Increase In New Cases Research Articles

Abstract A05: Incidence and trends in head and neck cancer among United States’ pediatric, adolescent, and young adult population

Abstract Objectives: In 2009, there were 48,010 new cases of head and neck cancer in the United States. A decade later, it is projected that there will be 65,410 new cases in 2019, a 36% increase in new cases of the disease. While this number represents the general head and neck cancer population in the United States, only a few studies have described incidence and trends in head and neck cancer in the pediatric, adolescent, and young adult population—individuals who may have to live with the effects of cancer treatment due to a younger than average age of diagnosis. This study aimed to estimate head and neck cancer incidence and trends in the United States’ pediatric, adolescent, and young adult population. Methods: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 9 database from 1975-2016, we analyzed age-adjusted head and neck cancer incidence rates for pediatric cases (aged 0 to 14 years) and young adult cases (aged 15-39 years). We used Joinpoint regression analyses to examine incidence trends stratified by sex (male, female), race (white, blacks, and Others), and age groups (0-14, and 15-39 years). Results: There were 424 pediatric HNC cases and 6,936 adolescent and young adult cases in the study. Whites accounted for 70.6% of cancers, and 57.6% of cancers occurred in males. Overall, there was a 14.7% decrease in the incidence of HNC (1.32 per 100,000 in 1975 vs. 1.12 per 100,000 in 2016). For pediatric cases, there was a 51.2% decrease in incidence of HNC (0.18 per 100,000 in 1975 vs. 0.09 per 100,000 in 2016); in young adults, there was a 12.8% decrease in incidence of HNC (2.01 per 100,000 in 1975 vs. 1.75 per 100,000 in 2016). While there was overall decrease in incidence, we found differences based on sex. Among young adult males, the annual percent change (APC) from 1975 to 2016 was -0.46 (p < 0.05) while among young adult females, it significantly increased by 0.50 (p < 0.05). This difference in young adult male vs. female head and neck cancer incidence may have been driven by race: as stratified by race, the APC for white young adult males was -0.29 (ns) while white females had an APC of 0.55 (p < 0.05); and among black young adults, APC for males was -2.24 (p < 0.05) and APC for females was -0.82 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Among pediatric, adolescent, and young adults in the United States, head and neck cancer has decreased markedly in all groups in the last four decades, except among white female adolescents and young adults where there has been a significant increase in the time period of the study. As this trend differs from the adult head and neck cancer population, it is critical that further investigations provide more insight into the epidemiology of head and neck cancer among white adolescent and young adult females. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters, Kara M. Christopher, Matthew C. Simpson, Premal B. Desai, Rebecca L. Rohde, Sai D. Challapalli, Adnan S. Hussaini, Neelima Panth, Eric Adjei Boakye. Incidence and trends in head and neck cancer among United States’ pediatric, adolescent, and young adult population [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 17-20; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(14 Suppl):Abstract nr A05.

Intraocular tuberculosis, a challenge in diagnosis and treatment

Ocular tuberculosis (TB) is an extrapulmonary tuberculous condition and has variable manifestations. The incidence of TB is still high in developing countries, and a steady increase in new cases has been observed in industrial countries as a result of the growing number of immunodeficient patients and migration from developing countries. Choroidal granuloma is a rare and atypical location of TB. We present a case of a presumptive choroidal granuloma. This case exposes that diagnosis can be remarkably challenging when there is no history of pulmonary TB. The recognition of clinical signs of ocular TB is extremely important since it provides a clinical pathway toward tailored investigations and decision making for initiating anti-TB therapy and to ensure a close follow-up to detect the development of any complication.

Monitoring transmissibility and mortality of COVID-19 in Europe

ObjectivesAs a global pandemic is inevitable, real-time monitoring of transmission is vital for containing the spread of COVID-19. The main objective of this study was to report the real-time effective reproduction numbers (R(t)) and case fatality rates (CFR) in Europe. MethodsData for this study were obtained mainly from the World Health Organization website, up to March 9, 2020. R(t) were estimated by exponential growth rate (EG) and time-dependent (TD) methods. ‘R0’ package in R was employed to estimate R(t) by fitting the existing epidemic curve. Both the naïve CFR (nCFR) and adjusted CFR (aCFR) were estimated. ResultsWith the EG method, R(t) was 3.27 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.17–3.38) for Italy, 6.32 (95% CI 5.72–6.99) for France, 6.07 (95% CI 5.51–6.69) for Germany, and 5.08 (95% CI 4.51–5.74) for Spain. With the TD method, the R value for March 9 was 3.10 (95% CI 2.21–4.11) for Italy, 6.56 (95% CI 2.04–12.26) for France, 4.43 (95% CI 1.83–7.92) for Germany, and 3.95 (95% CI 0–10.19) for Spain. ConclusionsThis study provides important findings on the early outbreak of COVID-19 in Europe. Due to the recent rapid increase in new cases of COVID-19, real-time monitoring of the transmissibility and mortality in Spain and France is a priority.

Эпидемический процесс COVID-19 в Российской Федерации: промежуточные итоги. Сообщение 1

Objective. To perform interim analysis of epidemiological parameters of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation. Material and methods. The article is based on the analysis of individual monitoring data carried out by Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing for January–June 2020. Results. The epidemic process in Moscow and Moscow region (MR) differed from that in other regions. In Moscow and MR,daily increase of new coronavirus cases was characterized by high absolute numbers and varied between 5.0% and 29.2% in March–April 2020. The peak (7,446 new cases) was registered on May 6; after that, the number of new cases was rapidly declining and decreased by 84.9% from the peak value by June 30. This was ensured by strict restrictive measures and effective control in Moscow and MR. In other regions, daily increase of new cases varied between 2.9% and 52.6%. The peak incidence was registered on May 21 (6,021 new cases), whereas the plateau phase was observed between May 14 and June 17, 2020 (5,808–6,021 new cases daily). Only by June 28, the number of new cases decreased by 43.8% from the peak value. During this time, the number of new cases in Moscow and MR was already 3 times lower. This can be explained by less severe restrictions in other regions. Half of patients (50.1%) had mild disease. The majority of patients were aged 41–64 (44.4%) and 18–40 years (30.2%). In the age group ≥40 years, women prevailed; however, they usually had milder disease, which was observed in all age groups ≥18 years. Conclusion. The characteristics of the epidemic process in Russia were largely determined by the restrictive measures introduced in March 2020. These measures significantly reduced both the epidemic intensity of COVID-19 and the role of children of various age groups in it. The earlier start of active circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in Moscow and MR, as well as its subsequent spread to the regions by labor migrants who returned from the capital led to a significant difference in the dynamics of new cases at the decline of the epidemic. Key words: age groups, COVID-19, Russia, severity, epidemic process.

COVID-19 pandemic and civil unrests in Africa: implication of recent #EndSARS protests for increased community transmission in Nigeria

The recent Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the novel strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 virus) has become a worldwide public health crisis with associated high mortality rates globally. Human to human transmission of the infection emphasizes the importance of adhering to public and social measure to halt its spread. However, the recent #ENDSARS protests led by angry youths in Nigeria resulted to complete flouting of all WHO guidelines meted to curb the spread of the virus. Given that the nation is the most populous African country with over 50 percent of her population been youths, this situation has huge implications for the country and Africa as a whole. The risk of community transmission occasioned by the protest, coupled with travels and active mobility across countries within the continent increases the risk of community transmission with possible increases in new cases over the next few weeks to months. From the foregoing, it is expedient to increase awareness and enforcement of the use of personal protective equipment especially use of nose masks, face shields and frequent hand washing or sanitizing in public places. These individual-targeted measures will go a long way to curtail the imminent community transmission of COVID-19 across Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that Government and non-governmental agencies across the region actively engage to increase collaborative efforts; screening facilities and access to these services across the country, as well as accentuate regular adherence to preventive measures to the general public.

Prediction of Dengue Fever Outbreak Based on Case Household Locations in Southern Taiwan

Dengue fever is a serious vector-borne infectious viral disease found worldwide. Dengue fever forecasting is in demand in the front line of epidemic prevention and control work. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using only notified case home locations to predict new cases and village locations. We took the Tainan City dengue fever outbreak in 2015 as the research subject and divided it into 5 periods according to epidemic temporal change. In each period, the predicted variable was the location of the reported cases in the previous week, the previous 2 weeks, and the previous 3 weeks. In addition, we used 21 preset distances with a radius of 0 to 2000 m at intervals of 100 m to predict the villages where new cases would appear. Accounting for 4 predictors of a confusion matrix at each preset distance, these predictors were used in calculations using the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) as the basis for model evaluation. In the lag phase, the optimal predictor was within 1700 m in the 3-week forecast. In the exponential phase, the optimal predictor was within 300 m in the 1-week forecast. In the stationary phase, the optimal predictor was within 100 m in the 3-week forecast and within 200 m in the 2-week forecast. In the early decline phase, the optimal predictor was 0 m in the 1-week forecast. In the late decline phase, the optimal predictor was within 200 m in the 2-week forecast. According to MCC calculations and comparisons among the 5 studied periods, the best MCC score was in the exponential phase, a stage of rapid increase of new cases. The results of this study suggest that the epidemic forecasting model based on the location of notified cases has a high reference value for epidemic control and prevention.

COVID-19 Second Spike as an Aftermath of the Sudden Restrictions Ease: Kurdistan Region of Iraq as an Example

The global pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a contagious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, it has rapidly resulted in over 20 million confirmed cases and more than three quarter million deaths worldwide in less than 9 months. Due to the rocketed spread of the outbreak, early implementation of restrictions including quarantine, lockdown, isolation, social distancing and community containment was recommended to control the outbreak. Based on, in parallel with other countries, authorities in the Kurdistan Region (KR) of Iraq followed the WHO recommendations on restriction towards the outbreak: including strict measures of quarantine, lockdown and curfew to oppose the spread of the disease. Fortunately, these measures paid off its harvest, as a result of 2 months of measures implementation, COVID-19 confirmed cases crashed to zero for about two weeks and the virus was contained typically across the nationwide lockdown and curfew step. However, premature lifting of measures has put the region under storm of the second spike of the infection resulting in a dramatic increase of new cases. Here, we assessed the KR measures in each step and how they affect the infection rate and the spread of the disease.

COVID-19 pandemic and civil unrests in Africa: implication of recent #EndSARS protests for increased community transmission in Nigeria.

The recent Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the novel strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 virus) has become a worldwide public health crisis with associated high mortality rates globally. Human to human transmission of the infection emphasizes the importance of adhering to public and social measure to halt its spread. However, the recent #ENDSARS protests led by angry youths in Nigeria resulted to complete flouting of all WHO guidelines meted to curb the spread of the virus. Given that the nation is the most populous African country with over 50 percent of her population been youths, this situation has huge implications for the country and Africa as a whole. The risk of community transmission occasioned by the protest, coupled with travels and active mobility across countries within the continent increases the risk of community transmission with possible increases in new cases over the next few weeks to months. From the foregoing, it is expedient to increase awareness and enforcement of the use of personal protective equipment especially use of nose masks, face shields and frequent hand washing or sanitizing in public places. These individual-targeted measures will go a long way to curtail the imminent community transmission of COVID-19 across Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that Government and non-governmental agencies across the region actively engage to increase collaborative efforts; screening facilities and access to these services across the country, as well as accentuate regular adherence to preventive measures to the general public.

Analysis of the spread of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in an urban area, using GIS techniques: a study case in Central Italy

The spread of the red palm weevil is now a very severe problem on a global scale. In this paper, we investigate its spread during the 2007–2013 period in a coastal urban area characterized by a high density of palm trees, and discuss the application of a new approach to data collection and processing. While most works on the spread of the red palm weevil are based upon geo-referenced traps, we focused on the health of each palm, considering the surrounding territorial context. To this end, we used historical aerial photos, freely available remote sensing images and field surveys, integrated in a GIS environment to analyze the extent and mode of pest spread over time. Our results show that the exponential increase of new cases for each new year is regulated by this spatial spread model: at the early stage of infestation the red weevil tends to occupy as much space as possible, within the limitations of the distance it can fly; in the following stage, its infestation density increases in recently colonized areas. We discuss current local management of palm trees and the pests, and propose strategies that take into account both the ecology of the red weevil and the territorial context. Finally, we encourage the provision of more resources for early detection and prevention measures, as well as replacement of the dead Phoenix canariensis palms with a greater variety of species, as a varied composition would be less prone to pest-caused depopulation.

The Burden, Future Trends, And Economic Impact Of Lung Cancer In Saudi Arabia.

BackgroundIncidence of cancer in Saudi Arabia has increased for the last two decades, ratcheting up to global levels. Yet, there is a dearth of research on the burden of lung cancer. This study examined the association between new cases of lung cancer and factors such as gender, age, and year of diagnosis; and forecast new cases and extrapolated future economic burden to 2030.MethodsThis a national-level cohort study that utilized the Saudi Cancer Registry data from 1999 to 2013. Multivariate regression was used; new lung cancer cases forecast and economic burden extrapolated to 20130. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the impact of a range of epidemiologic and economic factors on the economic burden.ResultsOf the 166,497 new cancer cases (1999–2013), 3.8% was lung cancer. Males and Saudis had over threefold higher cases compared with females and non-Saudis, respectively. While the age group ≥65 years had 1.14 times or 14% increase in new cases, under-30 years had 97.2% fewer cases compared with age group 45–59. Compared with 1999, the period 2011–2013 had a 106% average increase. The years 2002–2010 registered an average 50% rise in new cases compared to 1999. New cases would rise to 1058 in 2030, an upsurge of 87% from 2013. The future economic burden was estimated at $2.49 billion in 2015 value, of which $520 million was attributable to care management and $1.97 billion in lost productivity. The economic burden for the period 2015–2030 will be $50.16 billion. The present value of this burden in 2015 values will be $34.60 billion, of which 21% will be attributable to care management. Estimates were robust to uncertainty, but the aged-standardized rate and 5-year survival rate would account for much of the variability compared with the economic factors.ConclusionFindings reveal an upsurge of lung cancer burden in incidence and potential economic burden, which may inform cancer control measures.

Obesity in the development of coronary artery disease (according to population studies)

Studies of large groups of people within the framework of the big data approach show the key features of the multifactorial mechanisms for the development of comorbid pathology. Limit values, the sequence of shifts of these indicators during the implementation of risk factors and predictors should be determined at the preclinical stage in the population conditions. Clinical and epidemiological methods were used to examine organized contingents — 4,012 subjects (1,866 men and 2,146 women) aged 20—59 years, unorganized contingent — 7,629 men aged 40—59 years. The population prevalence of obesity and coronary artery disease has been established together with the levels of these indicators. During the five-year prospective study the authors determined an integral indicator of the percentage increase in new cases of myocardial infarction (MI) per 1000 people/year of observation, depending on the presence of obesity and other risk factors that were found on the primary screening. The percentage increase of MI cases per 1000 people/year of observation in the presence of obesity, mainly among women in the 50—59 age group, has been demonstrated. The applied mathematical model allowed the monitoring and correction of risk factors at the preclinical stage, depending on the presence or absence of risk factors, predictors of the disease. Based on the multifactorial nature of the genesis of chronic pathology and the resulting difficulties of early detection of their precursors, the conduction of trials using clinical and epidemiological methods within the framework of evidence-based medicine seems to be most expedient.

PF187 LEUKEMIA AND DEPLETED URANIUM IN KOSOVO

Background:Prolonged exposure and overexposure to depleted uranium (DU) is leukemogenic and genotoxic due to its radiological (alpha particle) and chemical (metal) components. The use of DU in the 1999 Kosovo War raised concern about the increase of new cases of leukemia.Aims:The aim of this study was twofold: 1) to analyze the incidence rates of leukemia in Kosovo in the pre‐war (1995–1998) and two post‐ war periods (2000–2003 and 2012–2015); and 2) to examine if there is any association between the use of DU rounds and incidence rates of leukemia in different regions of Kosovo.Methods:Patients diagnosed with leukemia in the University Clinical Centre of Kosovo for the period 1995–2015 were subject of this study. Annual incidence crude rates per 100,000 persons/year were calculated for seven regions of Kosova in three periods (1995–1998, 2000–2003 and 2012–2015). The number of DU rounds by region was determined from accurate NATO records containing geographic coordinates. Regional distribution, difference in incidence between pre‐war period and first and last post‐war period were calculated. In addition, to examine possible links between the presence of DU ordnance and incidence rates of leukemia, we analyzed the correlation between rounds/km2 and average annual incidence rates in the 27 municipalities.Results:Difference of incidence rates between the pre‐war (1995–1998) and the first post‐war period (2000–2003) for the entire territory of Kosovo shows that leukemia increased by 12.63% whereas between pre‐war and last post war period by 68.95% (Table 1). Region of Gjakova and Peja, the first and third most exposed regions to DU ordnance (7.73 rounds/km2 and 4.78 rounds/km2 respectively) ranked first and second in difference in leukemia incidence whereas Prishtina, Gjilan and Ferizaj, regions with the least number of rounds/km2, were characterized by declining in incidence rates of leukemia. After 15 years, still the difference in leukemia between pre‐war period and the last post‐war period remains larger in Gjakova and Peja.In the first post‐war period (2000–2003), significant moderate Spearman correlation was found between the DU rounds/km2 and cases of leukemia (Figure 1).imageFigure 1. Correlation between rounds/km2 and annual average incidence rates by municipalities for leukemia in the period 2000–2003. Data was analysed using the Spearman correlation test and significance accepted when p < 0.05.Summary/Conclusion:The rise in incidence of leukemia in Kosovo may be partially induced by the use of DU during the war, but further studies are needed to explore this.image

Implementation of mhGAP in Mozambique: integrating epilepsy care into the primary health care system

BackgroundEpilepsy remains the most frequent diagnosis in Psychiatric and Mental Health Services in Mozambique. Because it is a major concern, in 2013 a Program for “Reducing the Epilepsy Treatment gap” was launched in 16 districts of five provinces covering a population of over 1.9 million. Using the WHO Mental Health Gap Program (mhGAP), a pilot Program was developed to provide effective quality care and treatment for people with epilepsy at primary health care level. Implementation was against a background of a shortage of human resources trained to address epilepsy and difficulties in the availability of antiepileptic medicines.MethodsThe first step for implementation was advocacy from the Government level to relevant stakeholders in the community. mhGAP training materials were translated and adapted to the local context. Non-specialists health providers and community health workers were trained and supervised regularly. Population awareness raising and community involvement were key for acceptance of the Program.ResultsAfter 4 years of implementation, 177 health professionals and 1161 community health workers were trained and ensured services delivery for people living with epilepsy (PwE). The implementation led to 89,869 consultations, representing an increase of 67% since the Program’s inception. From 2015 to 2017 a total of 13,563 new cases were attended and the treatment gap was reduced from 99 to 96%. More than 60% of the new cases are children and adolescents. Awareness actions reached more than 14,000 people per year using all available broadcast means. Preliminary positive results were used as evidence for the Ministry of Health (MoH) to increase the purchase of antiepileptic drugs and improve delivery at district level.DiscussionmhGAP is an important tool for reducing the treatment gap in low-income countries. Adapting guidelines to the country context and involving community stakeholders are key for Program sustainability. As in other settings, the strategy was cost-effective resulting in an increase in new cases and follow-up consultations.ConclusionsImplementation of an adapted mhGAP strategy and the involvement of community stakeholders and commitment of the MoH resulted in significant increase in the number of PwE attending outpatient services in primary health care facilities.

Increasing incidence of oral cancer in Hong Kong-Who, where…and why?

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a lethal and deforming disease of rising incidence and global significance; 600000 new cases are seen each year, including 40000 in China. Despite advances in management, 50% of patients die within 5years of diagnosis. Cancer is the leading cause of death in Hong Kong, with the Hong Kong Cancer Registry (HKCR) confirming a 2% increase in new cases each year, and oral SCC the tenth leading cause of cancer death in males. Strategies to improve clinical outcome require identification and early intervention in the "high-risk" population. Unfortunately, demographic information is limited in HKCR making it difficult to undertake accurate population-based studies. This study aimed to profile contemporaneous demographics of oral cancer within the Hong Kong population. Following local ethical approval, the Hong Kong Hospital Authority (HA) database was accessed to identify new cases of oral SCC diagnosed and treated during an 18-year period (January 2000 to December 2017). A total of 6706 oral cavity SCC cases were identified: 4291 male and 2415 female patients (with a mean age of 64.14years). A trend for increasing number of cases each year was seen, with most patients presenting to hospitals on the Kowloon Peninsula and Hong Kong Island. The tongue was the most commonly affected oral site in 3168 patients, with tonsil (863), buccal mucosa (539) and floor of mouth (409) less common. Mean survival time between initial diagnosis and death was 1.95years; patients with hard palate and oropharyngeal SCC survived the shortest period, whilst labio-buccal and vestibular cases exhibited significantly longer survival (P<0.0001). Whilst useful HA data are available regarding age, sex, site and outcome, there is a need for further improvement in demographic profiling to characterise the "high-risk" oral cancer population in Hong Kong and to facilitate targeted early therapeutic intervention.

Effect of Group Education (Simulation Model) on Information Disclosure and HIV/AIDS Transmission Prevention for HIV/AIDS Risk Groups

WHO calls the case of HIV/AIDS as an iceberg phenomenon, especially in countries that have not yet carried out HIV testing evenly, including Indonesia. The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia reports that the rate of increase in new cases of HIV/AIDS is accelerating, especially in the last 3 years. This study aims to analyze the effect of group education (simulation model) on information disclosure and efforts to prevent HIV/AIDS transmission for HIV/AIDS risk groups in Malang, Indonesia, using pre-test and post-test group design. The population of this study was all people at risk of HIV/AIDS, who had a special group and had names in the community: IGAMA (Malang gay bond), IWAMA (Malang Transgender Association), Penasun (syringe users), Sadar Hati (narcotics users), Paramita (commercial sex vendor) in Malang City, with 140 people. The sample of this study was the risk group with HIV/AIDS in the working area of Arjuno Health Center and Dinoyo Health Center, Malang, with a sample size of 30 from IGAMA, Penasun, and Sadar Hati. The results showed that: 1) information disclosure before and after group education was&gt; 90% quite disclosure; 2) prevention of transmission before intervention was 56% good, and after intervention increased to 83%. The results of the paired sample t-test showed that: 1) there was difference in information disclosure between before and after the intervention (p-value = 0.001); 2) there was difference in HIV/AIDS transmission prevention between before and after administration of intervention (p-value = 0.002).

Effect of Group Education (Simulation Model) on Information Disclosure and HIV/AIDS Transmission Prevention for HIV/AIDS Risk Groups

WHO calls the case of HIV/AIDS as an iceberg phenomenon, especially in countries that have not yet carried out HIV testing evenly, including Indonesia. The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia reports that the rate of increase in new cases of HIV/AIDS is accelerating, especially in the last 3 years. This study aims to analyze the effect of group education (simulation model) on information disclosure and efforts to prevent HIV/AIDS transmission for HIV/AIDS risk groups in Malang, Indonesia, using pre-test and post-test group design. The population of this study was all people at risk of HIV/AIDS, who had a special group and had names in the community: IGAMA (Malang gay bond), IWAMA (Malang Transgender Association), Penasun (syringe users), Sadar Hati (narcotics users), Paramita (commercial sex vendor) in Malang City, with 140 people. The sample of this study was the risk group with HIV/AIDS in the working area of ​​Arjuno Health Center and Dinoyo Health Center, Malang, with a sample size of 30 from IGAMA, Penasun, and Sadar Hati. The results showed that: 1) information disclosure before and after group education was> 90% quite disclosure; 2) prevention of transmission before intervention was 56% good, and after intervention increased to 83%. The results of the paired sample t-test showed that: 1) there was difference in information disclosure between before and after the intervention (p-value = 0.001); 2) there was difference in HIV/AIDS transmission prevention between before and after administration of intervention (p-value = 0.002).

Non-destructive Evaluation of Monosaccharides from Two Local Rice Varieties Using NIR Spectroscopy for Disease Prevention Through Dietary Mitigation

The risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity in modern society is increasing. Uncontrolled diet and high carbohydrate consumption lead to the increase of new cases. Determined the exact amount of daily carbohydrate intake and dietary mitigation is among other solution that requires further study. In this research, two local rice varieties that commonly consumed in Padang, Indonesia, namely Bakwan and Sokan Pulau were evaluated both optically and chemically. The study used NIR spectroscopy analysis and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatograms (UHPLC) assay to elaborate chemical compounds in the samples. The evaluation was performed to determine differences between glucose and fructose concentrations in both varieties measured at various rice qualities. The results of spectral measurements were then correlated with UHPLC data using two statistical methods, the principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square (PLS). Models developed by the PCA and PLS were calibrated and subsequently validated. Results showed the model produced a high correlation rate for both glucose and fructose content in two rice varieties. Also, the study found that glucose content of Bakwan is higher than Sokan Pulau as well as fructose content, except for the lowest quality "Sokan Island" rice (Assorted). The results open the opportunity for policymakers as references and to create a healthier consumption pattern policy for low-income society in Padang.

Evolution of incidence and geographical distribution of Chagas disease in Mexico during a decade (2007-2016).

Chagas disease, whose aetiological agent is the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, mainly occurs in Latin America. In order to know the epidemiology and the geographical distribution of this disease in Mexico, the present work analyses the national surveillance data (10 years) for Chagas disease issued by the General Directorate of Epidemiology (GDE). An ecological analysis of Chagas disease (2007-2016) was performed in the annual reports issued by the GDE in Mexico. The cases and incidence were classified by year, state, age group, gender and seasons. A national distribution map showing Chagas disease incidence was generated. An increase of new cases was identified throughout the country (rates from 0.37 to 0.81 per 100 000 inhabitants). Of the total cases accumulated (7388), the major cases were attributed to the states of Veracruz, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Oaxaca, Morelos and Yucatán. The analysis per age groups and gender revealed that, in most age groups, the incidence was higher in the male population. The most number of cases was identified in spring and summer; a direct relationship between the environmental temperature increase and the number of new cases was identified. The analysis showed that the rate of Chagas disease increased presumably due to state programmes; the search for new cases has expanded and we speculate that the disease is associated with occupational activities. These results summarise and recall how important it is to implement the monitoring of Chagas disease mainly in south states of the Mexican Republic in order to implement strategies to control this disease.

Preventing Hepatitis B in US Adults Through Vaccination

Abstract Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes substantial morbidity, with up to 40% of infected individuals developing cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, or liver failure. Approximately 25% of individuals with chronic hepatitis B will die prematurely from these complications. Hepatitis B vaccines are safe and more than 90% effective in preventing infection in at-risk adults, yet only approximately 25% of US adults for whom vaccination is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are vaccinated. The rate of new HBV infections dropped substantially in the United States after the introduction and high uptake of hepatitis B vaccines in infants and children, and the burden of disease has shifted primarily to adults. There has been a resurgence of hepatitis B cases in US adults in recent years, with sharp increases in new cases noted in states highly impacted by the opioid epidemic. Improved hepatitis B vaccination coverage rates in US adults can help slow the rate of acute infections and reduce the reservoir of infection in US adults.

Global cancer incidence in older adults, 2012 and 2035: A population-based study.

Population ageing has substantially contributed to the rising number of new cancer cases worldwide. We document cancer incidence patterns in 2012 among older adults globally, and examine the changing magnitude of cancer in this age group over the next decades. Using GLOBOCAN 2012 data, we presented the number and proportion of new cancer cases, and the truncated age-standardised incidence rates among adults aged 65 years and older for all cancer sites combined and for the five most common cancer sites by world region. We calculated the incidence in 2035 by applying population projections, assuming no changes in rates. In 2012, 6.7 million new cancer cases (47.5% of all cancers) were diagnosed among older adults worldwide, with marked regional disparities. Nearly 48% of these cases occurred in less developed regions. Lung, colorectal, prostate, stomach and breast cancers represented 55% of the global incidence, yet distinct regional patterns were observed. We predict 14 million new cancer cases by 2035, representing almost 60% of the global cancer incidence. The largest relative increase in incidence is predicted in the Middle East and Northern Africa (+157%), and in China (+155%). Less developed regions will see an increase of new cases by 144%, compared to 54% in more developed regions. The expected increase in cancer incidence at older ages will have substantial economic and social impacts globally, posing considerable and unique challenge to healthcare systems in every world region, especially in those with limited resources and weaker health systems.