Increasing Water Demand Research Articles

A Novel Rainfall Classification for Mapping Rainwater Harvesting: A Case Study in Kalar, Iraq

Increasing water demand driven by population growth and climate change strains water resources, especially in arid regions. The effectiveness of rainwater harvesting (RWH) as a viable solution is contingent upon the meticulous selection of appropriate sites. Contemporary efforts have increasingly utilized Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies to optimize the identification of ideal locations for implementing RWH infrastructure. However, inconsistencies in rainfall classification methodologies can compromise the accuracy of the resulted suitability maps. Consequently, a standardized approach to grading rainfall depth for mapping RWH sites becomes imperative. This study presents an innovative rainfall classification method tailored for both micro and macro catchment areas, offering a reliable and adaptable approach to rainfall analysis. By refining classification criteria, this method aims to improve the consistency and precision of RWH mapping, addressing a gap in existing methodologies and providing a more standardized approach. Through the application of FAHP and Fuzzy overlay techniques in ArcGIS 10.4, the study compares traditional rainfall classification with the proposed new classification method to assess RWH suitability in Kalar. The comparison highlights that the new rainfall classification-based map yielded higher accuracy and realism compared to traditional methods.

Analysis of Existing Area, Clean Water Treatment, and Distribution Network Evaluation in Nagari Magek, Agam Regency, West Sumatra

Nagari Magek Village in Agam Regency, West Sumatra, faces significant challenges in managing clean water resources. To address these challenges comprehensively, a holistic approach is essential, involving through area analysis, water treatment, and evaluation of distribution networks to ensure efficient and equitable water distribution. It is crucial to adhere to the principles of water resource conservation, utilization, and management as stipulated in Law Number 17 of 2019 on water resource management, which must be observed to ensure legal clarity in water management practices. The community service team handles clean water problems in Nagari Magek by designing a clean water treatment system that includes aeration, sedimentation, and filtration units. This process improves water quality by reducing yellowish color and eliminating unpleasant odors. However, the capacity of the treatment plant is not able to meet the increasing water demand, while the galvanized pipe distribution network has not been functioning optimally. Based on simulations using EPANET 2.2 software, it was found that the water flow speed in the pipes was still below the optimal range due to the diameter of the pipes being too large. The solution applied was to increase the processing discharge to 10 L/s (0,01 m3/s), which succeeded in increasing the flow rate according to the regulatory criteria. This recommendation improves the efficiency of the distribution system and ensures better water quality for the people in Nagari Magek.

Managed Aquifer Recharge for Sustainable Groundwater Management: New Developments, Challenges, and Future Prospects

The combined effect of climate change and increased water demand has put significant strain on groundwater resources globally. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) has become an effective approach for addressing groundwater depletion problems and sustainable management of groundwater resources. This review article provides an extensive insight into the existing knowledge of MAR, including the main objectives and applications, implementation techniques (surface spreading, sub-surface, and induced recharge) being practiced over the years, risks and challenges associated with the MAR, and the developments in the field of MAR. This review also explores the potential of MAR in the Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) region, north-eastern Italy. An average increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation and piezometric levels in the region suggest the development of a proper MAR plan to manage water resources in the decades to come. Additionally, a comparative analysis of studies published over the last 20 years, focusing on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of water resource management, is conducted to analyze the research trends in the field of MAR. The reviewed literature reveals a notable research trend towards the quantitative aspect compared to the qualitative one. This review also identifies a notable disparity in qualitative studies during the analysis of water quality parameters considered in different MAR studies. Based on this review, a prospective viewpoint to address the challenges and expand the scope of the field is presented. This calls for an optimized strategy that considers both water quality and quantity issues, along with incorporating environmental and socio-economic aspects within the framework of MAR.

Performance of water quality simulation model for lifting drainage water joints and mixing zone determination

Limited water resources with gradual increase in water demand led to higher dependence on drainage water as one of the non-conventional water resources in Egypt. However, there was no precise approach for using such resource. The practices ranged between stopping lifting drainage water to main canals at many locations due to the water quality degradation in the drains and pure dependence on polluted drainage water by farmers. This implies the importance of applying the mathematical models that provide precise and flexible alternative for the dependence on the drainage water. This procedure could save the big investments that were used in the lifting stations while mitigating the environmental hazards. Cornell Mixing Zone Expert System (CORMIX) model is one of these mathematical simulation models. The study used surface discharge sub-model (CORMIX3) to define the mixing zone between the lifted drainage water from Mehalet Rough drain and the freshwater in Mit Yazid canal, by investigated biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total dissolved solids (TDS). The simulation results verified that the two investigated parameters met WQ standards for the Egyptian law 48/1982. BOD standard value was met after 448.36 m, in 723 s. TDS standard value was met after 4.46 m, in 7.8 s. This was far ahead of the first municipal station regardless low quality of these parameters in the drain. This is the first time to apply this model in the irrigation sector in Egypt, and the results were promising for defining the precise approach to reuse the drainage water in Egypt.

Prominent Increase in Air Temperatures on Two Small Mediterranean Islands, Lastovo and Lošinj, Since 1998 and Its Effect on the Frequency of Extreme Droughts

The article analyzes the development of air temperatures and precipitation on two remote islands in the Adriatic Sea from 1961 to 2023, examining annual and monthly time scales. Lastovo Island is located in the southern Adriatic, and Lošinj Island is situated 277 km north, and both exhibit a sharp rise in air temperatures since 1998, though precipitation series show no significant trends of an increase or decrease. Using the New Drought Index (NDI) method, this study calculated drought intensities for the period 1961–2023. The analyses conducted in this study undoubtedly indicate a rising frequency and intensity of droughts, with severe droughts doubling and extreme droughts increasing fourfold in the recent period (1998–2023) compared to the previous one (1961–1997). The most pronounced increase in severe and extreme droughts occurs specifically from June to August. This trend is likely applicable to many small Mediterranean Islands, which number over 10,000 and have a permanent population of more than 1.6 million people, with numbers significantly rising during the tourist season. The increased water demand for agriculture and daily use, combined with increased drought risk, not only exacerbates the potential for forest fires but also threatens social structures and ecological conditions. This is particularly critical as the combination of drier conditions and increased fire risk poses a significant challenge, endangering natural landscapes and valuable historical sites that are integral to the islands’ identity and heritage. This study’s findings indicate a dangerous trend likely to persist and worsen with continued increases in air temperatures in the Mediterranean region.

The state of knowledge of freshwater resources in the U.S. Virgin Islands: Data scarcity and implications

AbstractLike many small island communities, the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), an unincorporated territory of the U.S., is naturally freshwater scarce. In recent decades, rapid land development in the USVI has increased water demand considerably, exerting extra pressure on freshwater resources. Freshwater quantity and quality data for the USVI are very scarce and scattered, which limits freshwater management capabilities. We draw attention to this information deficit and discuss its implications by reviewing the current state of knowledge of surface and groundwater quantity and quality for the USVI. Our review confirms that long‐term records of surface and groundwater quantity and quality are limited and unreliable. For example, streamflow was most recently monitored in 2006, and the most extensive surface water quality records are from the 1960s and 1980s. Since 2016, mean groundwater levels have been recorded daily, but only for three wells (one on each island of the USVI). Importantly, this lack of information threatens water security for the territory and limits our understanding of how development has impacted water quality and availability over time. This could be addressed using models, such as a groundwater recharge model, in combination with remote sensing and updated field data (i.e., streamflow, groundwater, and ecohydrological characterizations of land use change).

Research on freeze resistance and life prediction of Desert sand–Crushed stone fine aggregate concrete

Despite the global abundance of Desert sand (DS), its application in engineering remains limited. This application can help alleviate challenges related to high unit costs and the scarcity of natural fine aggregate supplies. Freeze resistance experiments were conducted on C30 concrete incorporating varying proportions of DS, including 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %. DS was mixed with Tuff crushed stone fine aggregate (Manufactured sand, referred to as MS). The freeze durability of the composite fine aggregate concrete was comprehensively evaluated from three perspectives: surface morphology, a macroscopic analysis including mass loss and relative dynamic elastic modulus (RDEM), and microscopic examinations encompassing pore structure observation and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging. Utilizing the damage degree index of the dynamic elastic modulus and the Weibull distribution model, the life prediction process was conducted to elucidate the time-varying behavior of DS-MS concrete. According to the test findings, the concrete specimen DS25-MS75 demonstrates the highest freeze resistance. The mass loss rate shows a pattern of initial decrease followed by an increase with higher desert sand admixture, whereas the RDEM initially increases and then decreases. Optimal desert sand admixture levels can prevent and delay concrete degradation, thereby enhancing its freeze resistance. Excessive desert sand content leads to increased water demand during the curing process, resulting in elevated porosity and facilitating the formation of voids. Under the action of freezing and thawing cycles in water, DS25 %-MS75 % concrete has the longest expected service life with an actual life of 101 years, while DS100 %-MS0 % concrete has the shortest service life with an actual life of only 54.5 years.

Second Life for Recycled Concrete and Other Construction and Demolition Waste in Mortars for Masonry: Full Scope of Material Properties, Performance, and Environmental Aspects

This review presents the scope of current efforts to utilize recycled construction and demolition waste in mortars for masonry. More than 100 articles are divided into groups pertaining to the type of mortar, different binder systems, the type of construction and demolition waste (CDW), and its utilization specifics. Cement-based mortars dominate this research domain, whereas recycled concrete is the main material employed to replace virgin aggregates, followed by recycled masonry and recycled mixed waste aggregates. Such application in cement-based mortars could increase water demand by 20–34% and reduce strength by 11–50%, with recycled concrete aggregates being the most favorable. Natural aggregate substitution is disadvantageous in strong mortars, whereas weaker ones, such as lime-based mortars, could benefit from this incorporation. The extent of this topic also suggests possibilities for different recycled material use cases in mortars for masonry, although the available literature is largely insufficient to infer meaningful trends. Nonetheless, the most relevant knowledge synthesized in this review offers promising and environment-conscious utilization pathways for recycled concrete and other construction and demolition waste, which brings opportunities for further research on their use in mortars for masonry and industrial-scale applications.

Residential Water Consumption Patterns: A Theoretical Review

The global water crisis and acute increase in water demand have increased stress on water resources in urban areas, particularly in water-scarce regions like Egypt. Many current strategies of sustainable water demand management show low effectiveness due to a lack of understanding of how water is used in households, and a failure to consider the environmental and urban diversity that shapes water consumption patterns in Egypt. This understanding requires knowing how water is consumed for micro-components of water use (i.e., end-uses such as bathing, cooking, and toilet use). This research aims to develop a conceptual/theoretical framework for probable worldwide water consumption patterns and their shaping factors, to be used as an auxiliary tool in future data collection and analysis in Egypt, which is an essential step to contextualize water consumption patterns and develop more sustainable water demand management strategies. The study reviews and analyzes water end-use data from 39 major cities in developed and developing countries to identify trends and critical factors in household water consumption. It documents six different major trends in household water consumption patterns with main water activities: cooking, bathing, washing machines, faucets, and toilet use. It also identifies and categorizes the patterns-shaping factors into five main groups: socioeconomic characteristics, physical, spatial, climatic conditions, and political restrictions. Moreover, significant correlations emerge between pattern elements and shaping forces such as income and washing machine usage, the presence/absence of children/elders and use of basin, and dietary culture and cooking consumption. Given the research findings, household consumption patterns in Egyptian cities are expected to be high in kitchens, showers, and toilets, and average in laundry and faucets. The study underscores the importance of considering factors such as socio-economic characteristics, water policies, spatial influences, water supply efficiency, and consumer health in forthcoming investigations, as these are believed to substantially influence household water consumption in Egypt.

Foresight for Sustainable Water Futures in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

The provision of clean and potable water and sanitation services remains a critical challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This is exacerbated by climate change, an ever-increasing population, urbanisation, industrialisation, and an increase in water demand, not least for agriculture. A sustainable water future requires more strategic planning and improved decision-making processes. To accomplish this, foresight plays a critical role. Foresight is the ability to study a system and its challenges, anticipate possible future trends, and make informed decisions that foster more desired futures. This paper presents a systematic review of the literature on the strategies or methodologies of foresight utilised to enhance decision-making and future planning for ensuring equitable and sustainable access to clean water in SSA amidst uncertainty and the evolving landscape of economic, social, and environmental challenges. The findings indicate that foresight research in most countries in SSA is in its early stages, is narrowly focused, uses foresight tools or approaches in isolation, and employs siloed approaches for overall decision-making. A transdisciplinary systems approach is recommended to support improved decision-making within sustainable water futures planning.

Modelling scenarios for water supply and sanitation technologies in Jordan

The influx of refugees, population growth and current agricultural practices have led to an increase in water demand in Jordan, placing pressure on existing water provision. Climate change further exacerbates declining water availability. Against this backdrop, the techno-economic feasibility of four water supply and sanitation alternatives for small and medium scale cities in Jordan were explored, using local unit costs and Al-Mafraq as a case study. City level piped network combined with household rooftop rainwater harvesting and surface runoff collection into local ponds and piped networks with treatment using the nature-based solution of root-zone for sanitation were demonstrated to provide the highest benefits in terms of cost, convenience and water conservation. Our work highlights the need to invest in long-term urban infrastructure networks to promote sustainable future growth of cities. This is vital to address severe water scarcity challenges that ultimately impact those at the urban fringes most.

Study on the performance temporal variation of rainwater harvesting systems based on the dynamic change of rainfall pattern and domestic water demands

Rainwater harvesting systems (RWHs) in buildings are benefits in alleviating urban water scarcity. However, climate change and changes in building water demand affect the expected performance of RWHs over their life cycle. Previous studies have only focused on the adaptability of RWHs to climate change without considering the changes in building water demand. To address this issue, this study explores the impact of combined changes in precipitation patterns and domestic water demand on the water-saving efficiency of RWHs over their 25-year life cycle based on historical observations. Three cities in Japan were selected as case studies. The results indicate that during 25-year life cycle of RWHs, precipitation in different cities in Japan shows an increasing trend, while domestic water demand shows a decreasing trend. Such trend resulted in a change of -2.90–4.02% in the water-saving efficiency of the established RWHs and a change of -2.90–3.82% in the theoretical optimal water-saving efficiency, and these effects were greater in RWHs in buildings with high non-potable water demands. Therefore, RWHs in buildings with low non-potable water demand can appropriately reduce the rainwater tanks, while RWHs in buildings with high non-potable water demand must increase the rainwater tank size to eliminate this adverse effect. Furthermore, both reductions in domestic water demand and increases in precipitation have a positive effect on the water-saving efficiency of RWHs. However, when both domestic water demand and precipitation increase or decrease simultaneously, the change in water-saving efficiency of RWHs is related to the non-potable water demand of the building. This study can provide data support and theoretical evidence for the further implementation of RWHs under climate change, and can help stakeholders to optimize and update RWHs to ensure system feasibility.

Exploring non-thermal plasma technology for microalgae removal

The global population and economic development surge has substantially increased water demand, resulting in heightened sewage and pollutant generation, posing environmental hazards. Addressing this challenge necessitates the implementation of efficient and cost-effective water reclamation methods. Non-thermal plasma technology (NTP) has emerged as a promising solution, garnering attention for its superior efficiency compared to alternatives. While existing studies have predominantly focused on energy efficiency and pollutant removal, limited research has delved into the biological removal aspect, particularly concerning algae. This study utilized a dielectric barrier plasma diffuser to eliminate Spirulina microalgae (Spirulina platensis) from wastewater solutions, demonstrating higher algae removal and superior mass transfer compared to alternative plasma methods. The effect of sample volume, input voltage and power, flow rate, and initial solution concentration on the algae removal was investigated. Investigation of operational parameters revealed the best condition resulting in a 98 % removal rate and 20 g/kWh energy efficiency. The best conditions for the removal of Spirulina microalgae were considered in a sample volume of 50 mL, a voltage of 7.6 kV, a flow rate of 700 mL/min, and an initial solution concentration of 1280 mg/liter. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images illustrated the impact of active species on cell structure, leading to the destruction of spiral form and loss of reproductive ability. The study underscores the potential of NTP for efficient algae removal and identifies key active species involved in the process. The removal of Spirulina microalgae was attributed to a combination of singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radicals, and ozone.

Hydraulic Design Concept of 6.60MLD Water Treatment Plant

Abstract: The design and construction of a 6.6 million liters per day (MLD) water treatment plant (WTP) in Belpada Village, Odisha, aim to meet the increasing water demand while ensuring public health through effective water treatment processes. The plant, which sources raw water from the Tel River, follows a well-structured treatment process that includes aeration, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. This journal outlines the hydraulic design, treatment schemes, and structural components of the WTP. Design calculations, based on CPHEEO standards, are also discussed, focusing on the hydraulic detention times, surface loading, filtration rates, and sludge management techniques.The design of water treatment plants (WTPs) plays a crucial role in delivering safe drinking water, especially in areas with high population density and industrial growth. The 6.6 MLD WTP designed for Belpada Village in Balangir District draws water from Tel River and utilizes a cascade aeration system for the removal of contaminants. This paper discusses the hydraulic and process design, focusing on flow rates, detention times, and surface loading parameters that meet the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) standards.

How can a cost-effective method for industrial wastewater treatment be developed in India?

Wastewater treatment and repurposing will be pivotal for growing economies as demand for water increases. A sustainable approach toward economic development in India would be treating industrial wastewater for agricultural applications, reducing overall water consumption, and feeding one sector of the Indian economy with effluent from another. To achieve this, a cost-effective and sustainable treatment process needs to be developed. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the available methods and equipment for wastewater treatment through a brief literature review. A four-stage treatment was considered, including pretreatment, primary and secondary chemical treatment, and post treatment. The overall process features screening, oil skimming, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, aeration, and gravel filter. The most important specifications suitable for India include using spent poly-aluminum chloride as a coagulant and flocculant (CPCB, 2022) and using vertical shaft aerators (Drewnoski, et. al., 2019) and high-efficiency blowers (Bell, et. al., 2011) in the aeration process.

How tourists ‘escaping the heat’ may drive future increases in municipal water demand in Oregon coastal communities

Little is known about the effect of future weather and climate on municipal water demand in coastal communities with tourist-centric economies. To address this knowledge gap, we used an econometric model of monthly water demand that allowed for non-linear responses to weather variables to estimate temperature-response functions for demand from a sample of communities in the Oregon Mid-Coast. A main result is that local temperature was not a significant driver of variability in monthly water demand but that temperature in the Willamette Valley—the source of most tourists to the Oregon coast—was. We assumed that the increase in demand in response to higher Willamette Valley temperature arose from an increase in tourists escaping the heat in the Willamette Valley for cooler conditions on the coast. Applying the temperature response functions to scenarios of future climate to the year 2070 led to projected increases in water demand independent of other factors. Whether future tourism is either constrained by the local resident population that serves tourism or is constrained by the potential tourist population in the Willamette Valley, the climate-change contribution to projected water demand is generally of comparable magnitude to—if not greater than—the contribution from resident population change alone over the next 50 years. For communities where the population is projected to decline, the climate effect may more than offset the effect of declining population, resulting in a net positive change in demand.

Near future variations in temperature extremes in northeastern Iran under CMIP6 projections.

Extreme air temperatures which are of significance in plant growth are influenced by climate change. The aim of this study was to assess the climate change effects on temperature extreme indices (TEIs) in northeastern Iran based on the CMIP6 projections. For this purpose, five extreme indices including maximum of maximum temperature (TXx), minimum of minimum temperature (TNn), cold nights (TN10p), warm nights (TN90p), and summer days (SU25) which are effective on plant growth were evaluated. The projections of the three Earth system models including ACCESS-CM2, MIROC6, and MRI-ESM2-0 were assessed under the three scenarios of SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 for the period 2026-2050 compared to the historical period (1989-2014). The models' projections were evaluated by statistical tests on the changes in the average and trend of data. Results showed that the MRI-ESM2-0 model revealed the best efficiency compared to the other models. The projections of all models and scenarios indicated a significant increase in the average of TXx and SU25 indices over the study area at the confidence level of 95% by 1.6 to 2.4°C, as well as 15 to 18days under the three scenarios. Also, the results exhibited a significant increasing trend in TN90p and a decreasing one in TN10p overall province atconfidence level of 95%. These changes will lead to an increase in evapotranspiration of the plants and an increase in agricultural water demand, and as a result, a decrease in the yield of some main products like wheat and saffron which are the main products in the study area.

Cost-effective operation strategies to secure drinking water accompanied by low emissions by water safety plans

ABSTRACT Inadequate energy management leads to more emission exposure, which causes climate change, severe environmental contamination, and human health risks. Therefore, the World Health Organisation (WHO) monitors universal efforts to prevent emissions and encourages governments to develop industries to transform the green economy. During the current study, the energy and cost variation was observed through three years (2020, 2021, and 2022) at a surface water plant in southern Egypt. Consistent with applying operation strategies that met convenient standard operating procedures (SOPs) during 2021 and 2022. Energy consumption was reduced by 13% to 17%, and the cost decreased by 5% to 12% for 2021 and 2022, respectively. These energy and financial savings should be considered as an influence of the water safety plans (WSPs). Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was utilised to identify the mechanism of energy consumption and its impact on the cost during the study period. The finding proves that the energy and cost rise is related to increased water demand during the summer months, periodic/emergency maintenance, and comprehensive cleaning activities. WSPs were applied to control biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and oil and grease (O & G) that show increasing values than Egyptian law.

Quantitative eco-anatomical analysis reveals distinctive stem traits of six Cannabis sativa cultivars in Rif Mountains (Northern Morocco)

Cannabis sativa stands out as an important crop with significant socioeconomic importance in the Rif Mountains of North Morocco. Recently the number of new cultivars developed in this region has gradually increased for different purposes. In this current study, we delve into the eco-anatomical characteristics of stems across six of the most prevalent Cannabis sativa cultivars in Morocco: ‘Avocat’, ‘Beldiya’, ‘Critical Plus’, ‘Industriel’, ‘Khardala’, and ‘Mexicana’. The investigation encompasses the measurement and analysis of six key eco-anatomical traits: plant height, stem diameter, vessel size, vessel density, number of vessels joined in radial files, and coefficient of hydraulic conductivity. Our aim is to elucidate the variations among these cultivars and underscore their agricultural and ecological relevance. Through anatomical examinations of stem cross-sections, our findings reveal notable disparities and distinctive features among the cultivars. The ‘Khardala’ cultivar exhibits the highest values across most measured eco-anatomical traits, while ‘Beldiya’ and ‘Mexicana’ show similar trait values, particularly with low stem diameter and vessel density. In contrast, ‘Industriel’ stands out with the lowest vessel size and highest vessel density. ‘Critical Plus’ and ‘Avocat’ closely resemble ‘Khardala’ in vessel size and stem diameter. Regarding hydraulic conductivity, ‘Khardala’ ranks highest, followed by ‘Avocat’ and ‘Critical Plus’, while ‘Industriel’ registers the lowest. Our findings underscore increased water demand and uptake potential in ‘Khardala’, ‘Critical Plus’, and ‘Avocat’, contrasting with ‘Industriel’, ‘Beldiya’, and ‘Mexicana’. Anatomical diversity among Cannabis cultivars in our study likely stems from genetic lineage and ecological adaptation.

Valorization of coffee cherry waste ash as a sustainable construction material

This study explores the potential of treated coffee cherry waste (T-CCW) as a partial replacement of cement in mortar. T-CCW was characterized and incorporated into pastes and mortars at 5 %–25 % cement replacement. The main objectives were to examine the fresh and hardened properties, hydration, and environmental assessment. Results showed that the high specific surface area and porous structure of T-CCW particles increased water demand and accelerated setting times. T-CCW incorporation of up to 15 % enhanced compressive strength at all curing ages due to improved hydration and limited pozzolanic reactions. Ultrasonic pulse velocity indicated good homogeneity and compactness in T-CCW blended mortars. Microstructural analysis revealed that T-CCW enhanced cement hydration, leading to a denser matrix. Environmental analysis showed a reduced embodied carbon and cement intensity index compared to the control mix. Overall, the optimal performance was observed at 15 % T-CCW replacement, significantly improving engineering properties and environmental impact. Further, the fishbone diagram addresses various factors to optimize the use of T-CCW as a cementitious composite. These findings demonstrate the potential of T-CCW as a sustainable construction material, offering a promising pathway towards environmentally friendly and resource-efficient building practices while addressing waste management in the coffee industry.