. With an increase in wind speed to 8 m/s, the cold end temperature decreases by 30 %, resulting in a peak power generation efficiency of up to 11.3 %. Additionally, CHIME connection methods reduce energy losses to 8.1 %, providing crucial scientific foundations for the design and optimization of temperature difference power generation systems. These findings not only elucidate the heat transfer mechanisms of gravity heat pipes but also offer technical guidance for efficient energy conversion in thermoelectric generator systems.

Uncertainty propagation of flutter analysis for long-span bridges using probability density evolution method

Dynamic and aerodynamic uncertainties are inevitably involved in the wind-bridge system due to some unknown information or complicated environment conditions. The deterministic aeroelastic flutter study is unable to account for these uncertainties and fail to describe the fragility or risk of flutter instability of the bridge. To achieve the uncertainty propagation of flutter analysis for long-span bridges, the advanced probability density evolution method is introduced. The increase of wind speed is treated as a time-varying parameter incorporated into the generalized density evolution equation. The two-dimensional bimodal and three-dimensional multi-mode methods for bridge flutter analysis are utilized to track the probability density evolution of damping ratio and frequency of each mode. The probability of flutter critical wind speeds can then be readily determined. The probability density evolution process is applied to a simply supported beam bridge with quasi-flat box girder and a suspension bridge with closed-box girder by considering the uncertainties of the structural properties and flutter derivatives. The probability density evolution method is proved to produce a reasonable result which shows a good agreement with Monte Carlo method, but requires fewer sample points, which improves the computational efficiency.

Effects of Wind Speed on Size-Dependent Morphology and Composition of Sea Spray Aerosols.

Variable wind speeds over the ocean can have a significant impact on the formation mechanism and physical-chemical properties of sea spray aerosols (SSA), which in turn influence their climate-relevant impacts. Herein, for the first time, we investigate the effects of wind speed on size-dependent morphology and composition of individual nascent SSA generated from wind-wave interactions of natural seawater within a wind-wave channel as a function of size and their particle-to-particle variability. Filter-based thermal optical analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), AFM infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed in this regard. This study focuses on SSA with sizes within 0.04-1.8 μm generated at two wind speeds: 10 m/s, representing a wind lull scenario over the ocean, and 19 m/s, indicative of the wind speeds encountered in stormy conditions. Filter-based measurements revealed a reduction of the organic mass fraction as the wind speed increases. AFM imaging at 20% relative humidity of individual SSA identified six main morphologies: prism-like, rounded, core-shell, rod, rod inclusion core-shell, and aggregates. At 10 m/s, most SSA were rounded, while at 19 m/s, core-shells became predominant. Based on AFM-IR, rounded SSA at both wind speeds had similar composition, mainly composed of aliphatic and oxygenated species, whereas the shells of core-shells displayed more oxygenated organics at 19 m/s and more aliphatic organics at 10 m/s. Collectively, our observations can be attributed to the disruption of the sea surface microlayer film structure at higher wind speeds. The findings reveal a significant impact of wind speed on morphology and composition of SSA, which should be accounted for accurate assessment of their climate effects.

Dynamic performance evaluation of a magnetorheological damper-based sting support in wind tunnel tests

The sting support faces an issue of being prone to resonance due to its low-damping characteristics, which will compromise the accuracy of test data in wind tunnel experiments. Magnetorheological damper (MRD)-based tail support (MRSS) features varying stiffness and damping abilities, enabling it to suppress the vibration with random, time-variation characteristics in a self-adaptive way, and it also exhibits excellent fail–safe properties. This work aims to validate its controllability and fail–safe property in a wind tunnel environment. First, the natural frequency, root mean square (RMS), and power spectral density (PSD) of the designed MRSS’ response for random excitation were theoretically analyzed. Then, wind tunnel experiments were conducted to test the response under different attack angles, wind speeds, and test currents. Subsequently, the controllability and fail–safe property were demonstrated by analyzing the aircraft model response. Also, the variable stiffness and damping properties of MRD behind the observed phenomena were revealed based on the theoretical analysis. Results demonstrate that as the input current increases and the MRD’s stiffness continues to increase, the damping initially increases and then decreases. Increasing wind speed leads to a decrease in the MRD’s stiffness. Additionally, approximately 50% reduction in RMS and a multi-modal response attenuation was achieved.

Temperature evolution and flame behavior inside a ceiling-vented compartment with different fire source locations under the effect of wind

This work presents an experimental investigation on ceiling-vented compartment fire behavior and thermal characteristics with different fire source locations under the effect of wind associated by CFD simulations. Experiments were carried out under the ambient wind condition, and the fire source was respectively set at windward side, center and leeward side. Results show that: (1) In no-wind cases, a critical heat release rate is found at which the inside temperature decreases with the increasing of fire heat release rate indicating flame flows outside. The critical HRR for fire source attached to sidewall is slightly larger than that when the fire source is located at compartment center, and it increases as vent dimension increases. (2) In ambient wind condition, there is a travelling process that the flame transfers from windward side to leeward side with the increasing of fire HRR. The critical HRR for the transition increases as vent size increases, and decreases as wind speed increases, and is basically independent of fire source location, which is proved to be related to air inflow rate. A Froude number is proposed to characterize the wind effect based on air inflow analysis, and the critical HRR for transition is represented well by the Froude number.

Untangling the Mistral and Seasonal Atmospheric Forcing Driving Deep Convection in the Gulf of Lion: 1993–2013

AbstractDeep convection occurs periodically in the Gulf of Lion, in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, driven by the seasonal atmospheric change and Mistral winds. To determine the variability and drivers of both forcings, multiple 1 year ocean simulations were run, spanning from 1993 to 2013. Two sets of simulations were performed: a control and seasonal set, the first forced by unfiltered atmospheric forcing and the other by filtered forcing. The filtered forcing was bandpass filtered, retaining the seasonal and intraday aspects but removing the high frequency phenomena. Comparing the two sets allows for distinguishing the effects of the high frequency component of the Mistral on the ocean response. During the preconditioning phase, the seasonal forcing was found to be the main destratifying process, removing on average 46% of the stratification needed for deep convection to occur, versus the 28% removed by the Mistral. Despite this, each forcing triggered deep convection in roughly half of the deep‐convection events. Sensible and latent heat fluxes were found to be the main drivers of the seasonal forcing during deep‐convection years, removing 0.17 and 0.43 m2s−2 of stratification, respectively. They were themselves driven by increased wind speeds, believed to be the low frequency signal of the Mistral, as more Mistral events occur during deep‐convection winters (34% vs. 29% of the preconditioning period days). An evolving seasonal forcing in a changing climate may have significant effects on the future deep convection cycle of the western Mediterranean Sea.

Study on the vortex-induced vibration and flow control of ribbed circular cylinder

This work investigates the vortex suppression performance and mechanism of ribs on high-quality ratio cylinders. Through wind tunnel tests and numerical simulations, the surface wind pressure distribution characteristics and flow separation phenomena of different ribbed cylinders are explored, and the spanwise correlation and nonlinear vibration characteristics of vortex-induced vibrations of ribbed cylinder models are analyzed. The main conclusions are as follows: ribs change the position of the boundary layer separation point, and the difference in size of left and right separated vortices causes a pressure jump phenomenon, altering the wind pressure distribution of the segment model and reducing the wind pressure, resulting in an increase in the locked wind speed of the ribbed cylinder. Complex separated vortices form behind the ribs, affecting the size of the wake vortex and reducing the stability of the segment model at locked wind speeds. Cylinders with four ribs exhibit good vortex-induced vibration suppression performance at 0° and 45° positioning angles. In addition, the cylinder with four installed ribs cylinders exhibits two locked wind speed regions, each showing different motion states: at the primary locked wind speed, they mainly demonstrate quasi-periodic vibrations and degraded quasi-periodic vibrations, while at the secondary locked wind speed, primarily in a chaotic state dominated by high-frequency harmonic components. These research findings have significant implications for future studies and practical engineering applications.

A decade of curtailment studies demonstrates a consistent and effective strategy to reduce bat fatalities at wind turbines in North America

Abstract There is a rapid, global push for wind energy installation. However, large numbers of bats are killed by turbines each year, raising concerns about the impacts of wind energy expansion on bat populations. Preventing turbine blades from spinning at low wind speeds, referred to as curtailment, is a method to reduce bat fatalities, but drawing consistent inference across studies has been challenging. We compiled publicly available studies that evaluated curtailment at six wind energy facilities in North America across 10 years. We used meta‐regression of 29 implemented treatments to determine fatality reduction efficacy as well as sources of variation influencing efficacy. We also estimated species‐specific fatality reduction for three species that comprise most fatalities in North America: hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis) and silver‐haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans). We found that curtailment reduced total bat fatalities by 33% with every 1.0 ms−1 increase in curtailment wind speed. Estimates of the efficacy for the three target species were similar (hoary bats: 28% per ms−1, 95% CI: 0.4%–48%, eastern red bats: 32% per ms−1, 95% CI: 13%–47% and silver‐haired bats: 32% per ms−1, 95% CI: 3%–53%). Across multiple facilities and years, a 5.0 ms−1 cut‐in speed was estimated to reduce total bat fatalities by an average of 62% (95% CI: 54%–69%). Mortality reductions at individual facilities in any given year were estimated to fall between 33%–79% (95% prediction interval). Inter‐annual differences rather than inter‐site or turbine characteristics accounted for most of the variation in efficacy rates. Species‐specific average mortality reduction at 5.0 ms−1 curtailment wind speed was 48% (95% CI: 24%–64%) for hoary bats, 61% (95% CI: 42%–74%) for eastern red bats and 52% (95% CI: 30%–66%) for silver‐haired bats. Practical implication. curtailment reduced bat mortality at wind turbines in this North American study. Efficacy increased proportionally as curtailment speed is raised, and patterns and rates of efficacy were similar across species. This indicates that curtailment is an effective strategy to reduce bat fatalities at wind energy facilities, but exploration of further refinements could both minimize bat mortality and maximize energy production.

Analysis of structural dynamic response of vertical sound barriers under natural wind and vehicle induced pulsating wind effects

Abstract Aiming at the influence of natural wind and vehicle-induced pulsating wind on vertical sound barriers, a finite element plug-in panel sound barrier is established based on the finite element method for dynamic response analysis. This paper establishes a sound barrier finite element analysis model based on finite element analysis software. It takes the 8-span vertical sound barrier as the basic working condition to analyze the dynamic response analysis of the sound barrier structure under the action of natural wind of different grades, i.e., the influence of pressure and displacement; the dynamic response of the sound barrier structure with a natural wind speed of 7 grades or more. In addition, it analyzes the dynamic properties of the sound barrier structure caused by train-induced pulsating wind pressure at speeds of more than 200 km/h, i.e., the influence of pressure and displacement, and investigates the dynamic characteristics of different vehicles with different wind speeds, pressure, and displacement. Furthermore, the response of the vertical sound barrier at different vehicle speeds is also explored, and the results are compared to examine its dynamic response. The research findings show that the sound barrier structure does not resonate during the self-resonance analysis, but the vibration of adjacent sound barrier panels affects each other. As natural wind speeds increase, the displacement of the steel column endpoints of the vertical sound barrier gradually increases; along the length of the sound barrier, the change of the peak pressure at the top of the steel columns and the top of the unit plate shows a symmetrical trend, and the displacements of the steel columns and the top of the unit plate show a trend of gradual increase in the travelling direction, and they both increase at the end of the column. The displacement of the top of the steel column and the top of the unit plate both show a trend of gradual increase along the direction of the vehicle, and both reach the maximum value at the end of the steel column and the unit plate. With the increase in vehicle speed, the overall peak displacement value also increases synchronously.

Numerical investigation of multiple affecting parameters on mixed convective heat transfer for arrays of buildings

This study aims to explore relationships between wind speed, wind direction, exterior surface roughness, temperature difference, plan area density and convective heat transfer coefficients (CHTCs) for external surfaces of arrays of buildings. The present investigation provides correlations for CHTCs at the windward, leeward, top, left, and right lateral surfaces. Three different plan area densities of 0.25, 0.111 and 0.027 are considered and 249 numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the influential parameters including density (λp), wind angle (θ), wind speed (U10), temperature difference (ΔT), and surface roughness (ε). Findings reveal that higher plan area density results in lower CHTC due to heightened airflow obstruction. Increase of the wind angle amplifies CHTC on leeward and right lateral facades while reduces it on the left lateral side. With increased wind speed, CHTC experiences significant increase. The results also shows that the temperature difference's impact is pronounced at lower air velocities, leading to heightened CHTC. Besides, increased surface roughness enhances heat transfer coefficients. Finally, the present study employs extensive simulations to present correlations for different facades of the buildings in the studied arrays offering insights into CHTC variations in terms of plan area density, wind angle, speed, temperature difference, and roughness height.

A Comparative Study on Wind Profiles and Surface Aerodynamic Parameters of Typhoons Over Coastland and Coastal Sea

AbstractUnderstanding the aerodynamic characteristics of landfalling typhoons is of great importance for both wind engineering and meteorology. This study comparatively investigated the near‐surface wind profiles and aerodynamic parameters over coastland and coastal sea areas using typhoon observational data collected by Doppler wind lidars and wind tower anemometers during the passage of 15 typhoons that made landfall over China during 2009–2020. Specifically, the three surface aerodynamic parameters of roughness length, friction velocity, and drag coefficient (Cd) were obtained using the logarithmic law wind profile method. Results showed that the near‐surface wind profiles became much closer to the power law wind profile with increase in wind speed. The values of roughness length and friction velocity over the coastal sea were found to exceed those over coastland areas when the 10‐m wind speed (U(10)) was larger than 18 m s−1. The critical wind speed at which Cd peaks over the coastal sea was found to be 24 m s−1. There are two peaks in the variation of Cd with U(10) under the condition of onshore wind over the sea, which has never been reported in previous observational studies. Finally, a formula for Cd was proposed to describe the variation in Cd with U(10) under the condition of onshore wind over land, which is expected to be applied in the typhoon surface layer scheme to improve numerical simulation of landfalling typhoons.

Simulation Study of Thermal Performance on the Inner and Outer Surfaces of Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic (STPV) Glass with Different Transparency

This paper used the experimentally verified one-dimensional steady-state heat transfer numerical model of the semi-transparent photovoltaic (STPV) glass to simulate the influence of wind speed, ambient temperature and air gap thickness on the surface temperature of PV modules, and analyzed the thermal performance of the inner and outer surfaces of STPV glazing with different transparency. Results shows that for every 1m/s increase in wind speed, the outer surface temperatures of SL-STPV glass with transparency of 10%, DL-STPV glass with transparency of 20% and 40% decreased by 3 °C, 3.02 °C and 2.22 °C, respectively. For every 10 °C increase in ambient temperature, the outer surface temperatures of SL-STPV glass with transparency of 10%, DL-STPV glass with transparency of 20% and 40% increase by 8.45 °C, 7.6 °C, and 7.79 °C, respectively. For the DL-STPV glass with transparency of 20% and 40%, for every 2 mm increase in the thickness of the air gap, the outer surface temperature increases by 0.13 °C and 0.12 °C, respectively. The heat transfer between the inner surface of the glass and the indoor environment increases the heat gain through the glass into the room in summer, which will lead to an increase in refrigeration energy consumption. However, in winter, the heat exchange between the inner surface and the in-door air to heat the indoor air reduces the heating energy consumption to a certain extent, and achieves the effect of building energy conservation to a certain extent.

Host vegetation connectivity is decisive for the natural spread of pine wilt disease.

Pine wilt disease has caused significant economic, ecological, and social losses in China, but there is a notable lack of research on the dynamic process of its propagation and diffusion over long timescales. This study revealed the spatial and temporal spread of the natural invasion of pine wilt disease through an analysis of long time series at macroscopic scales. We analysed and verified by simulations the driving mechanisms of host and wind fields in the natural spread of pine wilt disease. The research findings indicate that from 1982 to 2019, the number of counties affected by pine wilt disease in the Yangtze River Delta region of China exhibited a pattern of 'steady increase-fluctuation-outbreak'. The host forest played a decisive role in the natural spread of the disease, while the wind field played a supporting role. The study revealed specific contributions from various factors, where host forest landscape connectivity, host forest area share, mean wind speed, and wind frequency accounted for 31.8%, 28.7%, 22.6%, and 8.8%, respectively. The interaction of increased host forest area and increased wind speed can significantly increase the risk of pine wilt disease transmission. To validate these findings, vectorial metacellular automata simulations of pine nematode transmission in the Yangtze River Delta were conducted, yielding results with an accuracy of 0.803. By quantifying the contribution of host forest connectivity to the natural spread of pine wilt disease, this research offers a scientific foundation and innovative insights for preventing and controlling its dissemination. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.