Increase Of Ultrasonic Time Research Articles

Study on the modulation of luminescence peak position and luminescence mechanism of black phosphorus

The application of black phosphorus in optoelectronic devices is hindered because of its inherent band gap characteristics. In the paper, black phosphorus was prepared by high-energy ball milling, and its related structure and properties were characterized. At the same time, the luminescence mechanism of black phosphorus was explored, and the effect of ultrasonic time on the structure and optical properties of black phosphorus was studied. The luminescence peak of black phosphorus can be modulated to the visible light range after adding polyethylene glycol, and the luminescence of black phosphorus is closely related to the P (020) and P (021). It was found that the luminescence intensity of alcoholized black phosphorus decreases with the increase of ultrasonic time. When the ultrasonic time is 15min, the luminescence intensity of alcoholized black phosphorus decreases greatly, this is because that the content of P (020) in black phosphorus decreases with the increase of ultrasonic time, resulting in the decrease of luminescence intensity.

Numerical simulation on the processing of crumb rubber modified asphalt by ultrasound and mechanical stirring

Based on the existing modified asphalt production equipment, the power ultrasonic is integrated into the existing stirring dispersion technology, and the FLUENT fluid simulation is used to combine ultrasonic and stirring. Stirring and ultrasonic two motion forms were realized step by step, and the movement states of crumb rubber modified asphalt were simulated under the interaction of ultrasonic and stirring, which provide a new method for the research of crumb rubber modified asphalt production equipment. The results show that under the action of ultrasound, only positive pressure exists in the modified asphalt flow field after adding the cavitation model, and the maximum absolute pressure can reach about 1200kPa. With the increase of ultrasonic time, the air content rate under the tool head is periodic and regular changed and will gradually increase, the number of cavitation bubbles will continue to increase, and the cavitation intensity will increase. The influence of asphalt viscosity on the volume fraction of cavitation bubbles was studied, when the viscosity of the system is 0.8 Pa?s, it is more conducive to the occurrence of cavitation, The process of ultrasonic synergistic stirring is conducive to inhibiting the segregation phenomenon of crumb rubber modified asphalt.

Changes in the structure of polysaccharides under different extraction methods

Changes in the structure of polysaccharides under different extraction methods

Effect of high intensity ultrasonic treatment on structural, rheological, and gelling properties of potato protein isolate and its co-gelation properties with egg white protein.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of high intensity ultrasonic(HIU) treatment at different times (0, 10, 20, and30 min) on the structure and gel properties of water-soluble potato protein isolate (WPPI) and to further investigate the improvement of gel properties of ultrasonicated WPPI (UWPPI) by the addition of egg white protein (EWP). HIU reduced theparticle size of WPPI, whose structure became loose and disordered, which improved gelling properties of UWPPI. Fourier transform infrared results indicated that α-helix content decreased, whereas the proportion of irregular curl increased with the increase in ultrasonication time (0-20 min), indicating that the initially ordered structure of UWPPI became disordered. AfterHIUtreatment, thefree sulfhydryl groups of UWPPI and surface hydrophobicity decreased and fluorescence intensity increased. Theseresultsdemonstrated that the HIUloosenedthestructure of UWPPI, exposing more chromogenic groups while embedding more hydrophilic groups. After thermal induction, UWPPI gel hardness increased and exhibited excellent water holding capacity. After the addition of EWP, rheological properties stabilized, and thehardness of UWPPI-EWP gels increased significantly, forming internally structured protein gels with a tightly ordered structure and increased brightness. Thus, HIU changed the structure and gelling properties of WPPI, and the addition of EWP further enhanced the performance of hybrid protein gels. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: High intensity ultrasonic changed the structure of water-soluble potato protein isolate (WPPI) and improved the properties of WPPI gels. The addition of egg white protein significantly improved the quality of mixed protein gels which showed great potential industrial value.

Effect of Ultrasonic Pretreatment on Radio Frequency Vacuum Drying Characteristics and Quality of Codonopsis pilosula Slices

In this paper, the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on the drying kinetics, bioactive components (polysaccharides, total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant), qualitative characteristics (color index, lobetyolin and syringin) and microstructure of Codonopsis pilosula during radio frequency vacuum drying (RFVD) were studied. The average drying rate curve showed that the whole drying process could be divided into three stages: accelerating period, constant drying rate period and falling drying rate period. Deff values ranged from 6.61425 to 9.46745 × 10−8. Analysis of the drying rate constants revealed that different conditions of pretreatment were effective in increasing the drying rate. Ultrasonic pretreatment has a positive effect on the retention of polysaccharide content; low frequency favors retention of total phenols, flavonoids and syringin; and with the increase in ultrasonic time and ultrasonic power, the antioxidant capacity was higher than that without ultrasonic treatment. Ultrasonic pretreatment significantly improved color and microstructure. In summary, the pretreatment condition of ultrasonic frequency 20 kHz and power 60 W for 30 min is suitable, which provides a certain reference for the application of ultrasonic pretreatment technology in RFVD of Codonopsis pilosula slices.

Experimental studies on ethanol solubility and nanoparticle (NP) stability in diesel fuel

The main objective of the study was to prepare the most soluble and stable diesel-ethanol-nanoparticle blend for CI engine and investigate the influence of different mixing parameters on ethanol’s solubility in diesel and the nanoparticle stability in diesel-ethanol blends. Total 22 DE10, and DE15 samples were prepared, using various stirring speeds (1500–2000, 2500–4000 rpm) and times (30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360 min), ultrasonication times (15, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) with and without surfactants (SPAN 80, TWEEN 80). The result revealed that ultrasonication, stirring speed and time influenced the ethanol solubility in diesel fuel and ethanol solubility was better with DE10 blend (Sample G) prepared using low ultrasonication (15 min) and high stirring time (min. 60 min) and speed (min. 2500–4000 rpm) without surfactant. Increase in ultrasonication time (>15 min) resulted in negligible effect on solubility. The effect of ultrasonication, surfactant and dispersion approach on the stability of Al2O3 and ZnO nanoparticles in sample G was also studied. Stability of ZnO nanoparticles was much higher than the Al2O3 nanoparticles at same ultrasonication time (120 min) and surfactant proportion (0.5 %). It displayed lower agglomeration, and 50 %, 33 %, and 52 % reduction in sedimentation index, height and weight, respectively, compared to Al2O3 nanoparticle.

Ultrasound-induced changes in rheological behavior and hydrophobic microdomains of Lignosus rhinocerotis polysaccharide

Ultrasound is increasingly applied to modify the structures and physicochemical properties of polysaccharides. Hence, this work investigated the ultrasound-induced changes in the rheological behavior and hydrophobic microdomains of Lignosus rhinocerotis polysaccharide (LRP). With an increase in ultrasonic time, the apparent viscosity, storage modulus, loss modulus, and the final percentage recovery of LRP/water system increased to reach the maximum after 10 min treatment and then decreased. These results indicated that short-term (10 min) ultrasound could increase the strength of the network structure of LRP/water system, while longer-term ultrasound (30 and 60 min) weakened the network structure. The self-healing properties of LRP/water system was not affected by ultrasound treatment according to repeated strain and time sweep data. The critical aggregation concentration of the LRP/water system decreased from 2.5 to 1.8 mg/mL after 10 min ultrasound and the number of hydrophobic microdomains increased, suggesting that ultrasound promoted the hydrophobic aggregation of LRP.

Structure and properties of egg white protein films modified by high-intensity ultrasound: An effective strategy

Edible films based on egg white protein (EWP) were prepared, and it were modified by high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) to improve the functional properties. The findings indicated the properties of EWP films were improved at the appropriate time of HIUS treatment. With the increase of ultrasonic time, water vapor permeability (WVP) and tensile strength (TS) of EWP films ascended and then declined, and the best performance (3.30 g·mm/ m2·h·KPa for WVP, and 7.28 MPa for TS) was achieved when ultrasonic time was 10 min. Thermogravimetric analysis exhibited ultrasound could enhance the thermal stability of EWP films. The SEM reflected moderate ultrasonic treatment could make the EWP films smoother. The FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction patterns of EWP films were changed by HIUS, which illustrated the secondary structure of the protein was altered. The transverse relaxation curve obtained by LF-NMR analysis showed the tightness between water and the films.

Highly effective utilization of vinyl copolymer as filtrate reducer of water‐bentonite drilling fluid under ultrasonic oscillations

AbstractThe water‐bentonite drilling fluids incorporating the terpolymer of acrylic acid, acrylamide, and 2‐acrylamide‐2‐methyl propane sulfonic acid were prepared by common mechanical agitation of industrial community with superposition of ultrasound. Various performances of the drilling fluids in the absence and presence of ultrasonic oscillations were evaluated, including fluid loss, rheology, mud cake thickness, and surface appearance, adsorptive capacity of terpolymer on bentonite clay as well as clay particle size and distribution. The results showed that the filtrate volume and mud cake thickness as well as rheological values presented downtrend with the increase of ultrasonic time or power. Scanning electron microscope showed that the more smooth‐faced and compact mud cake was formed after ultrasonic oscillations. The analysis of clay particle size confirmed that ultrasonic oscillations could reduce the average particle diameter and broaden the particle size distribution, along with the appearance of ultra‐tiny clay particle components. Adsorbed amount of terpolymer on bentonite was enhanced with introduction of ultrasonic oscillations (as confirmed by total organic carbon analysis). The ultrasound‐induced dispersion and adsorption stemmed from acoustic cavitation and could cooperate with each other, together improving filtration properties.

Ultrasonic oscillations induced property development of water-bentonite suspension containing sulfonated wood coal

During drilling fluid preparation, ultrasonic oscillations were introduced into water-bentonite suspension incorporating sulfonated wood coal (SMC) by a specially designed device. The influences of ultrasonic oscillations on fluid loss and rheological performances of the drilling fluid as well as mechanism of ultrasonic action were investigated. The experimental results showed that the filtrate volume decreased with the increase of ultrasonic time till a certain extent and then leveled off. In the presence of ultrasound, shorter time of 15 min and mild intensity of 250 W could lead to a satisfactory result in fluid loss properties, including the reasonable filtrate volume and thin and compact filter cakes. With increasing ultrasonic intensity, the fluid loss properties changed relatively little but various rheological data of the drilling fluids always increased. Adsorption tests through total organic carbon, infrared spectrum and thermogravimetic analyses as well as clay particle size analysis confirmed that as compared with the conventional agitation, ultrasound-assisted mud preparation could not only increase adsorbed amount of SMC on bentonite but also decrease average clay particle diameter attributed to acoustic cavitation. A plausible mechanism based on sonochemical thermodynamics is proposed to explain the improvement of the colloidal structure and performances of drilling fluid.

Nanosheet size-dependent rheology, microstructure, adsorption properties of graphene oxide-electrolyte dispersions and adsorbents

The variation of lateral dimensions of GO nanosheets by subjecting them to different ultrasonication time (t = 30, 60, and 120 min) influences the rheology, microstructure, and adsorption capacity of graphene oxide (GO) suspensions. The average storage modulus (G'p) of GO aqueous dispersions (volume fraction (ϕGO) = 0.018) varies as GO-30 < GO-60 < GO-120, although the C/O of GO nanosheets does not change significantly with ultrasonication. Addition of 10−5 M – 10-1 M NaCl and MgCl2 lead to a rise in G'p as compared to electrolyte-free suspensions with the formation of liquid-like, fragile gels and solid gel-like samples. Independent of time of ultrasonication, solid gels are formed at 10-1 M of electrolytes. The maximum G'p is observed in gels of GO-30 with 10-1 M MgCl2. We hypothesize that an increase in ultrasonication time causes the formation of new nanosheets with un-functionalized edges. While Na+ screens the negative charge of GO causing aggregation, but Mg2+ not only screens but also interacts with carboxyl groups of GO nanosheets. Therefore, the degree of Mg2+ bridging the GO nanosheets is the lowest in GO-120 and the highest in GO-30 suspensions. The adsorption capacity of methylene blue (MB) on GO-120-electrolyte lyophilized gels is the smallest, in agreement with the weak cross-linking and mechanical strength of these gels.

Role of ultrasonication duration and surfactant on characteristics of ZnO and CuO nanofluids

Ultrasonication duration during the preparation of nanofluids has an important role on its various characteristics. Recently, role of surfactant is also found to be particularly significant on the properties of nanofluids. The role of ultrasonication duration and surfactant is together studied in this article on ZnO and CuO nanofluid. After number of experiments with different surfactants, stable ZnO nanofluid is prepared using both EBT (eriochrome black T) and OA (olylamine) surfactant while CuO is prepared using OA alone as it can be easily stabilized. Ultrasonication time is increased from 2 h to 8 h and different properties are analyzed in detail. Zeta potential, UV-vis analysis, pH value, specific heat capacity, specific gravity, viscosity, and thermal conductivity are analyzed for the three nanofluids. Stability of ZnO + EBT nanofluid is found to be excellent than the ZnO + OA and CuO + OA nanofluid. pH value, specific heat capacity, and specific gravity remained unaltered with increase in ultrasonication time while the remaining properties changed considerably.

Ultrasonic-assisted preparation and characterization of hierarchical porous carbon derived from garlic peel for high-performance supercapacitors.

Ultrasonic-assisted impregnation is used to synthesize physically modified garlic peel-based 3D hierarchical porous carbons (PCs), and the effect on PCs is investigated by changing ultrasonic time. The results show that ultrasonic waves can effectively peel off surface attachments of the carbonized product, so that activator has a better mass transfer process and create more active sites. The connectivity of 3D pore network is enhanced as well, so the structure and electrochemical properties of garlic peel-based porous carbon (GBPC) are improved. The ultrasonic disperser is used as an ultrasonic generator, specific conditions are as follows: ultrasonic frequency is 40 kHz, ultrasonic power is 500 W, and ultrasonic time is 0, 3, 6, and 9 min, respectively. With the increase of ultrasonic time, impurities again block the pore structure during dynamic movement, resulting in a decrease in electrochemical performance. Specifically, the performance of GBPC-6 is the most excellent, the specific surface area (SSA) increases from 2548 m2 g-1 to 3887 m2 g-1, the specific capacitance increases from 304 F g-1 to 426 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 in a two-electrode test system. Energy density and cycle performance are also improved at the same time, which are attributed to rational structure. In addition, the effectiveness of the strategy of ultrasonic-assisted synthesis has been confirmed on another precursor material-scallion, meaning that this work proposes a new and simple modification method for improving the performance of biomass-based PCs.

Optimization of Energy Consumption of the Ultrasonic Pretreatment on Sludge Disintegration

Anaerobic digestion is a widely used method to treat sludge, while its application was limited by its ineffective hydrolysis rate. Ultrasonic pretreatment could enhance the hydrolysis rate of sludge, while the development of ultrasonic had been restricted by the high energy consumption, it was necessary to optimize the energy consumption. Disintegration degree was analysed by the particle size, SCOD increase, soluble proteins and carbohydrates of the sludge before the after the ultrasonic pretreatment, the relationship between the specific energy input and the disintegration degree was discussed. The results showed that after ultrasonic disintegration, the concentration of SCOD, soluble protein and carbohydrate increased with the increase of ultrasonic time and ultrasonic power. High power ultrasonic could effectively disintegrate sludge in a short disintegration time, while low power ultrasonic needed a long time to disintegrate sludge. And under the same specific energy consumption conditions, the combination of lower power density and longer ultrasonic time could obtain better disintegration degree than the combination of higher power density and shorter time. It was confirmed that the energy utilization efficiency of the lower power density and the longer time combination was higher.

Extraction of Anthraquinone Compounds from Chinese Chestnut by Using Ultrasonic-assisted Technology

Ultrasonic assisted method was used to extract total anthraquinone compounds from non-enzymatic Browning chestnut kernel. The chestnut was heated in the microwave on 640w by a stainless steel knife for 60 s. Then fried it by heating 120°C for 30 min method result in non-enzymatic until browning of chestnuts fully. The anthraquinone in Chinese chestnut was extracted by ultrasonic cleaner with frequency of 80 kHz and power percentage of 80%. The absorption value was measured and calculated at 254 nm by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The effects of ethanol concentration, ultrasonic time, extraction temperature and liquid-solid ratio on extraction efficiency were studied. The effect level of different factors on the extraction efficiency of anthraquinone compounds was as follows: liquid-solid ratio>Ultrasonic time > ethanol concentration > extraction temperature. The extraction rate of anthraquinone increased and reached the hightest point when liquid-solid ratio was between 2/1 and 4/1, and it decreased as the liquid-solid ratio rise. The extraction rate of anthraquinone increased with the increase of ultrasonic time, which was the maximum when ultrasonic time was 30 minutes, and the extraction rate remained stable. The extraction rate of anthraquinone increased with the increase of ethanol concentration. The extraction rate reached the maximum when the ethanol concentration was 80%, and tends to be stable with the increased of the concentration. The extraction rate of anthraquinone was increased sharply before the temperature reached 60°C. And it maintained stable at the highest point between 60°C and 70°C. According to the regression equation and the single factor experiment, the optimum extraction technology were ethanol concentration (85%) ultrasonic time (35min) extraction temperature (60°C) and liquid-solid ratio was 4.5:1. The extraction rate of chestnut anthraquinones was up to 77.31μg/g dry weight.

Effects of ultrasonic time, size of aggregates and temperature on the stability and viscosity of Cu-ethylene glycol (EG) nanofluids

In this work, 50 nm Cu nanoparticles having solid concentration of 1.0 wt%, 2.0 wt% and 3.8 wt% are added to ethylene glycol in the absence of a surfactant. The stability of Cu-EG nanofluids for different ultrasonic times (ranging from 0 to 75 min) is tested. The effect of temperature on viscosity is also investigated for an optimum ultrasonic time. However, effects of ultrasonic time, size of aggregates and temperature on viscosity variation have not yet been studied in detail. The results show that, with the increase in ultrasonic time, the viscosity of Cu-ethylene glycol (EG) nanofluids firstly decreases up to an optimum time, after which, it increases gradually. The viscosity always decreases with the increase in temperature. Furthermore, higher mass fraction results in shorter ultrasonic time. An optimum ultrasonic time at which the viscosity is the lowest is determined. With the increase in ultrasonic time and temperature, the Brownian motion intensifies and big clusters (aggregates of nanoparticles) are broken up. Smaller clusters cause low flow resistance in nanofluids, thereby resulting in low viscosity. However, excess ultrasonic energy coalesces them to again form larger clusters due to high surface energy. Finally, a regression correlation for viscosity as a function of temperature and mass fraction is presented based on the experimental data.

Extraction of β-carotene pigment from carrot processing waste using ultrasonic-shaking incubation method

In the present study, the extraction of β-carotene from carrot processing waste was studied using the combination of ultrasonic pretreatment and shaking incubation process. In this regard, the effects of ultrasonic time (in three levels of 0, 40, 80 min) and shaking incubation time (in three levels of 30, 75 and 120 min) as well as the mutual effects of these two variables on dependent responses of β-carotene content, antioxidant activity, and color parameters of L*, a* and b* of the extracts containing β-carotene pigment were investigated. The results of this study showed that the increase of ultrasonic time from 0 to 80 min caused the significant increase of β-carotene (P ≤ 0.001), antioxidant activity (P ≤ 0.01), a* color parameter (P ≤ 0.01), and b* color parameter (P ≤ 0.001) of the extracts. Furthermore, the increase of shaking incubation time from 30 to 120 min led to the significant increase of β-carotene content of extracts (P ≤ 0.001). Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy did not show any destruction of functional groups of the extracts. In addition, scanning electron microscopy images indicated more porous structure of solid residues in condition of the increase of ultrasonic and shaking incubation times.

Effect of Mixing Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Organoclay Epoxy Nanocomposites

The processing parameters are known to influence the dispersion as well as size of clusters during dispersion of nano fillers in a matrix. To understand the complex interactions among processing parameters and properties of nanocomposites, statistical design of experiment provides techniques that can be used to efficiently explore these interactions. In the present work, epoxy clay nanocomposites which contain 3 wt%, 4 wt% and 5 wt% nanoclay have been synthesized by in-situ polymerization. A systematic study based on Taguchi’s design of experiments has been carried out to comprehend the relationships between processing parameters (temperature, impeller speed, ultrasonic mixing time) and tensile properties of epoxy clay nanocomposites. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and main effect plots have been used to determine the significant parameters and determine the optimal level for each. The analysis reveals that temperature during premixing step is the most significant factor affecting the tensile modulus. Since the viscosity of resin decreases drastically with an increase in temperature, the results suggest that the viscosity should be low during the processing step. Also, it was observed that an increase in ultrasonication time beyond 1 h has a deteriorating effect on all mechanical properties.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Soldering of Low-Ag SAC Lead-Free Solder Paste at Low-Temperature

SAC0307 (Sn-0.3mass%Ag-0.7mass%Cu) lead-free solder pastes were used to complete Cu/Cu joint by ultrasonic-assisted. Effect of nano-Ni particles and temperature on the performance of joint by ultrasonic-assisted with lead-free solder paste were investigated. The experimental results have shown that interfacial IMC of joint with SACP were typical scallop-type, but the type of interfacial IMC were serrated and became smoother after added nano-Ni particles. The IMC thickness was not more than 6.00 μm and the IMC thickness of SACP joint was slightly thick comparing with SACPC joint at the same temperature. Interfacial IMC of SACP joint at 210℃ was mainly composed of a layer of thick Cu6Sn5 and thin Cu3Sn, and the concentration gradients of Cu and Sn in IMC were also obviously. The composition of IMC was Cu3Sn7 in SACPC joint at 210℃, there were no different and the composition was Cu42.5Sn57.5 whether nano-Ni particles were added at 240℃. The strength of two kinds of joints were increased first and then decreased with the increase of ultrasonic time at 210℃～220℃, but decreased in both joints at 240℃. The shear strength of SACP joint was only 31.59 MPa, but the shear strength of SACPC joint reached the peak value of 41.20 MPa at 5 s by ultrasonic-assisted at 210℃, were about 0.32 and 19.80 percent more than that of no ultrasonic-assisted. The shear strength of SACP joint and SACPC joint reached the peak value of 38.80 MPa and 41.96 MPa after ultrasonic vibration for 0 s at 240℃, but decreased to the minimum of 22.47 MPa and 21.11 MPa after ultrasonic-assisted at 5 s and 10 s, were about 42.09 and 49.69 percent less than that of no ultrasonic-assisted respectively. Ultrasound can help fill the solder seam to increase the shear strength, but slag inclusion and foreign gases would gather and grow up to lead decreasing of the shear strength at 210℃～220℃. Slag inclusion and foreign gases were wrapped into the seam and not easy to overflow under the liquid state in the liquidus nearby, would gather to the interface of IMC/solder and grow up to lead decreasing of the shear strength under the the ultrasonic vibration at 240℃. Nano-Ni particles also played a part in increasing the strength of joints.

Improvement of organic solar cells using aluminium microstructures prepared in PEDOT:PSS buffer layer by using ultrasonic ablation technique

In the present work we introduce an improvement of organic solar cell efficiency by using aluminium microstructures (Al MSs) dispersed in poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-blend-poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) buffer layer. Al microstars (in the range of 5–16μm) in addition to Al nanoparticles (Al NPs) have been prepared by new ultrasonic ablation technique through the application of ultrasonic irradiation upon Al thin film immersed in PEDOT:PSS solution. In the beginning, we found that the PEDOT:PSS solution completely dissolves Al thin film before the applying of ultrasonic irradiation as a result of acidic nature of the PEDOT:PSS solution. The action of PEDOT:PSS on the Al film tends to produce Al microcircles, which are dissociated into Al microstars after the applying of ultrasonic irradiation. The short circuit current density, fill factor, and, consequently, power conversion efficiency of the investigated solar cells have been improved by the incorporation of Al microstars, which can facilitate the transport of charge carriers, specifically holes, to be transferred along the axis of the Al microstars in the buffer layer of the solar cell. We found that the increase in ultrasonication time applied upon the solution of PEDOT:PSS-Al microstars diminishes the length of Al microstars and reduces the number of Al microstars' arms. Therefore, further increase in the ultrasonication time tends to decrease the device performance parameters due to the deficit of charge carriers to be transferred in the buffer layer matrix. The Al microstars prepared by ultrasonic ablation technique are pure and free of surfactants and passivation layers that are inevitably present on the surface of the chemically synthesized metal MSs and NPs. The new ultrasonic ablation method is safe (different than laser ablation technique) to prepare metal NPs and MSs in the sensitive organic solvents and solutions which are directly used to prepare organic solar cells. In addition, the new technique enables us to prepare desirable size of Al microstars, which can be suitable for improving organic solar cells and in other different applications.