Increased Muscle Tone Research Articles

Effect of Latin dance on physical and mental health: a systematic review

BackgroundLatin dance is a well-liked physical activity. It has gained increasing attention as an exercise intervention for improving physical and mental health outcomes. This systematic review examines the effects of Latin dance on physical and mental health.MethodsPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) were used to report the data for this review. To gather research from the literature, we used recognized academic and scientific databases such SportsDiscus with Full Text, PsycINFO, Cochrane, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. The systematic review only included 22 studies out of the 1,463 that matched all inclusion criteria. The PEDro scale was used to rate each study’s quality. 22 research received scores between 3 and 7.ResultsLatin dance has been demonstrated to promote physical health by helping people lose weight, improve cardiovascular health, increase muscle strength and tone, and improve flexibility and balance. Furthermore, Latin dance can benefit mental health by reducing stress, improving mood, social connection, and cognitive function.ConclusionsFinding from this systematic review provide substantial evidence that Latin dance has effect on physical and mental health. Latin dance has the potential to be a powerful and pleasurable public health intervention.Systematic Review RegistrationCRD42023387851, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero.

Treatment of pediatric spasticity, including children with cerebral palsy, with Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA): Development, insights, and impact.

Spasticity is a velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone that has a negative effect on quality of life and hinders the ability of others to provide care. In children, most cases are caused by cerebral palsy. Traditionally, many children are treated with surgery, sometimes performed before their limbs had grown sufficiently to permit long-term success. Nonsurgical treatment comprises oral pharmacological options, but their efficacy is limited and side effects such as drowsiness and decreased short-term memory are common; nerve block procedures can cause painful dysesthesias and muscle scarring. OnabotulinumtoxinA was first approved for the treatment of pediatric lower limb spasticity in Europe in the 1990s and is now licensed for use in pediatric patients in over 80 countries worldwide, based on a large body of clinical evidence demonstrating its efficacy and safety. In 2019 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved onabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of pediatric patients with upper or lower limb spasticity. This approval represents 3 decades of work to refine the dose, measurements, patient selection, and muscle selection. The availability of onabotulinumtoxinA as a treatment for pediatric spasticity can have a substantial impact on a patient's quality of life. The use of onabotulinumtoxinA in combination with orthoses and occupational/physical therapy can postpone corrective surgery until growth is nearly complete and minimize the number of corrective surgeries.

Influence of the percutaneous myofasciotomy on gait of children with spastic cerebral palsy – A short term, retrospective controlled analysis

BackgroundOne of the primary causes in children with cerebral palsy (CP) leading to gait disorders is an increased muscle tone which may secondary result in a shortening of the muscle fascia. Percutaneous myofasciotomy (pMF) is a minimal-invasive surgical intervention correcting the shortened muscle fascia and aims to extend the range of motion. Research QuestionWhat is the effect of pMF on gait in children with CP three months and one year post-OP? MethodsThirty-seven children (f: n = 17, m: n = 20; age: 9,1 ± 3,9 years) with spastic CP (GMFCS: I-III, bilateral (BSCP): n = 24, unilateral (USCP): n = 13) were retrospectively included. All children underwent a three dimensional gait analysis with the Plug-in-Gait-Model before (T0) and three months after pMF (T1). Twenty-eight children (bilateral: n = 19, unilateral: n = 9) underwent a one-year follow-up-measurement (T2). Differences in the Gait Profile Score (GPS), kinematic gait data, gait-related functions and mobility in daily living were statistically analyzed. Results were compared to a control group (CG) matched in age (9,5 ± 3,5 years), diagnosis (BSCP: n = 17; USCP: n = 8) and GMFCS-level (GMFCS I-III). This group was not treated with pMF but underwent two gait analyses in twelve months. ResultsThe GPS improved significantly in BSCP-pMF (16,46 ± 3,71° to 13,37 ± 3,19°; p < .0001) and USCP-pMF (13,24 ± 3,27° to 10,16 ± 2,06°; p = .003) from T0 to T1 with no significant difference between T1 and T2 in both groups. In CG there was no difference in the GPS between the two analyses. SignificancePMF may in some children with spastic CP improve gait function three months as well as for one-year post-OP. Medium and long-term effects, however, remain unknown and further studies are needed.

Efficiency of highintensity magnetic therapy in combination with kinesiotherapy on a balancing platform in patients with myogenic cervicalgia in the subacute period of rehabilitation

In recent years, a physical inactivity of able-bodied people has spread, in particular, due to an increase in the time they spend online both due to the development of digital technologies and due to forced isolation due to viral infection, military operations, etc. Therefore, myogenic cervicalgia in people with hypotonia of the muscles of the axial skeleton is becoming more and more common. All this determines the need to improve the physical therapy of people with myogenic cervicalgia based on the principle of an integrated approach. It is possible to assume an increase in the effectiveness of kinesiotherapy on simple simulators in combination with the analgesic effect of physiotherapy. Hence, the use of physical exercises on a balancing platform with free weights to increase muscle tone, eliminate pain and restore proprioception and coordination should be effective in the process of physical rehabilitation of such patients. The purpose of the research was to study the effectiveness of therapeutic exercises on a balancing platform with gymnastics of the muscles cervical spine stabilizers in combination with high-intensity magnetic therapy in patients with myogenic cervicalgia. The study lasted 2 months. 42 patients (25 women and 17 men) aged 25–45 years, who were divided into two groups: main (MG) and control (CG), 21 people in each group. High-intensity magnetotherapy was performed in MG before therapeutic exercises, in contrast to CG patients. The patients performed therapeutic gymnastics on the balancing platform Stein Massage Balance Platform with free weights (with dumbbells and fitness bands) in combination with exercises for the muscles of the stabilizers of the cervical spine (long muscles of the neck and head, anterior and lateral rectus muscles of the head, and also anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles). According to the results of the study, we concluded that the effectiveness of kinesiotherapy on a balancing platform and exercises for the stabilizer muscles in patients with myogenic cervicalgia was confirmed, but high-intensity magnetic therapy before therapeutic exercises promotes more active regression of symptoms. Keywords: physical therapy, pain in neck muscles, proprioception, coordination.

ID: 217575 Atypical Back Pain in Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive and disabling movement disorder. Patients with Parkinson’s Disease present with a multitude of chronic pain syndromes including back pain that is difficult to manage. Postural abnormalities and increased muscle tone common in Parkinson's disease may be one cause of back pain. Non-radicular back pain can be a major factor in disability among patients in this group. The disease itself can lead to stiffness in muscles supporting the back and trunk and this disorder can also cause dystonia. Both rigidity and dystonia can be hard to manage while patients are taking medications to treat their Parkinson’s disease, and pain management in these patients can be complex and challenging.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of non-invasive methods of compressive microvibration and ablative sensory microvibration on local areas with excess fat deposits in volunteers of different age groups

The aim of the study was the apparatus of compressive microvibration “Endospheres Therapy® Body” (Registration certificate RZN 2016/3863 of 29 December 2017) used in women with mild to moderate edematous fibrosclerosis (panniculopathy) of peri- and post-menopausal age. The purpose of the project is to evaluate the effectiveness of the non-invasive technique of compressive microvibration in volunteers of different age groups. The basis for the work is the agreement No. 002/2022-n between the GBUZ MO MONIKI named after M.F. Vladimirsky and ItalConsult, LLC of 01.03.2022. The main tasks were: form 3 cohort groups of volunteers in accordance with the criteria agreed with the Customer (mild or moderate edematous fibrosclerosis, as panniculopathy), aged 30 to 44 years old, 45 to 54 years old and 55-65 years old; ensure that all participants receive a course on procedures (12 procedures every other day) regularly and correctly; evaluate the effectiveness of the non-invasive method of compressive microvibration on local areas of excess fat deposits in volunteers of different age groups through subjective testing (with a questionnaire), objective results of laboratory tests (blood test with hormone levels) and instrumental studies (ultrasound examination of the skin of fat trap zones, in abdomen and thighs) and assessment of the microcirculation system. Hypothesis: compressive microvibration generated by the manipulator-cylinder, consisting of 50 spheres of hypoallergenic silicone that generates low-frequency vibrations, makes it possible to activate microcirculation, stimulate lymphatic drainage, increase muscle tone and improve skin trophism. For all study results, mean values (Mean), standard deviations (Std.Dev.), minimum (Minimum), maximum (Maximum) values, and SD confidence of all results were obtained. The difference between the mean values and the variation coefficients was tested using a two-sample Student’s t-test (considering the distribution’s normality). Our results have convincingly demonstrated the effectiveness of the Endospheres Therapy® procedures for treating cellulite, with the effect maintained for at least 60 days after the course of therapy. Instrumental studies confirmed a pronounced improvement in the skin’s condition, microcirculation, cellular metabolism activation, hypoxia reduction and tissue perfusion improvement. Endospheres Therapy® procedures are safe and effective in treating cellulite in the long term without side effects. Patients noted a high degree of satisfaction with the Endospheres Therapy® course, which indicates the quality of the procedures and the level of specialists.

THE APPLICATION OF KINESIOTAPE IN THROMBOLIZED PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC STROKE

The aim of the study was to investigate and compare different kinesitherapy techniques and their impact on the recovery of patients with ischemic stroke. Also, to investigate the effect of kinesiotaping on thrombolized patients. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted in 2014-2015 at the General Hospital for Treatment in Blagoevgrad - Neurology Department. The study contingent consisted of 20 patients, 10 of whom had an ischemic stroke and underwent venous thrombolysis (experimental group). In the other ten patients, no innovation was applied (control group). Results and analysis: In patients with a brain accident, the muscles in the affected limbs are hypotonic. From a kinesitherapeutic point of view, it is very important in the hospital setting not to allow a pathological increase in muscle tone without a precondition for spasticity in the muscles and subsequent contracture. In our study, we examined the change in muscle tone using the Ashworth test. All patients were tested on the day of hospitalization, on the 5th day and on the 7th day (the day of hospitalization), on the 30th day. Discussion. Kinesio tape provides maintenance of the affected muscles and causes significant proprioceptive irritation, which helps to restore the existing motor deficit. Conclusion. We believe that the choice of methodology is extremely difficult due to the colorful clinical picture and the general condition of the patient. The combination of different methods could help the patient recover faster.

(087) Why Should Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy be Included in Treatment of Vestibulodynia?

Abstract Introduction Vestibulodynia, vulvar pain localized to the vestibule without an identifiable cause, has a multifactorial etiology including neurologic, hormonal, inflammatory, psychologic, and musculoskeletal factors. Key pathophysiologic drivers likely vary from patient to patient. Published studies demonstrate that compared to controls, patients with provoked vestibulodynia are more likely to have pelvic floor hypertonicity and decreased pelvic floor strength, as measured by dynamometric speculum and ultrasound. Further, observational studies describe improvement of vestibulodynia symptoms with pelvic floor physical therapy, suggesting a causal relationship between pelvic floor hypertonicity and vestibulodynia. Objective To describe the pathophysiologic mechanism by which pelvic floor dysfunction and myofascial trigger point development could cause vestibuoldynia, with a focus on pelvic floor anatomy. Methods Literature about vestibulodynia, pelvic floor dysfunction, and pelvic floor anatomy was reviewed and synthesized in conjunction with expert clinical experience of pelvic floor physical therapists and gynecologists. Results The pelvic floor consists of the levator ani muscles (iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, and puborectalis) and ischiococcygeus, which form a basket to support the pelvic organs. The puborectalis inserts in the posterior vestibule, and hypertonicity can cause allodynia in this region. The levator ani are innervated by the levator ani nerve, which originates from S3-S5 and traverses the visceral surface of the muscles. Some cadaveric studies suggest dual innervation of the levator ani by the pudendal nerve, which originates from S2-S4 and courses over the inferior surface of the muscles. Pelvic floor hypertonicity, increased resting tone of the pelvic floor muscles, can result from many factors including stress, bladder and rectum voiding habits, and painful pelvic processes (i.e. interstitial cystitis, endometriosis). Increased muscle tone can promote sensitization of muscle afferent fibers and neuropathic upregulation. This may be perceived as vestibulodynia because the vestibule contains visceral and somatic sensory nerve fibers, whose signals are integrated at the same spinal levels as those from the levator ani. This anatomy allows for somatovisceral convergence of afferent signals, and thus perception of vestibular pain. Hypertonicity of the pelvic floor muscles decreases circulation creating localized hypoxia that can promote development of myofascial trigger points (tender nodules) in the pelvic floor. These trigger points can cause allodynia, perceived in the vestibule. In some cases, vestibulodynia may develop first and promote pelvic floor hypertonicity. Conclusions As pelvic floor hypertonicity can contribute to the pathogenesis of vestibulodynia, it is imperative for clinicians to include pelvic floor tone evaluation in their assessment of vestibulodynia. If pelvic floor hypertonicity is present, it should be treated concurrently with vestibular pain through a combination of pelvic floor physical therapy, trigger point injections, and botulinum toxin injections as pelvic floor hypertonicity and vestibulodynia may each perpetuate the other. Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Johnson &amp; Johnson.

Association between stress and self-reported bruxism among students from University of Sarajevo during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: Stress among students is a growing problem. As emotional stress increases, the limbic structures and hypothalamus are stimulated, activating the gamma efferent system, which ultimately leads to an increase in muscle tone or additional muscle activity that can become repetitive behaviors such as bruxism. The aim of the study was to investigate the stress level that students are exposed to, to determine the difference between students in terms of gender, faculty, and year of study, and to evaluate the possible relationship between stress level and self-reported bruxism in college students during the pandemic COVID-19. Methods: In April 2022, a cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of students from the Faculty of Dentistry and the Faculty of Pharmacy at the University of Sarajevo (BiH). The students answered a questionnaire consisting of two parts: The first part contained questions on basic personal data and data on self-reported bruxism and the second part contained questions on the perceived stress scale (PSS). Results: The study included 756 students from both faculties. Analysis of stress levels among students revealed higher stress levels. Female students were more likely to be under stress than male respondents. Students in the Faculty of Pharmacy were more likely to be stressed than students in the Faculty of Dentistry. At the Faculty of Pharmacy, there was no difference in stress levels between the different years of study, while at the Faculty of Dentistry, the individual score for PSS was highest among 1st-year students. A high prevalence (46.8%) of self-reported bruxism was found among students in both faculties. Conclusion: A slight positive correlation between self-reported bruxism and stress suggests that it is important to implement stress management strategies during academic education and to prevent bruxism and its consequences.

Diagnosis of patients with facial neuropathy by practicing neurologists: online survey

Introduction. Diagnosis of patients with facial neuropathy (FN) is challenging because different sources of medical information off er a wide variety of approaches. Aim. Analysis of the features of diagnosing patients with FN by practicing neurologists. Material and methods. Anonymous online survey of neurologists adhering to the principles of evidence-based medicine (n = 172, work experience — 6 [3; 11] years), including 10 questions. Results. In 56.4% of cases, doctors diagnose patients with FN in accordance with “foreign” guidelines, however, older specialists still prefer Russian sources, and doctors with little work experience prefer the experience of colleagues (p = 0.018). Scales of assessment of facial muscles function are used by 28.5% of specialists, the description method is used by 95.9%. The content of the clinical protocol varies considerably. A highly significant correlation was observed: the lower the muscle is located on the face, the less often its function is assessed (r = –0.938, p &lt; 0.000). Less than 1/3 of doctors use tests to assess the function of the facial muscles of the lower third of the face. Doctors significantly more often focus on the manifestations of the disease (decrease in the strength and tone of facial muscles, lagophthalmos, hyperacusis) than on the complications of FN (increased muscle tone on the healthy or affected side, synkinesis, post-paralytic hemispasm), p &lt; 0.000. Magnetic resonance imaging is prescribed by more than 70% of specialists, computed tomography — by 25%, stimulation electroneuromyography — by 38,4% (in 1/4 of cases only on the affected side of the face). More than 95% of neurologists refer patients for consultations to doctors of other specialties, mainly to an otorhinolaryngologist (58.7%) and an ophthalmologist (56.9%), and only 23.2% to surgical specialists. About 2/3 of doctors refer patients for rehabilitation, however, there is no clinical protocol for the rehabilitation of this pathology. Conclusion. The study showed a greater adherence of the interviewed Russian specialists to evidence-based medicine, as well as a high degree of inter-expert variability of opinions, which dictates the necessity of the development of Russian guidelines.

Occupational therapy using a sensory integration

The article analyzes the use of occupational therapy with elements of sensory integration to improve functional capacity and quality of life for children who have problems with coordination of movements, hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity to certain stimuli.&#x0D; Principles of sensory integration and various techniques that can be used during occupational therapy are described. It was noted that occupational therapy using sensory integration can be an effective method of rehabilitation and improvement of the quality of life of children with autism, Down syndrome, mental retardation, cerebral palsy and other disorders.&#x0D; The goal of sensory integration therapy is to strengthen, balance and develop the processing of sensory stimuli by the central nervous system. A complex of sensory integration exercises is created based on sensory diagnostics individually for each patient. The choice of exercises and tasks for sensory integration should depend on the individual characteristics of the patient and the specific goal of therapy.&#x0D; The results of our study indicate that the use of sensory integration in patients with various diagnoses allows to achieve positive results in improving their physical, mental and social condition. Moreover, children love to perform these tasks, since the classes are played in a playful way.&#x0D; In particular, in patients with motility disorders, improvement in coordination of movements, increase in muscle tone, improvement in motor skills and balance was recorded. In children with impaired speech development, the use of sensory integration made it possible to improve the articulation of sounds, expand the vocabulary and improve coherent speech.&#x0D; The use of sensory integration in children with mental retardation and autism has helped to improve communication, reduce behavioral problems and increase her level of independence, learning to regulate her sensations and adapt to different types of stimuli, allowing her to function better in everyday life and be more independent.

Genetic analysis of a child with Charlevoix-Saguenay spastic ataxia due to variant of SACS gene

To explore the clinical feature and genetic variant of a child with autosomal recessive Charlevoix-Saguenay type spastic ataxia (ARSACS). Clinical data of a child who was admitted to the West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University on April 30, 2021 was collected. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out for the child and his parents. Candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analysis based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). The child, a 3-year-and-3-month-old female, had a complain of "walking instability for over a year". Physical and laboratory examination revealed progressive and aggravated gait instability, increased muscle tone of the right limbs, peripheral neuropathy of the lower limbs, and thickening of retinal nerve fiber layer. The results of WES revealed that she has harbored a maternally derived heterozygous deletion of exons 1 to 10 of the SACS gene, in addition with a de novo heterozygous c.3328dupA variant in exon 10 of the SACS gene. Based on the ACMG guidelines, the exons 1-10 deletion was rated as likely pathogenic (PVS1+PM2_Supporting), and the c.3328dupA was rated as a pathogenic variant (PVS1_Strong+PS2+PM2_Supporting). Neither variant was recorded in the human population databases. The c.3328dupA variant and the deletion of exons 1-10 of the SACS gene probably underlay the ARSACS in this patient.

Characteristics of Mother with Neonatal Jaundice at Wangaya Regional Hospital Denpasar in the Period January - December 2022

Introduction: Maternal and child health problems are issues that need more attention because they have a major impact on development in the health sector and improve the quality of human resources. Although jaundice is not the highest cause of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), jaundice is one of the contributors to infant morbidity in Indonesia because it can cause the baby's body to become weak and unwilling to suck, increased muscle tone, stiff neck, muscle spasms, seizures, sensory disturbances, mental retardation, disability, even death. Methods: This study is a descriptive design of all maternal patients who have jaundice babies. This research was conducted by collecting data from patient registers and electronic medical records at the Pediatric Polyclinic and Child Care Ward at Wangaya Regional Hospital Denpasar for the period January until December 2022. Results: There were 77 mothers with neonatal jaundice in this study. Researchers compared the characteristics of the mother with neonatal jaundice based on the mother’s age, gestational age, parity, education level, and the delivery method. Conclusion: Majority of mothers with neonatal jaundice are in the age group of 20-35 years, high school graduates, multigravida parity, gestational age 37-41 weeks and the method of delivery is sectio caesarea. Keywords: Jaundice, neonatal, risk factor, mother, icterus

Clinical significance of indicators of energy metabolism in muscles involved in dystonic hyperkinesis in patients with idiopathic muscular dystonia

Introduction. Dystonia is a syndrome with location of pathological mechanisms in the central nervous system. The clinical manifestation of the syndrome is dystonic hyperkinesis with the formation of increased muscle tone, which may be associated with changes in cellular metabolism. Aim is to evaluate the indicators of energy metabolism in the muscles involved in dystonic hyperkinesis and compare with the severity of dystonia in patients with idiopathic muscular dystonia.&#x0D; Materials and methods. There were examined eighty four patients diagnosed with idiopathic muscular dystonia, including 17 men (20.2%) and 67 women (79.8%). In 38 cases there was cervical muscular dystonia, 36 and 10 cases showed segmental and generalized forms of dystonia with predominance of cervical dystonia syndrome, respectively. The average age of patients was 46 ± 11 among men and 52 ± 11 among women. The control group included 10 conditionally healthy individuals with an average age of 53.0 ± 13.4 years. The severity of cervical dystonia was assessed by the TWSTRS and Tsui scales. All participants of the study underwent biopsy sampling from the trapezius muscle, followed by determination of the level of ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid), lactate and 2,3 DPH (2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid).&#x0D; Results. The results of the study revealed changes in the bioenergetics of muscle tissue in the form of a decrease in ATP and 2,3-DPH and an increase in lactate levels that did not correlate with the severity of dystonia on the TWSTRS and Tsui scales.&#x0D; Conclusion. Thus, bioenergetic changes in muscle tissue are not associated with the severity of dystonia and probably reflect general changes in the organization of intracellular energy metabolism in muscles in a hypertonic state.

Changes in sensorimotor cortex oscillatory activity by orexin-A in the ventrolateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus reflect increased muscle tone.

Orexin-A (OXA) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide implicated in the regulation of wakefulness, appetite, reward processing, muscle tone, motor activity, and other physiological processes. The broad range of systems affected stems from the widespread projections of orexin neurons toward multiple brain regions regulating numerous physiological processes. Orexin neurons integrate nutritional, energetic, and behavioral cues and modulate the functions of target structures. Orexin promotes spontaneous physical activity (SPA), and we recently showed that orexin injected into the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) of the hypothalamus increases behavioral arousal and SPA in rats. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the role of orexin in physical activity are unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that OXA injected into the VLPO alters the oscillatory activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG) to reflect an increased excitability of the sensorimotor cortex, which may explain the associated increase in SPA. The results showed that OXA increased wakefulness following injections into the VLPO. In addition, OXA altered the power spectrum of the EEG during the awake state by decreasing the power of 5-19 Hz oscillations and increasing the power of >35 Hz oscillations, which are markers of increased sensorimotor excitability. Consistently, we found that OXA induced greater muscle activity. Furthermore, we found a similar change in power spectrum during slow-wave sleep, which suggests that OXA altered the EEG activity in a fundamental way, even in the absence of physical activity. These results support the idea that OXA increases the excitability of the sensorimotor system, which may explain the corresponding increase in awake time, muscle tone, and SPA.

Neonatal Jaundice Causal Factors: A Literature Review

Background: Jaundice (neonatal icterus), known as yellowish baby is a condition where the yellowing of the skin and sclera in newborns, due to increased levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia) which subsequently causes an increase in bilirubin in the fluid outside the cell (extracellular fluid). Jaundice is one of the contributors to infant morbidity in Indonesia because it can cause the baby's body to become limp, unwilling to suck, increased muscle tone, stiff neck, muscle spasms, convulsions, sensory disturbances, mental retardation, disability, and even death. Objective: This study aimed to review the evidence related to the factors causing jaundice in neonates. Method: This research method was a literature review study. Journal searches were carried out by applying online database such as ScienceDirect and PubMed. Author also used google scholar for search engine. The inclusion criteria in this study were journals published in 2015-2020 using Indonesian and English and full text. Journal search results obtained as many as 10 journals were reviewed in this study. Results: Birth weight of the baby, gestational age, asphyxia, infection, length of labor, frequency and sex are factors that cause jaundice while primiparous mothers are factors that do not cause jaundice. Based on the results of the review of the article the researchers found that there were gaps in the study this is research on the factors causing the occurrence of jaundice more focused on health problems of birth weight of the baby, gestational age, asphyxia, and infection, duration of delivery, frequency and sex. Only few researches are examining the factors associated with factors causing jaundice in neonates. Conclusion: The factors causing the occurrence neonatal jaundice are more focused on health problems of birth weight of babies, gestational age, asphyxia, infection, length of labor, frequency and sex. There are still few studies that examine the factors associated with factors that cause jaundice in neonates.

An online method to monitor hand muscle tone during robot-assisted rehabilitation.

Introduction: Robot-assisted neurorehabilitation is becoming an established method to complement conventional therapy after stroke and provide intensive therapy regimes in unsupervised settings (e.g., home rehabilitation). Intensive therapies may temporarily contribute to increasing muscle tone and spasticity, especially in stroke patients presenting tone alterations. If sustained without supervision, such an increase in muscle tone could have negative effects (e.g., functional disability, pain). We propose an online perturbation-based method that monitors finger muscle tone during unsupervised robot-assisted hand therapy exercises. Methods: We used the ReHandyBot, a novel 2 degrees of freedom (DOF) haptic device to perform robot-assisted therapy exercises training hand grasping (i.e., flexion-extension of the fingers) and forearm pronosupination. The tone estimation method consisted of fast (150ms) and slow (250ms) 20mm ramp-and-hold perturbations on the grasping DOF, which were applied during the exercises to stretch the finger flexors. The perturbation-induced peak force at the finger pads was used to compute tone. In this work, we evaluated the method performance in a stiffness identification experiment with springs (0.97 and 1.57N/mm), which simulated the stiffness of a human hand, and in a pilot study with subjects with increased muscle tone after stroke and unimpaired, which performed one active sensorimotor exercise embedding the tone monitoring method. Results: The method accurately estimates forces with root mean square percentage errors of 3.8% and 11.3% for the soft and stiff spring, respectively. In the pilot study, six chronic ischemic stroke patients [141.8 (56.7) months after stroke, 64.3 (9.5) years old, expressed as mean (std)] and ten unimpaired subjects [59.9 (6.1) years old] were tested without adverse events. The average reaction force at the level of the fingertip during slow and fast perturbations in the exercise were respectively 10.7 (5.6) N and 13.7 (5.6) N for the patients and 5.8 (4.2) N and 6.8 (5.1) N for the unimpaired subjects. Discussion: The proposed method estimates reaction forces of physical springs accurately, and captures online increased reaction forces in persons with stroke compared to unimpaired subjects within unsupervised human-robot interactions. In the future, the identified range of muscle tone increase after stroke could be used to customize therapy for each subject and maintain safety during intensive robot-assisted rehabilitation.

The use of IncobotulinumtoxinA in spastic forms of cerebral palsy: a review of randomized clinical trials

Botulinum therapy has been used to treat increased muscle tone and spasticity in cerebral palsy (CP) over almost 30 years. Despite this, every year a large number of published scientific articles present new clinical studies devoted to various aspects of the use of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) products in children. The article discusses in detail the results of three major international randomized clinical trials concerning determination the efficacy and safety of the product Xeomin (IncobotulinumtoxinA) in spastic forms of cerebral palsy. All these studies were performed in accordance with the criteria of evidence-based medicine - randomized, prospective, multicenter, comparative, and longitudinal with a large number of patients, clear inclusion and exclusion criteria. The TIM (Treatment with incobotulinumtoxinA in Movement) study demonstrated the effectiveness of the treatment of spasticity of the lower extremities muscles when using different doses of IncobotulinumtoxinA (8, 6 and 2 units/kg of body weight to correct one pathological pattern) in a double-blind study. The TIMO (Treatment with IncobotulinumtoxinA in Movement Open Label) study showed the efficacy and safety of high doses of IncobotulinumtoxinA (total doses of 16-20 units/kg of body weight) in the treatment of spasticity of the lower and upper extremities with prolonged use. The XARA study (IncobotulinumtoxinA in Arm Treatment in Cerebral Palsy) presented data on the high efficacy of IncobotulinumtoxinA when using a multi-level approach for the treatment of lower and upper limb spasticity in CP children and adolescents, which reflects the real clinical needs of a large number of patients. In each of these studies, the safety of the use of IncobotulinumtoxinA was also evaluated. Good tolerability of therapy was demonstrated (84.1% of patients completed all visits in total according to three studies - TIM, TIMO and XARA) and its safety (the frequency of adverse events associated with therapy was observed in less than 2% of cases). Treatment with IncobotulinumtoxinA was characterized by the lack of an immunologic response - Xeomin as a starting therapy provides a stable effect without fading associated with the development of neutralizing antibodies.

Clinical Characteristics, Imaging Findings, and Outcomes of Cerebral Air Embolism.

Arterial cerebral air embolism (CAE) is an uncommon but potentially catastrophic event. Patients can present with focal neurologic deficits, seizures, or coma. They may be treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. We review the causes, radiographic and clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients with CAE. We performed a retrospective chart review via an existing institutional database at Mayo Clinic to identify patients with arterial CAE. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and diagnostic studies were extracted and classified on predefined criteria of diagnostic confidence, and descriptive and univariate analysis was completed. Fifteen patients met criteria for inclusion in our study. Most presented with focal deficits (80%) and/or coma (53%). Seven patients (47%) had seizures, including status epilepticus in one (7%). Five presented with increased muscle tone at the time of the event (33%). Computed tomography (CT) imaging was insensitive for the detection of CAE, only identifying free air in 4 of 13 who underwent this study. When obtained, magnetic resonance imaging typically showed multifocal areas of restricted diffusion. Six patients (40%) were treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Age, Glasgow Coma Scale score at nadir, and use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy were not associated with functional outcome at 1year in our cohort. Twenty-six percent of patients had a modified Rankin scale score of 0 one year after the event, and functional improvement over time was common after discharge. A high index of clinical suspicion is needed to identify patients with CAE because of low sensitivity of free air on CT imaging and nonspecific clinical presentation. Acute alteration of consciousness, seizures, and focal signs occur frequently. Because improvement over time is possible even among patients with severe presentation, early prognostication should be approached with caution.

EFEITOS DO TREINAMENTO DE FUTEBOL ESCOLAR SOBRE A SAÚDE E A APTIDÃO FÍSICA DE CRIANÇAS OBESAS

ABSTRACT Introduction Based on the representative data reflecting the level of physical development and athletic quality, such as the “National Physical Health Test for Students”, it is shown that the physical health status of adolescents and children in China is decreasing annually, and the trend of obesity is gradually increasing. Objective Analyze and study the effect of training on the physical fitness of obese children aged 12 to 14 through school soccer training. Methods The effect of school soccer training on the health and physical fitness of obese children aged 12-14 years was studied, and conclusions were drawn by the literature method, experimental method, mathematical statistical method, and logical analysis method. Forty-eight screened obese children were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups, 24 in each group. The experimental group underwent 12 weeks of soccer training, and the control group underwent 12 weeks of no training control. The subjects’ body composition and flexibility quality indices were measured post-intervention. Results The visceral fat index, body fat rate, and muscle rate of boys and girls progressed expressively, with a significant difference (P &lt;0.05). Muscle weight is also known as lean body weight, with an expressive increase in muscle tone. In comparison, the increase in fat weight and muscle ratio in boys was expressively higher than in girls. Conclusion Regular long-term school soccer training can increase mobility in obese children, increase physical flexibility, and help promote physical health and prevent injury. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.