Increase In Residual Volume Research Articles

АДАПТАЦИЯ РЕСПИРАТОРНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ЧЕЛОВЕКА В УСЛОВИЯХ СЕВЕРНОГО РЕГИОНА К НИЗКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНЫМ ФАКТОРАМ

The article reviews scientific publications on the human respiratory system’s adaptation to low temperature factors in the northern regions of Russia. It is shown that cold, as a pulmonotropic factor, has a significant impact on the human respiratory system, leading to modifications in the respiratory system intended to reduce the trauma caused by prolonged exposure to low temperatures. The present findings show that there is a decrease in maximum voluntary ventilation and forced vital capacity of the lungs with a concomitant increase in residual volume and functional residual capacity of the lungs throughout the process of human respiratory system adapting to the North environment.

Application of whole body plethysmography for assessment of pulmonary function in patients with asthma and obesity

The incidence of asthma and obesity is constantly increasing. It is commonly acknowledged that obesity can make asthma more severe and poorly controlled. Conventional spirometry, despite of being a “gold standard” in diagnostics of lung diseases, cannot provide information on residual lung volume and bronchial resistance, which can be a key to understanding the mechanics of spirometric deviations found in asthma-obesity phenotype.The aim. To evaluate pulmonary function in patients with asthma and obesity by non-invasive and safe clinical method – body plethysmography.Methods. 46 women with asthma were enrolled into the study, of which 21 were obese and 25 had normal body weight. 18 women with obesity and 20 women with normal body weight were selected as controls. All the patients were postmenopausal. Body plethysmography was performed with MasterScreen Body device, CareFusion, Germany.Results. Asthma is associated with a decrease in forced vital lung capacity and an increase in residual volume. Also, Gensler index and peak expiration flows at 25, 50, and 75% expiration were decreased. Interestingly, specific effective resistance in patients with asthma without obesity was 30 – 40% higher than in the control group. In patients with asthma and obesity, specific effective resistance was 2,5 times higher than in the control group. Residual volume and bronchial resistance were found to have a strong positive correlation.Conclusion. despite of similar spirometric changes, only asthma in obesity was marked by an increase of specific bronchial resistance. This finding can be related to higher energy load of breathing process in obese asthma.

Short-Term Effects of Inhaled Nitric Oxide on Right Ventricular Flow Hemodynamics by 4-Dimensional-Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Children With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

BackgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) manifests with progressive right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, which eventually impairs the left ventricular function. We hypothesized that 4‐dimensional–flow magnetic resonance imaging can detect flow hemodynamic changes associated with efficient intracardiac flow during noninvasive inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) challenge in children with PAH.Methods and ResultsChildren with PAH (n=10) underwent 2 same‐day separate iNO challenge tests using: (1) 4‐dimensional–flow magnetic resonance imaging and (2) standard catheterization hemodynamics. Intracardiac flow was evaluated using the particle tracking 4‐flow component analysis technique evaluating the direct flow, retained inflow, delayed ejection flow, and residual volume. Respective flow hemodynamic changes were compared with the corresponding catheterization iNO challenge results. The RV analysis revealed decreased direct flow in patients with PAH when compared with controls (P<0.001) and increase in residual volume (P<0.001). Similarly, the left ventricular analysis revealed decreased direct flow in patients with PAH when compared with controls (P=0.004) and increased proportion of the residual volume (P=0.014). There was an increase in the RV direct flow during iNO delivery (P=0.009), with parallel decrease in the residual volume (P=0.008).ConclusionsChildren with PAH have abnormal biventricular flow associated with impaired diastolic filling. The flow efficiency is significantly improved in the RV on iNO administration with no change in the left ventricle. The changes in the RV flow have occurred despite the minimal change in catheterization hemodynamics, suggesting that flow hemodynamic evaluation might provide more quantitative insights into vasoreactivity testing in PAH.

Assessment of ventricular flow dynamics by 4D-flow MRI in patients following surgical repair of d-transposition of the great arteries

ObjectivesTo use 4D-flow MRI to describe systemic and non-systemic ventricular flow organisation and energy loss in patients with repaired d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) and normal subjects.MethodsPathline tracking of ventricular volumes was performed using 4D-flow MRI data from a 1.5-T GE Discovery MR450 scanner. D-TGA patients following arterial switch (n = 17, mean age 14 ± 5 years) and atrial switch (n = 15, 35 ± 6 years) procedures were examined and compared with subjects with normal cardiac anatomy and ventricular function (n = 12, 12 ± 3 years). Pathlines were classified by their passage through the ventricles as direct flow, retained inflow, delayed ejection flow, and residual volume and visually and quantitatively assessed. Additionally, viscous energy losses (ELv) were calculated.ResultsIn normal subjects, the ventricular flow paths were well ordered following similar trajectories through the ventricles with very little mixing of flow components. The flow paths in all atrial and some arterial switch patients were more irregular with high mixing. Direct flow and delayed ejection flow were decreased in atrial switch patients’ systemic ventricles with a corresponding increase in residual volume compared with normal subjects (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001 respectively) and arterial switch patients (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.001 respectively). In non-systemic ventricles, arterial switch patients had increased direct flow and decreased delayed ejection fractions compared to normal (p = 0.007 and p < 0.001 respectively) and atrial switch patients (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively). Regions of high levels of mixing of ventricular flow components showed elevated ELv.Conclusions4D-flow MRI pathline tracking reveals disordered ventricular flow patterns and associated ELv in d-TGA patients.Key Points• 4D-flow MRI can be used to assess intraventricular flow dynamics in d-TGA patients.• d-TGA arterial switch patients mostly show intraventricular flow dynamics representative of normal subjects, while atrial switch patients show increased flow disorder and different proportions of intraventricular flow volumes.• Flow disruption and disorder increase viscous energy losses.

Small airway loss in the physiologically ageing lung: a cross-sectional study in unused donor lungs

Physiological lung ageing is associated with a gradual decline in dynamic lung volumes and a progressive increase in residual volume due to diminished elastic recoil of the lung, loss of alveolar tissue, and lower chest wall compliance. However, the effects of ageing on the small airways (ie, airways <2·0 mm in diameter) remain largely unknown. By using a combination of ex-vivo conventional CT (resolution 1 mm), whole lung micro-CT (resolution 150 μm), and micro-CT of extracted cores (resolution 10 μm), we aimed to provide a multiresolution assessment of the small airways in lung ageing in a large cohort of never smokers. For this cross-sectional study, we included donor lungs collected from 32 deceased never-smoking donors (age range 16-83 years). Ex-vivo CT and whole lung high-resolution CT (micro-CT) were used to determine total airway numbers, stratified by airway diameter. Micro-CT was used to assess the number, length, and diameter of terminal bronchioles (ie, the last generation of conducting airways); mean linear intercept; and surface density in four lung tissue cores from each lung, extracted using a uniform sampling approach. Regression β coefficients are calculated using linear regression and polynomial models. Ex-vivo CT analysis showed an age-dependent decrease in the number of airways of diameter 2·0 mm to less than 2·5 mm (β coefficient per decade -0·119, 95% CI -0·193 to -0·045; R2=0·29) and especially in airways smaller than 2·0 mm in diameter (-0·158, -0·233 to -0·084; R2=0·47), between 30 and 80 years of age, but not of the larger (≥2·5 mm) diameter airways (-0·00781, -0·04409 to 0·02848; R2=0·0007). In micro-CT analysis of small airways, the total number of terminal bronchioles per lung increased until the age of 30 years, after which an almost linear decline in the number of terminal bronchioles was observed (β coefficient per decade -2035, 95% CI -2818 to -1252; R2=0·55), accompanied by a non-significant increase in alveolar airspace size (6·44, -0·57 to 13·45, R2=0·10). Moreover, this decrease in terminal bronchioles was associated with the age-related decline of pulmonary function predicted by healthy reference values. Loss of terminal bronchioles is an important structural component of age-related decline in pulmonary function of healthy, non-smoking individuals. Research Foundation-Flanders, KU Leuven, Parker B Francis Foundation, UGent, Canadian Institutes for Health.

Transition from Restrictive to Obstructive Lung Function Impairment During Treatment and Follow-Up of Active Tuberculosis.

BackgroundPulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is associated with many forms of chronic lung disease including the development of chronic airflow obstruction (AFO). However, the nature, evolution and mechanisms responsible for the AFO after PTB are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the progression of changes in lung physiology in patients treated for PTB.MethodsImmunocompetent, previously healthy, adult patients receiving ambulatory treatment for a first episode of tuberculosis were prospectively followed up with serial lung physiology and quantitative computed tomography (CT) lung scans performed at diagnosis of tuberculosis, 2, 6, 12 and 18 months during and after the completion of treatment.ResultsForty-nine patients (median age 26 years; 37.2% males) were included, and 43 were studied. During treatment, lung volumes improved and CT fibrosis scores decreased, but features of AFO and gas trapping emerged, while reduced diffusing capacity (DLco) seen in a majority of patients persisted. Significant increases in total lung capacity (TLC) by plethysmography were seen in the year following treatment completion (median change 5.9% pred., P<0.01) and were driven by large increases in residual volume (RV) (median change +19%pred., P<0.01) but not inspiratory capacity (IC; P=0.41). The change in RV/TLC correlated with significant progression of radiological gas trapping after treatment (P=0.04) but not with emphysema scores. One year after completing treatment, 18.6% of patients had residual restriction (total lung capacity, TLC <80%pred), 16.3% had AFO, 32.6% had gas trapping (RV/TLC>45%), and 78.6% had reduced DLco.ConclusionSimple spirometry alone does not fully reveal the residual respiratory impairments resulting after a first episode of PTB. Changes in physiology evolve after treatment completion, and these findings when taken together, suggest emergence of gas trapping after treatment likely caused by progression of small airway pathology during the healing process.

Faal Paru Statis

Respiration or breathing is the body’s attempt to meet the needs of O2 in the metabolic process and emit CO2 as a result of intermediary metabolism by lung and respiratory organs together so that the resulting cardiovascular oxygen rich blood. Respiration has three phases: ventilation, diffusion, perfusion. The situation is said to somebody normal lung function if the work process of ventilation, diffusion, perfusion, and the relationship between ventilation to perfusion of the person is in a relaxed state resulted in the partial pressure of arterial blood gas (PaO2 and PaCO2) were normal. Examination of lung function has an important role in assessing a lung function. However, the thing to know that these checks are supporting and quite helpful in making a specific diagnosis. With spirometry examination can be known or determined all the static volume except residual volume and respiratory capacity than the capacity of residual volume that contains components such as total lung capacity and functional residual capacity. Functional residual capacity measured by special methods such as by using the inert gas helium (helium dilution test), N2 washout and bodyplethysmograph. Some static pulmonary function parameters can interpret any kind of disturbance in the lungs. In restrictive disorders in general decreased static lung volumes. While the obstruction interference parameters are quite significant, namely an increase in residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC) and the ratio of residual volume and total lung capacity (RV/TLC)

Pulmonary hyperinflation due to gas trapping and pulmonary artery size: The MESA COPD Study.

BackgroundPulmonary hypertension is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Since pulmonary artery (PA) size increases in pulmonary hypertension, we measured PA cross-sectional area using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to test the hypothesis that pulmonary hyperinflation due to gas trapping is associated with PA cross-sectional area in COPD.MethodsThe MESA COPD Study recruited participants with COPD and controls from two population-based cohort studies ages 50–79 years with 10 or more pack-years and free of clinical cardiovascular disease. Body plethysmography was performed according to standard criteria. Cardiac MRI was performed at functional residual capacity to measure the cross-sectional area of the main PA. Percent emphysema was defined as the percentage of lung voxels less than -950 Hounsfield units as assessed via x-ray computed tomography. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, height, weight, race-ethnicity, the forced expiratory volume in one second, smoking status, pack-years, lung function, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction and percent emphysema.ResultsAmong 106 participants, mean residual volume was 1.98±0.71 L and the mean PA cross-sectional area was 7.23±1.72 cm2. A one standard deviation increase in residual volume was independently associated with an increase in main PA cross-sectional area of 0.55 cm2 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.92; p = 0.003). In contrast, there was no evidence for an association with percent emphysema or total lung capacity.ConclusionIncreased residual volume was associated with a larger PA in COPD, suggesting that gas trapping may contribute to pulmonary hypertension in COPD.

Characterization of a Murine Model of Bioequivalent Bladder Wound Healing and Repair Following Subtotal Cystectomy.

Previous work demonstrated restoration of a bioequivalent bladder within 8 weeks of removing the majority of the bladder (subtotal cystectomy or STC) in rats. The goal of the present study was to extend our investigations of bladder repair to the murine model, to harness the power of mouse genetics to delineate the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the observed robust bladder regrowth. Female C57 black mice underwent STC, and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-STC, bladder repair and function were assessed via cystometry, ex vivo pharmacologic organ bath studies, and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Histology was also performed to measure bladder wall thickness. We observed a time-dependent increase in bladder capacity (BC) following STC, such that 8 and 12 weeks post-STC, BC and micturition volumes were indistinguishable from those of age-matched non-STC controls and significantly higher than observed at 4 weeks. MRI studies confirmed that bladder volume was indistinguishable within 3 months (11 weeks) post-STC. Additionally, bladders emptied completely at all time points studied (i.e., no increases in residual volume), consistent with functional bladder repair. At 8 and 12 weeks post-STC, there were no significant differences in bladder wall thickness or in the different components (urothelium, lamina propria, or smooth muscle layers) of the bladder wall compared with age-matched control animals. The maximal contractile response to pharmacological activation and electrical field stimulation increased over time in isolated tissue strips from repaired bladders but remained lower at all time points compared with controls. We have established and validated a murine model for the study of de novo organ repair that will allow for further mechanistic studies of this phenomenon after, for example, genetic manipulation.

Exercise-induced dehydration alters pulmonary function but does not modify airway responsiveness to dry air in athletes with mild asthma.

Local airway water loss is the main physiological trigger for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Our aim was to investigate the effects of whole body water loss on airway responsiveness and pulmonary function in athletes with mild asthma and/or EIB. Ten recreational athletes with a medical diagnosis of mild asthma and/or EIB completed a randomized, crossover study. Pulmonary function tests, including spirometry, whole body plethysmography, and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DlCO), were conducted before and after three conditions: 1) 2 h of exercise in the heat with no fluid intake (dehydration), 2) 2 h of exercise with ad libitum fluid intake (control), and 3) a time-matched rest period (rest). Airway responsiveness was assessed 2 h postexercise/rest via eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea (EVH) to dry air. Exercise in the heat with no fluid intake induced a state of mild dehydration, with a body mass loss of 2.3 ± 0.8% (SD). After EVH, airway narrowing was not different between conditions: median (interquartile range) maximum fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s was 13 (7-15)%, 11 (9-24)%, and 12 (7-20)% in dehydration, control, and rest conditions, respectively. Dehydration caused a significant reduction in forced vital capacity (300 ± 190 ml, P = 0.001) and concomitant increases in residual volume (260 ± 180 ml, P = 0.001) and functional residual capacity (260 ± 250 ml, P = 0.011), with no change in DlCO Mild exercise-induced dehydration does not exaggerate airway responsiveness to dry air in athletes with mild asthma/EIB but may affect small airway function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to investigate the effect of whole body dehydration on airway responsiveness. Our data suggest that the airway response to dry air hyperpnea in athletes with mild asthma and/or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is not exacerbated in a state of mild dehydration. On the basis of alterations in lung volumes, however, exercise-induced dehydration appears to compromise small airway function.

Bladder Transplantation of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell may Ameliorate Bladder Dysfunction After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rat.

The objective is to investigate whether human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) grafting into the bladder may influence bladder functional and molecular changes in an animal stroke model. Female rats were divided into three groups: sham, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) alone, and MCAO plus 1 × 106 hAFSCs transplanting into bladder wall. Bladder function was analyzed by cystometry at days 3 and 10 after MCAO. The expressions of bladder nerve growth factor (NGF), M2‐muscarinic, M3‐muscarinic, and P2X1 receptors were measured by immunohistochemistry and real‐time polymerase chain reaction. When compared with sham‐operated group, MCAO alone rats had significant increase in residual volume and decrease in voided volume and intercontraction interval; however, these bladder dysfunctions were improved following hAFSCs transplantation. The immunoreactivities of NGF, M3, and P2X1 significantly decreased at days 3 and 10, but M2 increased at day 3 after MCAO. Following hAFSCs transplantation, the immunoreactivities of NGF and P2X1 significantly increased at day 3, and M2 increased at day 10 after MCAO. The mRNAs of NGF, M2, and M3 significantly increased at day 3, but NGF and M2 decreased at day 10 after MCAO. Following hAFSCs transplantation, there was significant decrease in M2 mRNA at day 3 and increase in P2X1 mRNA at days 3 and 10 after MCAO. Bladder dysfunction caused by MCAO can be improved by hAFSCs transplanting into bladder which may be related to the expressions of bladder NGF, and muscarinic and P2X1 receptors. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1227–1236

Functional evaluation of breath: spirometry and body plethysmography comparison in people with cystic fibrosis.

[Purpose] The aim of the present study was to establish up-to-date data regarding the lung function of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. [Subjects and Methods] Forty-eight patients of both genders, with a diagnosis of CF, were recruited. As a result our sample presented, according to the GOLD criteria, 23 patients with mild lung obstruction (FEV1%pred: 89.86), 16 patients with moderate lung obstruction (FEV1%pred: 56.1) and 9 patients with severe obstruction (FEV1%pred: 32.1). [Results] All patients presented normal total lung capacity followed by an important residual volume increase. [Conclusion] Our results were important to illustrate the CF patient’s lung functional status and to improve the health system strategy in treating such individuals.

INFLUENCE OF THE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE ON POST-OPERATION COURSE IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE

Aim. To study the influence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on post-operation period course in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients after coronary bypass surgery (CBG). Material and methods. Totally, 92 patients included, with CHD. Two groups were formed: 1st — 50 patients with CHD, 2nd — 42 patients with CHD and COPD. We studied the condition of ventilation via bodypletismography method, and registered oxygen consumption at rest and assessed the effectiveness of pulmonary ventilation — oxygen utilization coefficient (OUC2 , mL/L). Via the method of monofactor logistic regression analysis we calculated independent predictors of cardiovascular and respiratory complications during the nearest period of CBG. Results. After CBG the number of in-hospital complications in the 2nd group was higher than in the 1st. In 2nd group there were more prevalent respiratory failure, atrial fibrillation, cerebral function alteration. As predictor for complications after CBG was COPD (OR 2,1; CI 1,7-2,9; p=0,002). Combination of low values of the forced expiration by 1 s (FEV1) — less than 60% from normal with increase of residual volume (RV) more than 130% is significant predictor for the increase of ventilatory support (VS) (OR 2,5; CI 1,9-3,2; p=0,01). At baseline, decrease of OUC2 less than 20 mL/L is also the predictor for RS prolongation (OR 1,9; CI 1,4-2,8; p=0,003). Conclusion. COPD in CHD increases the chances of complicated clinical course of in-hospital period 2,1 times. Such specifics of baseline disorder in ventilation system as decrease FEV1 less than 60% with increase of RV more 130%, and significant decrease of effectiveness of pulmonary ventilation — OUC2 less than 20 mL/L increase chances for RS duration after CBG 2,5 and 1,9 times, respectively.

MP17-20 CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL BLADDER REGENERATION IN MICE

You have accessJournal of UrologyBladder & Urethra: Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology1 Apr 2014MP17-20 CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL BLADDER REGENERATION IN MICE Mona Zarifpour, Jason Sandberg, Mehran Abolbashari, Manasi Vadhavkar, Sneha Kelkar, Aaron Mohs, Frank Marini, Karl−Erik Andersson, and George Christ Mona ZarifpourMona Zarifpour More articles by this author , Jason SandbergJason Sandberg More articles by this author , Mehran AbolbashariMehran Abolbashari More articles by this author , Manasi VadhavkarManasi Vadhavkar More articles by this author , Sneha KelkarSneha Kelkar More articles by this author , Aaron MohsAaron Mohs More articles by this author , Frank MariniFrank Marini More articles by this author , Karl−Erik AnderssonKarl−Erik Andersson More articles by this author , and George ChristGeorge Christ More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.02.553AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Previous studies have established that subtotal cystectomy (removal of 60-70% of the bladder) provides a valid and unique model of mammalian organ regeneration (1,2). The goal of this study was to characterize this phenomenon in mice, a species that can be genetically engineered to investigate a diverse array of molecular alterations of functional bladder regeneration, including specific cell−based fluorescence imaging technologies. METHODS Female C57 black mice underwent STC, and at 4 and 12 weeks post−STC, bladder regeneration was assessed via cystometry and ex vivo pharmacologic organ bath studies. Histology was also performed to measure bladder wall thickness and the composition/architecture of the bladder wall. RESULTS We observed a time−dependent increase in bladder capacity following STC, such that 12 weeks post−STC, the sizes of regenerated bladders and micturition volumes were indistinguishable from those of age−matched controls (Fig. 1A, C). Bladders emptied completely at all time points studied (i.e., no increases in residual volume), consistent with functional bladder regeneration. There were no significant differences in bladder wall thickness (Fig. 1B) from controls, or in the percentage of smooth muscle in the detrusor layer (not shown). Contraction to pharmacological activation and electrical field stimulation were present in isolated tissue strips from regenerating bladders but were lower than controls at all time points. Initial cell and tissue transplantation studies using fluorescently labeled mice (i.e., transfer of green fluorescence protein bone marrow into red fluorescent protein animals) revealed a participation and contribution of bone marrow derived populations toward functional bladder regeneration. CONCLUSIONS This study extends our investigation of mammalian bladder regeneration from rats to mice. Establishing a validated model for the study of de novo organ regeneration in mice will allow for further characterization of this phenomenon through detailed investigation of its molecular and cellular basis. © 2014FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 191Issue 4SApril 2014Page: e143 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2014MetricsAuthor Information Mona Zarifpour More articles by this author Jason Sandberg More articles by this author Mehran Abolbashari More articles by this author Manasi Vadhavkar More articles by this author Sneha Kelkar More articles by this author Aaron Mohs More articles by this author Frank Marini More articles by this author Karl−Erik Andersson More articles by this author George Christ More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

MP76-16 VISCERAL PAIN ASSESSMENT AND URODYNAMIC CHANGES IN TRANSGENIC MICE WITH BLADDER TUMOR

You have accessJournal of UrologyUrodynamics/Incontinence/Female Urology: Non-neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction1 Apr 2014MP76-16 VISCERAL PAIN ASSESSMENT AND URODYNAMIC CHANGES IN TRANSGENIC MICE WITH BLADDER TUMOR Huiyi Chang, Xiaolin Zi, and Gamal Ghoniem Huiyi ChangHuiyi Chang More articles by this author , Xiaolin ZiXiaolin Zi More articles by this author , and Gamal GhoniemGamal Ghoniem More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.02.2409AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The UPII-mutant H-RAS transgenic mouse model of urothelial cancer have been used for preclinically testing novel agents for treatment of urinary bladder cancer. However, visceral pain and the urodynamic changes have not been investigated while the bladder tumor develops in these transgenic mice. Thus, the study examined the visceral pain-related visceromotor reflex (VMR) and cystometric changes in both wild type and transgenic mice. METHODS 2 wild type and 2 UPII-mutant H-RAS transgenic mice were used. A PE-50 tubing was inserted into the bladder dome. Then the tubing was connected to the infusion pump (1.8 mL/hr) and the pressure sensor to obtain the bladder pressure. Left external oblique muscle was exposed and embedded with wires to obtain the VMR during voiding. RESULTS In transgenic mice, the voiding frequency had a significant increase compared to the wild type mice (Fig. 1). The resting pressure and voiding threshold increased in transgenic mice because the bladder tumor made the bladder residual volume increase. The amplitude and duration of VMR had significant increase in transgenic mice compared to wild type mice (Table I). Fig. 1 shows the representative examples of cystometry and VMR from the wild type (A) and transgenic animals (B). Note that the transgenic mouse presented the increased voiding frequency and larger responses of VMR during voiding compared to the wild type mouse. CONCLUSIONS Increase of voiding frequency and resting pressure in transgenic mice showed the similar symptoms of overactive bladder. Increase of visceral pain-related VMR may indicate the transgenic mice suffer from visceral pain while the bladder tumor develops. The study showed that UPII-mutant H-RAS transgenic mouse is a suitable model to investigate the changes of urodynamic recording and the level of visceral pain during the formation of bladder tumor. Statistical analysis of cystomery and visceromotor reflex during voiding obtained from wild type and UPII-mutant H-Ras transgenic mice Wild type Transgenic p value Numbers of voiding cycles 6 6 Cystometry inter-contraction interval s 249±32 151±15 0.0484 * peak bladder amplitude cm H2O 35±4 43±3 0.4617 resting pressure cm H2O 7±1 17±2 0.0008 *** voiding threshold cm H2O 19±2 29±3 0.0175 * Visceromotor reflex normalized amplitude mV 0.14±0.02 0.29±0.05 0.0334 * firing duration s 3.61±0.48 7.74±0.87 0.0144 * © 2014FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 191Issue 4SApril 2014Page: e888 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2014MetricsAuthor Information Huiyi Chang More articles by this author Xiaolin Zi More articles by this author Gamal Ghoniem More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Pulmonary hyperinflation and left ventricular mass: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis COPD Study.

Left ventricular (LV) mass is an important predictor of heart failure and cardiovascular mortality, yet determinants of LV mass are incompletely understood. Pulmonary hyperinflation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may contribute to changes in intrathoracic pressure that increase LV wall stress. We therefore hypothesized that residual lung volume in COPD would be associated with greater LV mass. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) COPD Study recruited smokers 50 to 79 years of age who were free of clinical cardiovascular disease. LV mass was measured by cardiac magnetic resonance. Pulmonary function testing was performed according to guidelines. Regression models were used to adjust for age, sex, body size, blood pressure, and other cardiac risk factors. Among 119 MESA COPD Study participants, the mean age was 69±6 years, 55% were male, and 65% had COPD, mostly of mild or moderate severity. Mean LV mass was 128±34 g. Residual lung volume was independently associated with greater LV mass (7.2 g per 1-SD increase in residual volume; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-12; P=0.004) and was similar in magnitude to that of systolic blood pressure (7.6 g per 1-SD increase in systolic blood pressure; 95% confidence interval, 4.3-11; P<0.001). Similar results were observed for the ratio of LV mass to end-diastolic volume (P=0.02) and with hyperinflation measured as residual volume to total lung capacity ratio (P=0.009). Pulmonary hyperinflation, as measured by residual lung volume or residual lung volume to total lung capacity ratio, is associated with greater LV mass.

Modeling and Measurements of Intermixing Time in a Water Model of a Four Strand Steelmaking Tundish System

Intermixing of two different grades of steel in a 17 tonne, 4 strand bloom casting has been investigated in a ~0.3 scale, geometrically and dynamically similar, isothermal water model tundish system. In this, intermixing phenomena were studied by simulating mixing of flowing water in the tundish, having different dissolved tracer (electrolyte) concentrations. Electrical conductivity measurement technique was employed to monitor concentration of dissolved electrolyte near the strands as a function of time and thereby determine intermixing time. For each experimental condition, three measurements were made and based on such an average intermixing time was estimated. Reproducibility was found to be always within ±15 %. Influence of key operating variables such as, inflow rate from ladle, net outflow rate from tundish, residual liquid volume left over from the previous grade etc. on the duration over which intermixing occurs (referred to as in the text as the intermixing time) was investigated. It was found that any increase in residual volume as well as inflow rate tends to prolong intermixing time. In contrast, influence of outflow rate was quite the opposite. Furthermore, while variation of intermixing time among strands was only marginal, tundish interior design (viz., presence of flow modifiers, pouring box etc.) was found to have considerable influence on intermixing time. Flow phenomena (observed visually through the dispersion of KMnO4 solution) in the given tundish was found to be practically symmetrical about the transverse centre-line and so was the associated intermixing time. Embodying a large number of experimental data, explicit correlations for intermixing time were derived in terms of principal operating variables through dimensional analysis and regression. Two different versions of correlations, applicable respectively to a flat bottom as well as a wedge fitted tundish systems, were developed. In SI unit, these are respectively represented as: in which, Q in is the input flow rate, Q out,T is the net outflow rate, V res is the residual liquid volume and τ int.mix is the intermixing time corresponding to a degree of 95 % homogeneity. Finally, adequacy and appropriateness of the proposed correlations are assessed both from theoretical and experimental stand points.

Tempol protects the gallbladder against ischemia/reperfusion

Impairment in gallbladder emptying, increase in residual volume, and reduced smooth muscle contractility are hallmarks of acute acalculous cholecystitis and seem to be related to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). This study was designed to determine the effects of tempol, a general antioxidant, on I/R-induced changes in gallbladder contractile capacity, the mechanisms involved in the contractile process, and the level of inflammatory mediators. Experimental gallbladder I/R was induced in male guinea pigs by common bile duct ligation for 2 days, then a deligation of the duct was performed and after 2 days the animals were sacrificed. A group of animals was treated with tempol, administered in the drinking water at 1 mmol/l for 10 days prior the bile duct ligation and until animal sacrifice. Isometric tension recordings showed that KCl and cholecystokinin-induced contractions were impaired by I/R, which correlated with decreased F-actin content and detrimental effects on Ca(2+) influx. In addition, I/R depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, as indicated by the reduction of the heterogeneity of the rhodamine123 fluorescence signal, and increased the expression of NF-kappaB, COX-2, and iNOS. Tempol treatment improved contractility via normalization of Ca(2+) handling and improvement of F-actin content. Moreover, the antioxidant ameliorated mitochondrial polarity and normalized the expression levels of the inflammatory mediators. These results show that antioxidant treatment protects the gallbladder from I/R, indicating the potential therapeutic benefits of tempol in I/R injury.

Therapeutic implications of the pathophysiology of COPD

This review examines 18 studies published > or =30 yrs ago. They show that the earliest manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an increase in residual volume suggesting that the natural history of COPD is a progressive increase in gas trapping with a decreasing vital capacity (VC). The reduction in VC forces the forced expiratory volume in 1 s to decline with it. This is aggravated by rapid shallow breathing leading to dynamic hyperinflation. The earlier studies show that this is energetically opposite to a minimal work or force pattern and is responsible for dyspnoea and exercise limitation. This information, available for >30 yrs leads to three virtually untested hypotheses: 1) training patients to breathe slowly and deeply transiently during exercise should decrease the work of breathing, dynamic hyperinflation and improve exercise performance; 2) rapid shallow breathing is caused by alveolar and bronchial inflammation that stimulates non-myelinated vagal C-fibre afferents, which are known to cause this breathing pattern; and 3) if so, therapeutic efforts to block these afferents might restore a slow-deep pattern and be beneficial, particularly in COPD exacerbations.

Cardiopulmonary effects following endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for primary hyperhidrosis☆

Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) is performed for the treatment of primary hyperhidrosis (PH). The second and third sympathetic thoracic ganglions excised in ETS also innervate the heart and lung. In the present work we studied the cardiopulmonary effects of ETS in a group of patients with PH. We performed a prospective study in 38 patients with severe PH. Pulmonary function, echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function and myocardial contractility and maximal, symptom-limited, incremental exercise tests were evaluated 2 weeks before, and 6 months after ETS. Data were analysed with the paired t-test. Differences were considered significant when p<0.05. In pulmonary function tests, we found a statistically significant decrease forced expiratory flow in small airways and an increase of residual volume, a significant decrease in heart rate and ejection fraction, a significant decrease of 'rest' and 'peak' heart rate, and a significant increase of oxygen pulse (O2 pulse) and oxygen peak uptake (VO2 peak) after ETS (p<0.05). These cardiopulmonary effects observed 6 months after ETS in the treatment of patients with PH are all in normal ranges and are not relevant in cardiopulmonary function. We concluded that ETS in patients with PH is a safe procedure. Patients must be informed about these cardiopulmonary effects before the operation.