Increase In Temperature Research Articles

Effects of winter soil warming on crop biomass carbon loss from organic matter degradation

Global warming poses an unprecedented threat to agroecosystems. Although temperature increases are more pronounced during winter than in other seasons, the impact of winter warming on crop biomass carbon has not been elucidated. Here we integrate global observational data with a decade-long field experiment to uncover a significant negative correlation between winter soil temperature and crop biomass carbon. For every degree Celsius increase in winter soil temperature, straw and grain biomass carbon decreased by 6.6 ( ± 1.7) g kg-1 and 10.2 ( ± 2.3) g kg-1, respectively. This decline is primarily attributed to the loss of soil organic matter and micronutrients induced by warming. Ignoring the adverse effects of winter warming on crop biomass carbon could result in an overestimation of total food production by 4% to 19% under future warming scenarios. Our research highlights the critical need to incorporate winter warming into agricultural productivity models for more effective climate adaptation strategies.

Temperature dependence of spin transport behavior in Heusler alloy CPP-GMR

In this study, we investigate the effect of temperature on the performance of a read sensor by utilizing an atomistic model coupled with a spin transport model. Specifically, we study the temperature dependence of spin transport behavior and MR outputs in a Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ ext {Co}_2\ ext {FeAl}_{0.5}\ ext {Si}_{0.5}$$\\end{document} (CFAS)(5nm)/Cu(5nm)/CFAS(5nm) trilayer with diffusive interfaces. Initially, the two-channel model of spin-dependent resistivity is used to calculate the temperature dependence of spin transport parameters which serves as essential input for the spin accumulation model. Our findings demonstrate that as the temperature increases, the spin transport parameters and magnetic properties decrease due to the influence of thermal fluctuation. At a critical temperature, where the ferromagnet transitions to a paramagnetic state, we observe zero spin polarization. Furthermore, at elevated temperatures, the spin accumulation deviates from the equilibrium value, leading to a reduction in the magnitude of spin current and spin transport parameters due to thermal effects. As a consequence, the MR ratio decreases from 65% to 20% with increasing temperature from 0 to 400 K. Our results are consistent with previous experimental measurements. This study allows to deeply understand the physical mechanism in the reader stack which can significantly benefit reader design.

Methane Production Is More Sensitive to Temperature Increase than Aerobic and Anaerobic Methane Oxidation in Chinese Paddy Soils.

Methane emissions from paddy fields can increase under future warming scenarios. Nevertheless, a comprehensive comparison of the temperature sensitivity of methane-related microbial processes remains elusive. Here, we revealed that the temperature sensitivity of methane production (activation energy (Ea) = 0.94 eV; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.78-1.10 eV) and aerobic (Ea = 0.49 eV; 95% CI, 0.34-0.65 eV) and anaerobic (Ea = 0.46 eV; 95% CI, 0.30-0.62 eV) methane oxidation exhibited notable spatial heterogeneity across 12 Chinese paddy fields spanning 35° longitude and 18° latitude. In addition, the Ea values of aerobic and anaerobic methane oxidation were significantly positively and negatively correlated to the latitude, respectively, while there was no significant correlation between the Ea of methane production and the latitude. Overall, there were no soil factors that had a significant effect on the Ea of methane production. The Ea of aerobic methane oxidation was primarily influenced by the contents of ammonium and clay, whereas the Ea of anaerobic methane oxidation was mainly influenced by the conductivity. Despite the variation, the overall temperature sensitivity of methane production was significantly higher than that of oxidation at a continental scale; therefore, an increase in the emission of methane from paddy fields will be predicted under future warming. Taken together, our study revealed the characteristics of temperature sensitivity of methane production and aerobic and anaerobic methane oxidation simultaneously in Chinese paddy fields, highlighting the potential roles of soil factors in influencing temperature sensitivity.

Thermal transport in C6N7 monolayer: a machine learning based molecular dynamics study

The successful synthesis of a novel C6N7carbon nitride monolayer offers expansive prospects for applications in the fields of semiconductors, sensors, and gas separation technologies, in which the thermal transport properties of C6N7are crucial for optimizing the functionality and reliability of these applications. In this work, based on our developed machine learning potential (MLP), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations including homogeneous non-equilibrium, non-equilibrium, and their respective spectral decomposition methods are performed to investigate the effects of phonon transport, temperature, and length on the thermal conductivity of C6N7monolayer. Our results reveal that low-frequency and in-plane phonon modes dominate the thermal conductivity. Notably, thermal conductivity decreases with an increase in temperature due to temperature-induced increase in phonon-phonon scattering of in-plane phonon modes, while it increases with an extension in sample length. Our findings based on MD simulations with MLP contribute new insights into the lattice thermal conductivity of holey carbon nitride compounds, which is helpful for the development of next-generation electronic and photonic devices.

The Impact of Meteorological Factors on Stroke Incidence in the Transdanubian Region of Hungary

Cerebrovascular diseases are the leading cause of death and disability. The epidemiological background and predisposing factors have been the basis of many studies. We aimed to assess the effect of seasonal variability and meteorological factors on stroke incidence in Hungary. National and county-level secondary data were assessed for 2018–2019. We identified stroke with ICD codes I60, I61, I62 (hemorrhagic), I63, I65, and I66 (ischemic). The data were obtained from the University of Pécs Clinical Centre (number of patients per day according to sex and disease subtype, n = 1765). Daily average and maximum wind speed [m/s], precipitation [mm], temperature [°C], and frontal effect [warm/cold/mixed/no effect]) were provided by the Hungarian Meteorological Service. We found that 89.92% of the patients were hospitalized for ischemic and 10.08% for hemorrhagic stroke. We observed a significantly higher number of cases in the other months compared to winter (spring: +35.9%; p = 0.007, summer: +59.0%; p = 0.016, autumn: +36.5%; p = 0.01). In autumn, an increase in temperature increased the incidence of stroke (r = 0.210; p = 0.004). Temperature change affected ischemic stroke incidence (r = 0.112; p = 0.003). In contrast, the number of hemorrhagic stroke cases showed a mild but significant negative association with daily temperature change (r = −0.073; p = 0.049). Overall, a 1 °C temperature change compared to the previous day increased the daily number of admissions by 2.9% (p = 0.017). Air pressure change also affected hemorrhagic stroke incidence (r = 0.083; p = 0.025). Changes in temperature and frontal effects can increase the incidence of stroke. Modern forecasting technology can help the healthcare system prepare for possible increased workloads during critical periods.

Effect of Tempering Temperature on the Aqueous Corrosion Resistance of 9Cr Series Heat-Resistant Steel

In this investigation, the aqueous corrosion resistance of 9Cr series heat-resistant steel during tempering was investigated. Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) were used to analyze the effect of tempering temperature on the microstructure and precipitation behavior of precipitates. The heat-resisting steel was heated to 1150 °C for 1 h, and then tempered at different temperatures between 680 °C and 760 °C for 2 h. The microstructure of the heat-resistant steel after tempering was composed of lath-tempered martensite and fine precipitates. The hardness decreased with increasing tempering temperature, ranging from HBW 261 to HBW 193. The aqueous corrosion resistance improved as the tempering temperatures increased from 680 °C to 720 °C but deteriorated at higher temperatures, such as 760 °C, which was obtained by an electrochemical corrosion performance test. The aqueous corrosion resistance was affected by the decrease in dislocation density and the decrease in Cr solution in the tempered martensite. With the increase in the tempering temperature, the aqueous corrosion potential first increases and then decreases, the self-corrosion current density first decreases and then increases, and the polarization resistance first increases and then decreases. Furthermore, the increase in corrosion resistance is attributed to the reduction in dislocation density and chromium depletion in the martensitic structure as the tempering temperature approaches 720 °C. This paper reveals the effect of tempering temperature on the corrosion resistance of 9Cr series heat-resistant steel, which is a further exploration of a known phenomenon.

Signature of a zonally symmetric semidiurnal tide during major sudden stratospheric warmings and plausible mechanisms: a case study

Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) is a winter phenomenon initiated primarily by the enhanced stationary planetary waves (SPWs), characterized by an increase in polar stratospheric temperature by a few tens of kelvin for a few days. Wave-wave non-linear interaction can produce secondary waves, with sum and difference frequencies of the primary wave frequencies. The sun-synchronous semidiurnal tide is a major component at mid and high latitude middle atmosphere, which non-linearly interacts with the dominant SPW in the stratosphere to produce the zonally symmetric semidiurnal tide component (S0), as observed during two boreal SSWs. The zonally symmetric distribution of ozone has also potential to excite the S0 component by absorption of solar ultraviolet radiation as evident during a rare Austral SSW. Overall, the present study sheds light on the dominant generation mechanisms involved in the S0 enhancement during the SSW.

Synergy of high-intensity chromium ion implantation and ion beam energy impact on the zirconium alloy surface

The peculiarities and modes of material modification with high-intensity, high-power density ion beams on the irradiated surface are studied for the first time. Chromium ions are implanted into a zirconium alloy using a 25 kW/cm2, 450 μs beam at the pulse repetition rates within 8–35 pps. Every high-energy ion pulse impact is followed by ultrafast cooling of the surface due to heat removal into the target material. Three modes are studied at the temperatures of 580, 700, and 900 °C with an additional pulsed heating. An increase in the average target temperature from 580 to 700 °C within 1 h at the same pulse power density allows increasing the depth of chromium ion alloying from 1.5 to more than 7 μm. The use of ultrafast cooling of the Zr1%Nb alloy surface offers a grain size reduction from a few μm to approximately 50–250 nm, without any microstructural changes throughout the sample volume. An inhomogeneous chromium ion distribution over the target surface and depth is observed.

Clean and Complete Protein Digestion with an Autolysis Resistant Trypsin for Peptide Mapping.

Peptide mapping requires cleavage of proteins in a predictable fashion so that target protein-specific peptides can be reliably identified and quantified. Trypsin, a commonly used protease in this process, can also undergo self-cleavage or autolysis, thereby reducing the effectivity and even cleavage specificity at lysine and arginine residues. Here, we report highly efficient and reproducible peptide mapping of biotherapeutic monoclonal antibodies. We highlight the properties of a homogeneous chemically modified trypsin on thermal stability, a 54% increase in melting temperature with an 84% increase in energy required for unfolding, an indication of more thermally stable trypsin, >90% retained intact mass peak area after exposure to digestion conditions confirming autolysis resistance, 10× more intensity for intact enzyme compared to trypsin of similar source and narrower molecular weight distribution with LC-MS indicative of low degradation compared to 3 other types of trypsin. Finally, we show the utility of this autolysis-resistant trypsin in characterizing biotherapeutic monoclonal antibodies consistently and reliably showing a >30% reduction in missed cleavage for a short-duration protein digestion time of 30 min compared to heterogeneously modified trypsin of a similar source.

Linseed oil supplementation alters milk fatty acid profile, mitigates heat stress, and improves summer milk yield in grazing dairy cows.

Dietary supplementation of fat can be an important source of energy to compensate for the reduction in dry matter intake in dairy cows during heat stress periods. Studies have reported that supplementing dairy cow diets with linseed oil (LO) can increase milk yield and enhance the levels of beneficial fatty acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids, in the milk. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of LO supplementation on milk fatty acids profile, milk yield and composition, and physiological parameters of grazing cows. The study was conducted in two seasons, one in spring and one in summer. A 2 × 2 Latin square design was used in each experiment. Twelve Holstein and crossbred Holstein x Jersey cows were involved in each season. Cows were divided into two groups: control (TC) with no supplementation and treatment (TL) supplemented with 400g/day of LO. The results showed that LO supplementation altered the milk fatty acid profile: decreased concentrations of short and medium-chain fatty acids (C10:0 - C17:1) except for C13:0 and increased concentrations of long-chain fatty acids (C18, C18:1 (both trans and cis isomers), C18:2 (specific conjugated linoleic acid - CLA isomers), and C18:3 n3 (omega-3)). Additionally, milk yield increased by 1.5l per day during summer in LO-supplemented cows, while milk fat, protein, and casein content decreased. Milk stability increased by 2.2% in the LO-supplemented group. LO-supplemented cows reduced internal body temperature and heart frequency in the afternoon and increased daily rumination time by 20min. In conclusion, LO supplementation can be an effective strategy to improve the nutritional profile of milk by altering fatty acid composition towards potentially healthier fats, mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on grazing cows during summer, as evidenced by reduced body temperature and heart frequency and increase milk yield.

Numerical Investigation of Different Cooling Methods for Battery Packs

This paper contains the results of numerical investigations into two cooling system types for cells of three types. The galvanic cell geometries which were considered were pouches, cylinders and prisms. By design, the cooling system for a vehicle is specialised to prevent an uncontrolled temperature increase at higher discharge rates. Consideration was given to the question of which cooling method would be sufficient to reduce the temperature rise of battery cells. The first cooling method investigated is one that uses direct contact with the air flow to cool the cells, a method that is very commonly used in automotive engineering, as it is less complicated. This study employs a method that uses a fan to induce forced convection, increasing the airflow over cells housed within a thermoplastic composite container. Another method, fluid cooling, is notable for its greater efficiency due to the use of a non-conducting coolant, which has also better energy absorption properties. In this study, immersion cooling was employed, utilising oil circulation through cells contained within a thermoplastic composite container, which was facilitated by a pump system. This publication shows the influence of the cell’s geometry and the type of cooling system on the temperature rise of cells when they are discharging at the appropriate power rate. The results of this study highlight the differences in cooling performance between the two methods, providing a clear basis for selecting the most suitable solution for specific applications.

Controlled chemical transformation of lignin by nitric acid treatment and carbonization

This study focuses on understanding the chemical reactions and results of Kraft lignin transformation through nitric acid treatment and subsequent carbonization. With its rich carbon content, lignin stands out as a promising candidate for the manufacturing of high-value carbon materials. The lignin underwent effective nitration, depolymerization, and oxidation under ambient conditions and at 40 °C, while a slight increase in reaction temperature significantly reduced the reaction time. The molecular weight Mw was effectively reduced from 4371 g/mol to 767 g/mol. The acid-treated lignin samples with incorporated nitro groups were further carbonized to create nitrogen-doped carbon structures. The resulting materials show stable nitrogen content (about at 5 wt%) even after carbonization due to the transformation of nitro groups into thermally stable pyridinic moieties, thereby exhibiting enhanced electrocatalytic properties compared to nitrogen-free carbon materials derived from Kraft lignin. The nitric acid-assisted treatment of lignin obviates the need for catalysts, and additional extraction or purification steps for preparing bio-derived carbon precursors, rendering it facile, fast, and cost-efficient.

Importance of environmental signals for cardiac morphological development in Atlantic salmon.

The hearts of salmonids display remarkable plasticity, adapting to various environmental factors that influence cardiac function and demand. For instance, in response to cold temperature, the salmonid heart undergoes growth and remodeling to counterbalance the reduced contractile function associated with dropping temperatures. Alongside heart size, the distinct pyramidal shape of the wild salmonid heart is essential for optimal cardiac performance, yet the environmental drivers behind this optimal cardiac morphology remain to be fully understood. Intriguingly, farmed salmonids often have rounded, asymmetrical ventricles and misaligned bulbi from an early age. These deformities are noteworthy given that farmed salmon are often not exposed to natural cues, such as a gradual temperature increase and changing day lengths, during critical developmental stages. In this study, we investigated whether natural environmental conditions during early life stages are pivotal for proper cardiac morphology. Atlantic salmon were raised under simulated natural conditions (low temperature with a natural photoperiod; SIMNAT) and compared with those reared under simulated farming conditions (SIMFARM). Our findings reveal that the ventricle shape and bulbus alignment in SIMNAT fish closely resemble those of wild salmon, while functional analyses indicate significant differences between SIMNAT and SIMFARM hearts, suggesting diastolic dysfunction and higher cardiac workload in SIMFARM hearts. These findings highlight the profound influence of environmental factors such as water temperature and photoperiod on the structural development of the salmonid heart, underscoring the importance of early environmental conditions for cardiac health.

How Climate Change Will Shape Pesticide Application in Quebec’s Golf Courses: Insights with Deep Learning Based on Assessing CMIP5 and CMIP6

The accelerating impact of climate change on golf course conditions has led to a significant increase in pesticide dependency, underscoring the importance of innovative management strategies. The shift from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to the latest CMIP6 phase has drawn the attention of professionals, including engineers, decision makers, and golf course managers. This study evaluates how climate projections from CMIP6, using Canadian Earth System Models (CanESM2 and CanESM5), impact pesticide application trends on Quebec’s golf courses. Through the comparison of temperature and precipitation projections, it was found that a more substantial decline in precipitation is exhibited by CanESM2 compared to CanESM5, while the latter projects higher temperature increases. A comparison between historical and projected pesticide use revealed that, in most scenarios and projected periods, the projected pesticide use was substantially higher, surpassing past usage levels. Additionally, in comparing the two climate change models, CanESM2 consistently projected higher pesticide use across various scenarios and projected periods, except for RCP2.6, which was 27% lower than SSP1-2.6 in the second projected period (PP2). For all commonly used pesticides, the projected usage levels in every projected period, according to climate change models, surpass historical levels. When comparing the two climate models, CanESM5 consistently forecasted greater pesticide use for fungicides, with a difference ranging from 65% to 222%, and for herbicides, with a difference ranging from 114% to 247%, across all projected periods. In contrast, insecticides, growth regulators, and rodenticides displayed higher AAIR values in CanESM2 during PP1 and PP3, showing a difference of 28% to 35.6%. However, CanESM5 again projected higher values in PP2, with a difference of 1.5% to 14%.

Effect of Carbide Precipitation on Hardness and Wear Resistance of H13 Steel

The carbide precipitation of H13 steel and its effect on hardness and friction and wear resistance are investigated by microstructure observation, phase analysis, and mechanical property test. Results show that the tempering hardness is mainly related to the content of secondary carbides. After solution treatment in the temperature range of 1040–1070 °C, quenching and tempering, with the increase of the solution temperature, the content of secondary carbides and hardness of H13 steel in the tempering microstructure increase first and then decrease, and both reach the maximum value when the solution temperature is 1060 °C. The change of hardness is consistent with that of the content of secondary carbides. When the solution temperature is 1040 °C, the wear mass loss of the tempered H13 steel is the least, which is 4.63 mg, indicating that its wear resistance is the best, and this is caused by the presence of more undissolved carbides in the tempering microstructure. With the increase of the solution temperature, the wear mass loss increases gradually, and the wear resistance decreases, which is mainly related to the content decrease of undissolved and secondary carbides and the content increase of residual austenite.

Exploring perceived relationships between weather, climate and mental health: biometeorological perspectives of healthcare practitioners.

Over the last decade, there has been an increase in research examining the influence of weather and climate in mental health caseloads. Variations in temperature, sunshine hours, cloud cover, precipitation and extreme weather events have been statistically linked to diagnoses and increases in hospital admissions for several mental health conditions. This study aimed to explore whether mental health practitioners perceive there to be a link between mental health and daily, seasonal, or inter-annual shifts in various climate variables in South Africa, and the timing and causal mechanisms thereof. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 practicing healthcare practitioners, and the data was analysed using thematic analysis. The findings of this research show that all 50 participants were aware of the link between weather, climate and mental health, primarily through their awareness of seasonal affective disorder. Of the 50 participants, 38 participants could explain the aetiology of seasonal affective disorder. Participants perceived sunlight and temperature to exert an influence on mental health. All 50 participants perceived exposure to sunlight to exert a positive influence on several mental health conditions. Of the 50 participants, 36 participants perceived increases in temperature to exert an adverse effect on mental health symptomology. A minority of 11 participants perceived precipitation to influence mental health conditions such as seasonal affective disorder, bipolar disorder, and substance abuse disorder. Participants' perceptions of the influence of precipitation on mental health provided a unique potential explanation of this relationship, which, at the time of writing, has not been discussed in formal research.

Changes in Climatological Variables at Stations around Lake Erie and Lake Michigan

Climatological variables undergo changes over time, and it is important to understand such dynamic changes at global, regional, and local levels. While global and regional studies are common in the study of climate, such studies at a local level are not as common. The aim of this article is to study temporal changes in precipitation, snowfall, and temperature variables at specific stations located on the rims of Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. The identification of changes is carried out by applying change-point analysis to precipitation, snowfall, and temperature data from Buffalo, Erie, and Cleveland stations located on the rim of Lake Erie and at Chicago, Milwaukee, and Green Bay stations located on the rim of Lake Michigan. We adopt mainly the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) method to identify the number and locations of change points, and then we apply the generalized likelihood ratio statistic to test for the statistical significance of the identified change points. We follow this up by finding 95% confidence intervals for those change points that were found to be statistically significant. The results from the analysis show that there are significant changes in precipitation, snowfall, and temperature variables at all six rim stations. Changes in precipitation show consistently significant increases, whereas there is no similar consistency in snowfall increases. Temperature increases are generally quite sharp, and they occur consistently around 1985. Overall, upon combining the amounts of changes from all six stations, the average amount of change in annual average temperature is found to be 0.96 °C, the average percentage of change in precipitation is 16%, and the average percentage of change in snowfall is 17%. The changing local climatic conditions identified in the study are important for local city planners, as well as residents, so that they can be well prepared for changing climatic scenarios.

Changes in the Volatile Flavor Substances, the Non-Volatile Components, and the Antioxidant Activity of Poria cocos during Different Drying Processes

Poria cocos (Schw.) wolf (P. cocos) is an important medicinal material with both therapeutic and edible properties. This study investigated volatile constituents, amino acids, proteins, polysaccharides, triterpenoid ingredients, and alcohol-soluble extracts on P. cocos during eight drying processes. A total of 47 volatile components were found and identified; the main volatile components of shade drying (SD) and hot-air drying at 50 °C (HD50) were esters and alcohols, while for drying in hot air at 60 °C~100 °C (△ = 10 °C) and infrared drying (ID), the main compounds were aldehydes and hydrocarbons. The amino acids in P. cocos remained the same when dried with various methods. Compared with SD samples, with the temperature increase, the content of amino acids showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, while the content trend of proteins was the opposite. The HD70 samples had the highest content of polysaccharide, triterpenoid ingredients, alcohol-soluble extracts, and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, volatile compounds showed a correlation between non-volatile constituents. This research provides evidence that the aroma, active components, and activity of P. cocos were affected by the drying method.

Metabolic Rate of Goldfish (Carassius auratus) in the Face of Common Aquaculture Challenges

This study examined the metabolic rate (MO2, oxygen consumption) of goldfish (Carassius auratus) under normal management conditions in aquaculture. Using an intermittent respirometry system, we assessed daily variations and the effects of feeding, handling, temperature increase, and anesthetics. MO2 exhibited a daily rhythm, with higher values during day. Feeding to satiety produced a 35% increase in MO2 compared to fasted animals, with a maximum peak after 3 h and returning to baseline after 7 h. Handling stress (5 min) produced a 140% MO2 peak (from 180 to 252 mg O2 kg−1 h−1), returning to the routine MO2 after 2.5 h. An increase in water temperature (+0.1 °C min−1) up to 30 °C caused MO2 to peak at 200% after 2.5 h from the start of the temperature increase. The use of common anesthetics in aquaculture (MS-222, 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil in deep anesthesia concentration) affects MO2 during the first few minutes after anesthetic recovery, but also during the following 4 h. It can be concluded that the metabolic rate is a good indicator of the goldfish’s response to aquaculture practices involving energy expenditure and stress. Thus, intermittent respirometry is a valuable non-invasive tool for understanding and improving fish welfare in aquaculture.

Negative Thermal Expansion Realized by an Incomplete Bimaterial Ring

Incomplete bimaterial ring (a circular ring with a gap) capable of producing negative macroscopic thermal expansion is proposed and its behavior is analyzed. The ring exhibits negative thermal expansion (NTE) (in the plane of the ring) when the outer ring has higher thermal expansion coefficient than the inner one. When the thermal expansion coefficients are equal (monomaterial incomplete ring), the effective (macroscopic) planar thermal expansion becomes zero. (The complete thermal expansion will be positive but small.) It is the presence of the gap which is the basis of this thermal behavior. Similar effect can be achieved by spring or spiral structures where the role of the gap is played by the open ends. These structures will have higher stiffness than the incomplete bimaterial ring. The thermal expansion of the ring is characterized by the effective (macroscopic) coefficient of linear thermal expansion. The effective coefficient of linear thermal expansion depends on the temperature increase, making the thermal expansion nonlinear. Planar and 3D NTE structures are considered.