Increase In Weight Of Rats Research Articles

Methanol leaf extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum and Irvingia gabonensis protected against dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress induced by high-fat diet in Wistar rats

BackgroundHigh-fat diet (HFD) has been linked to oxidative stress, dyslipidaemia, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Studies have shown that medicinal plants have antioxidant properties and may have protective effects against oxidative stress and dyslipidaemia induced by high-fat diet. Chrysophyllum albidum (white star apple) and Irvingia gabonensis (African bush mango) are very useful medicinal plants common in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This study was aimed at investigating the protective effect of methanol leaf extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum and Irvingia gabonensis against dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in Wistar rats promoted by the consumption of HFD as well as characterize active compounds in the extracts. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were assigned into six groups of six animals each and respective groups received normal fat diet (NFD), HFD, HFD + Chrysophyllum albidum (250 mg/kg/ 500 mg/kg), HFD + Irvingia gabonensis (250 mg/kg/ 500 mg/kg) for fifty six days. Dietary intake, body weight, lipid profile and indicators of oxidative stress were measured.ResultsAdministration of plant extracts did not change the pattern of food intake of the animals. There was a significant inhibition (p < 0.05) of increase in the body weight of rats treated with plant extracts in comparison with those rats that consumed HFD only. There was significant increase (p ˂ 0.05) in total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and malondialdehyde concentrations in rats fed with HFD only when compared with NFD control and extract treated groups. However, HFD control produced significantly lower (p < 0.05) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase than normal control and extract treated groups. Gas chromatography flame ionization detector analysis of these extracts revealed the abundance of kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, myricetin and naringenin and tannic acid.ConclusionsThe observed antioxidant and anti-dyslipidaemic properties of leaves of Chrysophyllum albidum and Irvingia gabonensis may be attributed to the presence of flavonoids and tannic acid.

Pharmacological evaluation of Vrishya karma (Aphrodisiac activity) of Whole plant of Lavandula bipinnata (Roth) Kuntze

Background: Lavandula bipinnata Roth. of family Lamiaceae known as Kamaraja in Odisha is an erect, strongly fragrant, annual herb with multifaceted ethno medicinal claims to treat, poisons, tooth ache, anxiety, depression, headache, cold and sexual disorder etc. Aim: To study the effect of whole plant of Lavandula bipinnata for its aphrodisiac activity in albino rats. Material Methods: The sexually active male rats were chosen separately and divided into 2 groups; each group consisting of 6 animals and the study was carried by using the suitable animal experimental model. The data generated during the study were analyzed by employing Student’s‘t’ test for paired and unpaired data as applicable to determine significant difference between groups at P&lt;0.05. Results: Lavandula bipinnata showed significant increase in weight of rats in comparison with initial weight. Test drug provided significant increase in mounting frequency, licking, chasing, genital sniffing, in comparison to control group and non-significant increase in mounting latency and serum testosterone level. Conclusion: Lavandula bipinnata whole plant possess significant aphrodisiac activity in test rat model and confirms its traditional claim as an aphrodisiac.

Emotional Inhibitory Effect of Music Therapy on Anxiety Neurosis Based on Neural Content Analysis in Hippocampus

With the development of society, the incidence of Anxiety Neurosis has increased year by year, which has aroused widespread concern in the medical community. The current therapeutic treatment mainly relies on anti-anxiety drugs, but drug resistance, addiction and adverse reactions engendered have caused many problems and inconveniences to patients, thus music therapy is gradually recognized as a safe and economical non-drug treatment that can assist in the treatment of Anxiety Neurosis. With the rat models of chronic anxiety as the research object, this study focuses on the anti-anxiety effect of music therapy with 40 rats divided into groups, extracts two important neurotransmitters, Glu(glutamic acid) and GABA(aminobutyric acid), from the rat hippocampus to go deeply into the changes in their contents, and further explores the physiological mechanism of emotional inhibition of music therapy on Anxiety Neurosis, laying a foundation for the application of music therapy in the treatment of Anxiety Neurosis. The results show that music therapy can alleviate the anxiety-induced inhibition of weight increase in rats, anxiety symptoms can be improved to some degree by adjusting the ratio of Glu/GABA, and thus the emotions of Anxiety Neurosis can be inhibited to a certain extent.

Estimation of Plasma Glucose and Creatinine Level in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Wistar Rats treated with Metformin and Thiazolidinediones

Introduction: Diabetes increases the risk of developing neuropathy. In this study, we estimate the effect of Metformin, rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone on the body weight, blood glucose and creatinine level of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Method: Alloxan (150 mg/kg) was used to induce hyperglycemia in fasted rats. Hyperglycaemia was treated with metformin, 150 mg/kg/d; pioglitazone, 3 mg/kg/d; and rosiglitazone, 10 mg/kg/d). The anti-diabetic drugs were administered orally for 28 days. The kidneys were removed when the animals were sacrificed plasma and kidney creatinine level was measured. Results: There was the reduction in weight of diabetic rats and those administered with metformin while there was an increase in weight of rats administered with rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. There is also reduction in blood glucose level of all treated rats compared with the diabetes control. The effects of creatinine on muscle metabolism generation and serum are insignificant at P≤0.05. Conclusion: This experiment suggests that short-term diabetes does not have an effect on plasma creatinine level and muscle metabolism of alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Biochemical and histological changes in liver and kidney in male Wistar albino rats following exposure to Solignum®: a permethrincontaining wood preservative

The present investigation was aimed to determine the effect of sub-chronic exposure to Solignum&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt;, a permethrin-containing wood preservative on biochemical and histological changes in liver and kidneys of male Wistar albino rats. Thirty-two male rats were randomly divided into four groups: control and three treatment concentrations containing 8 rats each. The treatment groups were exposed to Solignum&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; at dose rates of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW) respectively per day orally for four weeks. Data obtained from the study showed a progressive increase in the body weight of rats in control whereas, rats treated with different concentrations (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW) of Solignum&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; decreased significantly (≤0.05) especially at the end of the second and fourth week when compared with control. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in the relative liver weights of rats treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg BW Solignum&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; while rats treated with 400 mg/kg BW showed a significant increase when compared with control. The relative weight of kidneys in experimental groups increased significantly when compared with control. Biochemical analysis results illustrated that there was a significant increase in marker enzymes namely alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity at the end of the fourth week. Similarly, total bilirubin, serum urea, creatinine and electrolytes (Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; and Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;) levels increased in a dose dependent manner in treated rats when compared with untreated control group. Serum total protein decreased significantly in experimental rats when compared with control. However, cholesterol and triglycerides showed no significant difference when compared with control. Histopathological examination of hepatocytes in treated rats was characterized by mild periportal inflammatory cells and cytoplasmic degeneration. Furthermore, histopathological examination of rat kidneys revealed inflammatory cells, congested vessel and interstitial hemorrhage in rats treated with Solignum&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt;. Therefore, this present study is aimed to evaluate the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic potentials associated with sub-chronic exposure to the commercial pesticide Solignum&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt;.

Comparison of rimonabant and sibutramine treatment effects on food compulsion in rats

To compare the therapeutic effect of rimonabant, a new drug which is a selective antagonist of CB1 receptors, with the sibutramine. It is an experimental clinical trial, prospective, placebo controlled. Our test was performed in 38 rats, adults females with a hyper caloric diet. We collected their blood 3 times and weighted them once a week. We divided the rats in 3 groups: Rimonabant, Sibutramine and Control. Statistic analysis has been made through ANOVA test, Tukey test and t Student test. The Rimonabant group demonstrated a significant reduction of the weight increase in rats. The Sibutramine group showed a significant reduction on blood glycemia compared to Rimonabant group and Control group. Rimonabant showed to be more effective than Sibutramine by decreasing weight gain. Sibutramine has been more effective than Rimonabant and Control groups by decreasing the blood glycemia.

Effect of fermented seed extract of Carica papaya on litters of female wistar rats ( Rattus norvegicus )

This study was performed to determine the effects of fermented seeds of Carica papaya on litters of female Wistar rats, and ascertain its safety as a food condiment. Animals in group one served as control, and were given only water; those in groups two and three were given the aqueous extract of the fermented seeds of C. papaya at 500 and 1500 mg/kg, respectively, from gestation day six to gestation day 15, kept till terms and allowed to litter. Results showed that the percentage increase in weight of rats in the control group was not significant (P and litter body weight in rats within all the groups, compared to the control group. Also, the anogenital distance (AGD) to crown rump length (CRL) ratio in rats dosed with the fermented extract of C. papaya seeds at 500 and 1500 mg/kg was not significantly different from the control group. In conclusion, this study has shown that the fermented seeds of C. papaya seeds does not affect the litters and may be safe as a food condiment.

생분해성 폴리락티드/글리콜리드 미립구를 이용한 재조합 소 성장호르몬(rBST)의 지속성주사제 설계

In order to develop a sustained release formulation of bovine somatotropin (BST), which has been used to increase the body weight of oxen or the milk production of dairy cows, poly(D,L-lactide-co-glyceride)(PLGA) microspheres were made by W/O/W multiple emulsification method and solvent extraction method. Physical properties including particle size, drug entrapment, drug release, protein denaturation, and in vivo body weight increase in rats were characterized. The size of the microspheres was increased as the molecular weight of PLGA increased. When Span 65 and stearic acid during preparation were added, the size was decreased but the amount of surface protein was increased, resulting in a high loading efficiency, with fast release of BST from the microspheres. Aggregation or fragmentation of BST by SDS-PAGE during microsphere preparation and drug release study was not observed. Body weight of Sprague-Dawley's male rats was significantly increased after subcutaneous administrations of BST-loaded PLGA microspheres. There was a good correlation between in vivo weight gain and in vitro release rate of microspheres. PLGA microspheres with a high surface protein ratio could be a good candidate for the sustained delivery of BST.

Ion channel remodeling in cardiac hypertrophy is prevented by blood pressure reduction without affecting heart weight increase in rats with abdominal aortic banding.

This study investigates changes in the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of HCN2 and HCN4 encoding rat If channels; ClC-3, a candidate gene for swelling-activated Cl- channel, and pICln, a regulatory subunit of Cl- channels in rat hypertrophied heart induced by banding the abdominal aorta. The mRNA expression levels were quantified with competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction methods. Plasma renin activity, blood pressure, and heart weight increased. HCN2, HCN4, and ClC-3 mRNA levels decreased in the early phase after banding, whereas they increased in the late phase; pICln mRNA levels did not change at any stage. Administration of candesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, prevented cardiac hypertrophy, but amlodipine, a Ca2+ channel blocker, did not prevent it, whereas both drugs lowered blood pressure. Changes in mRNA levels of HCN2, HCN4, and ClC-3 were alleviated by both candesartan and amlodipine, and these levels of the treated groups were not different from those in the sham control group. This study is the first to demonstrate changes in mRNA levels of HCN2, HCN4, and ClC-3 in cardiac hypertrophy induced by abdominal aortic banding. The data further suggest that the changes in channel mRNA levels were prevented by blood pressure reduction without affecting heart weight increase in this model.

Additive effect of indomethacin and methotrexate on suppression of growth in rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the medium-term effects of methotrexate (MTX) and indomethacin on the growth of young rats. Four equal groups of Sprague-Dawley male rats (four animals in each group; mean+/-S.D. body weight, 183+/-13 g, in their rapid growth phase) were subjected to the following drug treatment: one group was given MTX (0.2 mg kg(-1) body weight) subcutaneously on every fourth day, another received indomethacin (2.5 mg kg(-1) body weight) subcutaneously daily and the third group was given both of these drugs (MTX on every fourth day and indomethacin daily). The fourth group was injected subcutaneously with physiological saline every day to serve as a control group. Total body weight, food and water consumption by animals in each group were monitored every second day for a period of 10 weeks. After this period, liver, spleen and kidneys were excised, weighed and analysed for MTX and dihydrofolate reductase activity. Compared with the groups, which received MTX alone, indomethacin alone, or physiological saline, mean increase (17+/-11 g) in body weight of rats was minimal in the group receiving both MTX and indomethacin. The difference was statistically significant (p=0.001) when the values of mean increase in body weight of rats in different treatment groups after a 10-week treatment were compared. The mean weights of liver and spleen in this group receiving both MTX and indomethacin were also found to be significantly less than the weights of these organs in the control group (p<0.01). There also appears to be a decline in food consumption in this group (p<0.05). This negative effect on growth of animals in this group appears to be not only due to decreased food consumption but also due to increased inhibition of de novo pathway of DNA synthesis. This is supported by increased accumulation of MTX and decreased dihydrofolate reductase activity in this group receiving both MTX and indomethacin, as compared with the group receiving MTX alone. The data indicate an additive effect of MTX and indomethacin on the suppression of growth in young rats, alluding to the notion that patients suffering from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or acute lymphoblastic leukaemia receiving these two drugs concomitantly over a long period of time might be at a risk of experiencing short-term suppression of growth.

Weight Gain Induced by Juzentaiho-to in Rats.

Background: The present study investigates the effect of Juzentaiho-to on normal weight increase in rats. Juzentaiho-to is a traditional Japanese ‘Kampo’ medicine and causes increased appetite in patients.Method: Ten male 4-week-old wistar rats were divided into two groups. The five rats of the J group were fed CE-2 including 1% Juzentaiho-to, and the five rats of the C group were fed CE-2. The animals weights were measured weeekly.Results: The J group had grown significantly heavier than the C group at 15 weeksold.Conclusions: Juzentaiho-to causes an increase in body weight in rats.

Body weight: reduction by long-term glycerol treatment.

Elevation of body glycerol concentration by multiple daily injections of glycerol was shown to lead to hypophagia and body weight loss followed by normal food intake and normal rate of body weight increase in rats. Termination of injections was followed by hyperphagia and an accelerated rate of growth. These findings suggest that the blood glycerol concentration plays an important role in the control of body weight and may be one signal by which the central nervous system monitors body lipid content.

ANTIOESTROGENIC ACTIVITY IN FAHLI CLOVER HAY AND OAT HAY.

ABSTRACT The presence of oestrogen inhibitory activity in oat hay (Avena sativa) and Fahli clover hay (Trifolium alexandrinum var. Fahli) has been established. The antioestrogenic effect was demonstrated by the inhibition of uterine weight increase in rats (Astwood test) in response to oestradiol injected together with the above mentioned plant extracts. The extraction procedures are described in detail and the possible biological implications of antioestrogenic and oestrogenic activity in fodder plants is discussed.

THE EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEIN ON ADRENAL WEIGHTS AND ON GROWTH AFTER UNILATERAL ADRENALECTOMY

RECENT WORK on the adrenal cortex has emphasized its role in nitrogen metabolism particularly in regard to gluconeogenesis from protein. Long, Katzin and Fry (1940) found increased nitrogen excretion associated with the increased liver glycogen in fasted normal and adrenalectomized rats and mice when cortical extracts or adrenal steroids were given. Tepperman, Engel and Long (1943a) have suggested that hypertrophy of adrenal cortical tissue under a great variety of conditions may be due to an increased cortical activity associated with increased nitrogen metabolism. The possibility that changes in the level of dietary protein might be associated with changes in adrenal weight has been explored by several authors. Tepperman, Engel and Long (1943b) report an adrenal weight increase in rats fed a high protein diet, whereas Ingle, Ginther and Nezamis (1943) report no significant change in adrenal weights in rats fed a diet with similar protein levels.

The relation between the increase in weight of rats during the dosing period of vitamin A and B1 determinations and the standard deviation of that increase

The relation between the increase in weight of rats during the dosing period of vitamin A and B1 determinations and the standard deviation of that increase

Hypertension from Obstruction of the Aorta

Goldblatt and others have found in chronic experiments that by stenosing the renal arteries and thereby decreasing the blood supply to the kidneys a persistent elevation in blood pressure can be obtained. This phenomenon Goldblatt explains by the hypothesis of a “pressor substance” which he believes is formed as a result of the ischemia of the kidneys. He found also that stenosis of the aorta above the origin of both renal arteries resulted in a persistent elevation of blood pressure while stenosis below the origin of these vessels did not cause hypertension. Rytand, using heart weight increase in rats as evidence of hypertension, obtained similar results. Stenosis of the aorta below the right but above the left renal artery, he found, also produced hypertension; however, if the distal (left) kidney be removed hypertension does not result. Goldblatt's conclusion was that hypertension from experimental aortic stenosis is of the same nature as that due to stenosis of the renal arteries directly, that is, that the stenosis of the aorta caused an elevation of blood pressure by producing renal ischemia. This idea was further expanded by Rytand to the supposition that renal ischemia with its resulting “pressor substance” is the important factor in the elevation of blood pressure so regularly found in the upper extremities in coarctation of the aorta. Inasmuch as these results were obtained in chronic experiments it was felt that it would be interesting to investigate the aortic phenomenon with acute stenosis at similar levels. Using dogs, intraperitoneal nembutal (pentabarbital) as anesthetic and carotid cannula recordings with the kymograph, the following experiments were performed: 1. A screw clamp was placed about the aorta just above the origin of the celiac axis, 2 or 3 cm above the origin of the right (upper) renal artery.

Growth of Rats on Diets Containing Sodium Benzoate.

The increase in weight of young male white rats during a 40 day experimental period on diets containing sodium benzoate has been determined. The food consumption was regulated so that all of the rats received equal quantities of food of equivalent calorific value. The increase in weight of rats receiving the basal diet plus 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5% sodium benzoate was practically the same as that of rats receiving the basal diet. On the diet containing 3% sodium benzoate one-third of the rats died and the growth of the remainder was distinctly less than that of the control rats even though the food consumption was the same. The addition of glycine or of gelatin to the diet containing 3% sodium benzoate resulted in growth equal to that of rats on the basal diet. These results, based upon the consumption of equal amounts of food of the same calorific value, are in agreement with our earlier experiments in which similar diets were fed ad libitum.