Increase In Expenditure Research Articles

Tourism at the Crossroads between Well-Being, Public Health and the Environment: Panel Data Evidence from the European Union.

The recent pandemic crisis led to a drop in tourism, and it highlighted the connection between tourism, healthcare, environmental concerns and well-being. In this context, the purpose of the research is to clarify the relationship between tourism, happiness, healthcare and environmental expenditure. Statistical data provided by the World Bank, Eurostat and the World Happiness Database from the EU27 countries, from 2000 to 2019, were used. In order to investigate the relationship between these indicators, the panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method was used. In the long run, happiness and environmental and healthcare expenditure have a statistically significant and positive impact on tourism arrivals and receipts. It follows that a 1% increase in happiness supports between 4% and 9% of international tourism, while a 1% increase in environmental expenditure supports an increase of 2% in international tourism. Additionally, there is a significant interaction between happiness and either environmental or healthcare expenditure in the long run. This means that increasing happiness diminishes the effect of the later on tourism arrivals and receipts. No short-term relationship was identified between arrivals and any of the above-mentioned variables. In the same context, healthcare expenditure has a negative short-term effect on tourism receipts. The research contributes to the literature by suggesting that increasing national happiness, healthcare and environmental expenditure has a beneficial spillover effect on tourism arrivals and receipts in the long run.

Does increasing public expenditure on sports promote regional sustainable development: Evidence from China.

In the post-COVID era, how to improve the level of regional sustainable development has attracted much attention. And the vigorous development of the sports economy may be closely related to the regional sustainable development. This paper explores the impact and mechanism analysis of government sports public expenditure on regional sustainable development from the perspective of sports economic development. The study found that China's sustainable development presents obvious ladder-like characteristics and highlights the regional imbalance and inadequacy of regional green and coordinated development. And the government's increase in public expenditure on sports can significantly promote regional sustainable development and improve the level of regional green and coordinated development. With the continuous improvement of the regional economic development, the effect of sports public expenditure continues to increase. It can be seen from this that implementing the strategy of strengthening the country through sports under the government's guidance is an essential guarantee for the public health and quality of life and the sustainable development of the economy and society. Additionally, the development level of market finance is also an important driving factor for the government's public expenditure on sports to improve the level of sustainable development in the region. From the mechanism analysis, the government activates the local residents' consumption level by increasing the public expenditure on sports, thus promoting regional sustainable development.

Do Medicaid Expenditures Increase After Adults Exit Permanent Supportive Housing?

The effects of homelessness and permanent supportive housing (PSH) on healthcare utilization have been well documented. Prior research on the association between PSH entry and Medicaid expenditures indicates that such housing support could result in savings to Medicaid programs; however, whether changes occur in healthcare use and expenditures after individuals exit PSH is unknown. If efficiency gains from PSH persist after the individual leaves, the savings to payers such as Medicaid may continue even after the costs to provide housing for a PSH recipient have ended. We used linked Medicaid and housing data from Pennsylvania to examine changes in the level and composition of Medicaid expenditures for 580 adult enrollees during the 12 months before and after exit from PSH, adjusting for relevant covariates. In adjusted analyses, we estimated that monthly spending declined by $255.96 (95% CI: $358.70, $154.40) in the first quarter post exit and by $271.50 (95% CI: $394.30, $146.50) in the fourth quarter. Our findings suggest that PSH may have sustained budgetary benefits to state Medicaid agencies even for beneficiaries exiting the program. However, more research is needed to understand whether these reductions in expenditures last beyond 12 months and do not reflect underuse of care that may be important for managing health over the long term.

Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila Reduces Fat Accumulation via nhr-49-Mediated Nuclear Hormone Signaling Pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila (p-AKK) is related to lipid metabolism and helps control obesity. The main goal of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of p-AKK in lipid metabolism using Caenorhabditis elegans. The results showed that p-AKK increased the healthy lifespan of nematodes and helped maintain exercise ability in aging, suggesting a potential increase in energy expenditure. The overall fat deposition and triglyceride level were significantly decreased and the p-AKK anti-oxidative stress helped to regulate fatty acid composition. Additionally, the transcriptome results showed that p-AKK increased the expression of lipo-hydrolase and fatty acid β-oxidation-related genes, including lipl-4, nhr-49, acs-2 and acdh-8, while it decreased the expression of fat synthesis-related genes, including fat-7, elo-2 and men-1. These results partially explain the mechanisms underlying the fact that p-AKK decreases fat accumulation of C. elegans via nhr-49/acs-2-mediated signaling involved in fatty acid β-oxidation and synthesis.

Economic impact of glyphosate-resistant weeds on major field crops grown in Ontario

AbstractLimited information exists on the global economic impact of glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds. The objective of this manuscript was to estimate the potential yield and economic loss from uncontrolled GR weeds in the major field crops grown in Ontario, Canada. The impact of GR weed interference on field crop yield was determined using an extensive database of field trials completed on commercial farms in southwestern Ontario between 2010 and 2021. Crop yield loss was estimated by expert opinion (weed scientists and Ontario government crop specialists) when research data were unavailable. This manuscript assumes that crop producers adjust their weed management programs to control GR weeds, which increases weed management costs but reduces crop yield loss from GR weed interference by 95%. GR volunteer corn, horseweed, waterhemp, giant ragweed, and common ragweed would cause an annual monetary loss of (in millions of Can$) $172, $104, $11, $3, and $0.3, respectively, for a total annual loss of $290 million if Ontario farmers did not adjust their weed management programs to control GR biotypes. The increased herbicide cost to control GR volunteer corn, horseweed, waterhemp, giant ragweed, and common ragweed in the major field crops in Ontario is estimated to be (in millions of Can$) $17, $9, $2, $0.1, and $0.02, respectively, for a total increase in herbicide expenditures of $28 million annually. Reduced GR weed interference with the adjusted weed management programs would reduce farm-gate monetary crop loss by 95% from $290 million to $15 million. This study estimates that GR weeds would reduce the farm-gate value of the major field crops produced in Ontario by Can$290 million annually if Ontario farmers did not adjust their weed management programs, but with increased herbicide costs of Can$28 million and reduced crop yield loss of 95% the actual annual monetary loss in Ontario is estimated to be Can$43 million annually.

NPFF signalling is critical for thermosensory and dietary regulation of thermogenesis

Thermogenesis is a centrally regulated physiological process integral for thermoregulation and energy homeostasis. However, the mechanisms and pathways involved remain poorly understood. Importantly, in this study we uncovered that in an environment of 28 °C that is within the mouse thermoneutral zone, lack of NPFF signalling leads to significant increases in energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate and brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, which is associated with decreased body weight gain and lean tissue mass. Interestingly, when exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD) at 28 °C, Npff−/− mice lost the high energy expenditure phenotype observed under chow condition and exhibited an impaired diet-induced thermogenesis. On the other hand, under conditions of increasing levels of thermal demands, Npff−/− mice exhibited an elevated BAT thermogenesis at mild cold condition (22 °C), but initiated comparable BAT thermogenic responses as WT mice when thermal demand increased, such as an exposure to 4 °C. Together, these results reveal NPFF signalling as a novel and critical player in the control of thermogenesis, where it regulates thermosensory thermogenesis at warm condition and adjusts thermoregulation under positive energy balance to regulate diet-induced thermogenesis.

The Impact of Medical and Health Fiscal Expenditures on Pharmaceutical Industry Stock Index in China.

This paper investigates the relationship between fiscal expenditure on health care (FE) and the pharmaceutical industry stock index (SP) by using full-sample and sub-sample rolling-window bootstrap causality tests. It can be observed that there is both a positive and negative relationship between FE and SP. FE will promote the rise of the pharmaceutical stock market, which proves the Keynesian theory, while the result that FE negatively affects SP supports the classical theory. In turn, SP positively impacts FE, which indicates that the development of the pharmaceutical industry and the increase in medical and health expenditures can promote each other. In addition, the negative influence of SP on FE suggests that the impact of the pharmaceutical index on fiscal expenditure needs to be judged in conjunction with other events and market conditions. In complex economic conditions, investors can rationally consider the industry situation of the pharmaceutical market and benefit by optimising their investment portfolios. The government can regulate and guide the pharmaceutical industry by adjusting the fiscal expenditure on health care, thereby promoting the sustainable and stable development of the financial market.

Suppression of estrogen receptor beta classical genomic activity enhances systemic and adipose-specific response to chronic beta-3 adrenergic receptor (β3AR) stimulation.

White adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction independently predicts cardiometabolic disease, yet there is a lack of effective adipocyte-targeting therapeutics. B3AR agonists enhance adipocyte mitochondrial function and hold potential in this regard. Based on enhanced sensitivity to B3AR-mediated browning in estrogen receptor (ER)alpha-null mice, we hypothesized that ERβ may enhance the WAT response to the B3AR ligand, CL316,243 (CL). Methods: Male and female wild-type (WT) and ERβ DNA binding domain knock-out (ERβDBDKO) mice fed high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity were administered CL (1 mg/kg) daily for 2 weeks. Systemic physiological assessments of body composition (EchoMRI), bioenergetics (metabolic chambers), adipocyte mitochondrial respiration (oroboros) and glucose tolerance were performed, alongside perigonadal (PGAT), subcutaneous (SQAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) protein expression assessment (Western blot). Mechanisms were tested in vitro using primary adipocytes isolated from WT mice, and from Esr2-floxed mice in which ERβ was knocked down. Statistical analyses were performed using 2 × 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA) for main effects of genotype (G) and treatment (T), as well as GxT interactions; t-tests were used to determine differences between in vitro treatment conditions (SPSS V24). Results: There were no genotype differences in HFD-induced obesity or systemic rescue effects of CL, yet ERβDBDKO females were more sensitive to CL-induced increases in energy expenditure and WAT UCP1 induction (GxT, p < 0.05), which coincided with greater WAT B3AR protein content among the KO (G, p < 0.05). Among males, who were more insulin resistant to begin with (no genotype differences before treatment), tended to be more sensitive to CL-mediated reduction in insulin resistance. With sexes combined, basal WAT mitochondrial respiration trended toward being lower in the ERβDBDKO mice, but this was completely rescued by CL (p < 0.05). Confirming prior work, CL increased adipose tissue ERβ protein (T, p < 0.05, all), an effect that was enhanced in WAT and BAT the female KO (GxT, p < 0.01). In vitro experiments indicated that an inhibitor of ERβ genomic function (PHTPP) synergized with CL to further increase UCP1 mRNA (p = 0.043), whereas full ERβ protein was required for UCP1 expression (p = 0.042). Conclusion: Full ERβ activity appears requisite and stimulatory for UCP1 expression via a mechanism involving non-classical ERβ signaling. This novel discovery about the role of ERβ in adipocyte metabolism may have important clinical applications.

Instrumental analysis of the impact of economic factors on the level of a country’s economic innovativeness

The rapid development of innovative activity in Ukraine and the instability of the economic and political environment determine the relevance of studying the problems of innovative development in close connection with global and local factors of economic growth. The purpose of the research is to study the budgetary policy factors that have a dominant influence on the level of national innovative development, and their impact on the level of economic growth in order to form directions for innovation policy development based on instrumental analysis methods. The paper uses methods of econometric modeling and adaptive methods of forecasting. The constructed conceptual model includes three aggregated stages of research. The study addressed the problem of assessing the level of a country’s economic innovativeness and determining the factors affecting it; it was found that this level grows with an increase in the share of private investment, a decrease in the rate of GDP growth, an increase in the share of taxes in the budget structure, a decrease in the money supply, an increase in education and public security expenditures. The impact of the state budgetary policy was analyzed and the value of the indicator of economic growth and the level of the country’s economic innovativeness was forecasted. The practical significance of the results is that a gradual reduction in the level of the country’s economic innovativeness is possible in periods of long-term economic growth. To avoid such negative consequences, European governments should pay more attention to internal problems and external trends of innovation activity

Quality of Public Services in Local Governments in Indonesia : A Study of Capital Expenditures and Government Internal Control Systems

Regional autonomy is a policy the central government gives to local governments to regulate their regions. One of these authority policies is public service. Public services are a series of activities in the form of services following the law's mandate in the form of goods and services to fulfill general needs for the welfare of society. Public services for the community come from the realization of local government budgets with an internal control mechanism to regulate the fulfillment of public services. Increased budget realization can support regional infrastructure to provide better public services. Capital expenditure is not a service; if it is used as a service, it is necessary to have a supervisory mechanism such as an internal supervisor of the local government to support the fulfillment of better public services and improve the welfare of the community. The increase in capital expenditure, where the output is assets, is the most tangible thing that is felt by the community; it is necessary to have internal control within the local government, namely the maturity of the SPIP to run effectively and efficiently. This study examines the effect of capital expenditure and SPIP maturity on public services. The sample and population used in this study were 514 local governments with up to 1887 all local governments in Indonesia during 2016 – 2019. The results of this study are that capital expenditure variables have a positive effect on public services, and SPIP maturity has a positive effect on public services.

Do Economic Determinants Affect the Size of Military Spending?

The article aims to identify the dependence of military expenditures and selected economic determinants on the example of the V4 countries in the years 1999-2020. The following are selected as economic determinants: the size of the gross domestic product, the rate of inflation, the debt and deficit of the government sector and unemployment. Correlation analysis proved the expected relationship between the gross domestic product and the military expenditure of Hungary and especially Poland. The relationship between military spending and unemployment was confirmed for Poland, Hungary and Slovakia, the expected relationship between military spending and government debt for the Czech Republic. The linear regression model confirmed the positive effect of the gross domestic product on military expenditure in the case of Poland, the effect of the increase in military expenditure due to rising inflation in Hungary and the negative effect of increasing state indebtedness in the case of the Czech Republic. At the same time, the results did not confirm the uniformity of the factors affecting the size of the military factors in the analyzed V4 countries.

The Impact of Health Expenditure on Maternal and Child Mortality in African countries

The world has experienced a decline in maternal and child mortality in the last few decades, increase in global health expenditure over the years was the major factor responsible for that. But in Africa and other developing countries, the rate of maternal and child mortality has been soaring. The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of health expenditure on maternal and child mortality in African countries at different income level. On this note, the paper was based on the panel data covering the period of 2000 to 2017 for 39 African countries. After a cross sectional dependence test and panel unit root test, fixed effect results showed that, government health expenditure has no significant impact on reducing child mortality in African countries at all income level. Whereas, it has an impact on reducing the maternal mortality in low-income and lower middle income countries. It was also found that Private health expenditure has significant impact on reducing child and maternal mortality at all income level. Based on this, the paper recommends that governments at different level especially from low-income and lower middle income countries should provide quality health care services and regular immunization for women and children in order to reduce maternal and child mortality in Africa region.

Public agriculture investment and food security in ECOWAS

Public agriculture expenditure is a significant growth catalyst. However, evaluating the impact of public agriculture expenditure on food security remains scanty. This paper assessed the impact of public expenditure on food security in nine ECOWAS countries using four indicators of food security, one in each dimension (availability, access, utilization and stability). Using a fixed-effect generalized least squares model the study found that public agricultural expenditure has improved. However, this has not translated to an automatic improvement in food security. The levels of stunting and undernourishment were still high in the nine ECOWAS countries. A one-unit increase in public agriculture expenditure was associated with a 0.2% reduction in undernourishment and an improved average dietary energy supply adequacy between 2000 and 2016. The paper concluded that the nine ECOWAS countries have made considerable progress in improving food availability, that public agriculture expenditure by share has increased in the nine ECOWAS countries since the inception of CAADP, with several countries meeting the 10% target of spending on agriculture for several years and that public agricultural expenditure had a positive impact on food accessibility and availability. The analysis could be replicated in the design of national food security investment plans and help identify strategies to accelerate food security and nutrition improvements in African countries.

Trust in the publicly financed care system and willingness to pay for long-term care: A discrete choice experiment in Denmark

Aging populations put pressure on the provision and financing of long-term care (LTC) services in many countries. The projected increase in LTC expenditures may in particular constitute a threat to the future sustainability of public budgets in welfare states, where LTC is financed through taxes. To accommodate the increasing number of 80+ year-olds in society, policy-makers and service administrators need a better understanding of care preferences among future older adults: What types of services do older citizens prefer most, and which factors shape their LTC preferences? A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was administered to a representative sample of the Danish population aged 54–64 from May to July 2019 (n = 1154), investigating which factors shape individuals' preferences and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for their future LTC. Our results reveal that respondents are willing to make additional out-of-pocket payments to supplement the care provided for free by the municipality. The WTP was highest for services such as receiving help from a regular care team ($129 per month) and an extra shower a week ($116 per month). Moreover, we find heterogeneous care preferences, with three user characteristics associated with higher WTP for services: higher education, high wealth, and a low trust in the publicly financed care system. Our results raise concerns that inequalities between relatively more- and less-resourceful older adults may increase in Scandinavian-type welfare states in the future. Such increasing inequality in service provision may undermine citizens’ trust in and support of the publicly financed care system.

An Endorsement of the Removal of Race From GFR Estimation Equations: A Position Statement From the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative

An Endorsement of the Removal of Race From GFR Estimation Equations: A Position Statement From the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative

Framework for R&D&I Activities in the Steel Industry in Popularizing the Idea of Industry 4.0

The research and development activity of a company determines the innovativeness of enterprises and economies. This kind of activity simultaneously influences the pace of their development and the level of competitiveness. With this in mind, the article—against the background of the characteristics of research and development activities—defines a framework for R&amp;D&amp;I activities for the steel industry in the conditions of popularization of the concept of Industry 4.0 and analyzes expenditures on R&amp;D&amp;I activities in Poland in 2010–2019. This topic is important because steel is one of the most important materials for the construction and the manufacture of steel products. It is very important to adjust the steel industry to the new market condition using research and development activities. The analysis was performed on the basis of data on expenditures on R&amp;D&amp;I activities by internal expenditures on R&amp;D, expenditures on product and business process innovations and outlays on fixed assets for environmental protection through investments. The target of the paper is to find response on the three research questions formulated in the paper: what is the dynamics of the changes in the R&amp;D expenditures in the Polish steel industry in 2010–2019 in comparison with the total industry in the country; what is the dynamics of changes in investment expenditures on new products and business process innovations in the Polish steel industry in 2010–2019; what is the level (dynamics) of investment outlays in environmental innovations in the Polish steel industry in 2010–2019? To conduct this analysis, we used the following methods: critical literature analysis, secondary data analysis, statistical methods. Industry 4.0 implementation in the steel industry has a strong, positive influence on the innovativeness of the company and on spending on innovations. On the basis of the data analyzed in the paper we observed that the increase of expenditure on R&amp;D in the Polish steel industry was similar to that of other industries. As a result of the research, it was found that the dynamics of R&amp;D expenditure in the Polish steel industry was consistent with the dynamics of expenditure calculated for the entire Polish Industry. At the same time, the sharp increase in R&amp;D expenditure since 2018 was related to the implementation of the Industry 4.0 concept in the Polish industry. An interesting result of our research is the observed time lag in the form of a postponement of the growth of R&amp;D expenditure after the emergence of the Industry 4.0 concept. We also observed that environmentally fixed capital expenditures may show fluctuating dynamics due to business cycles and legal restrictions to protect the environment. The added value of the publication is the framework of R&amp;D&amp;I activities for the steel industry and an in-depth analysis of R&amp;D&amp;I expenditures on the example of the metal producers in Poland in the last decade of growing interest in the concept of Industry 4.0 (I 4.0).

The Effects Of A Thermogenic Supplement On Metabolic And Hemodynamic Variables And Subjective Mood States

Thermogenic supplements are widely used in the general population to support attempted fat loss; however, the efficacy and safety of these supplements are questioned. PURPOSE: To determine whether a thermogenic supplement affects metabolic rate, hemodynamic responses, and mood states. METHODS: In a randomized double-blind crossover design, 23 females (22.2 ± 3.5 y; 164.8 ± 6.4 cm; 73.5 ± 6.9 kg) who were moderate caffeine consumers (<150 mg/day) reported to the lab on a 12-hour fast for baseline assessments of resting energy expenditure (REE) via indirect calorimetry, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and hunger, satiety, and mood states. Thereafter, subjects ingested the assigned treatment (active treatment containing caffeine, micronutrients, and phytochemicals [TR] or placebo [PL]). All variables were reassessed at 30-, 60-, 120-, and 180-minutes post-ingestion. Subjects repeated the same protocol with ingestion of the opposite treatment on a separate day. All data were analyzed using a 2x5 ANOVA with repeated measures and significance was accepted a priori at p < 0.05. RESULTS: In the TR group, mean increases in REE of 121 to 166 kcal/d were observed at 30-, 60-, and 180-minutes post-ingestion (p < 0.01 for all). PL group mean decreases in REE of 72 to 91 kcal/d were observed at 60-, 120-, and 180-minutes (p < 0.05 for all). Similarly, TR resulted in mean increases in expired carbon dioxide of 13 to 19 mL/min at 30- and 60-minutes (p < 0.05 for both), and oxygen consumption increased by 12 to 24 mL/min at 30-, 60-, 120-, and 180-minutes (p < 0.05 for all) post-ingestion. Respiratory quotient decreased at 120- and 180-minutes in both treatments. A mean decrease in HR of 5 bpm was observed at 30-minutes post-ingestion of TR (p < 0.01). Slight increases in SBP of 3 to 4 mmHg were observed at 30-, 120-, and 180-minutes (p < 0.05 for all) post-ingestion of TR, while no effects were observed for DBP. Observed increases in SBP were within normal blood pressure ranges. TR decreased subjective fatigue with no other significant changes in mood states. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that ingestion of a specific thermogenic supplement formulation produces a sustained increase in metabolic rate and caloric expenditure and reduces fatigue over three hours without producing adverse hemodynamic responses. Supported by EHPlabs.

Impacts of a New Episode-Based Payment Scheme on Volume, Expenditures, and Efficiency in Public Hospitals: A Quasi-Experimental Interrupted Time-Series Study in Jinhua, China.

PurposeBased on the diagnosis-related groups payment, China developed an innovative episode-based payment scheme, called “payment method by disease types with point counting”, to control health expenditures inflation. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of this new payment method on volume, expenditures, and efficiency in Chinese public hospitals.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 7 tertiary hospitals and 14 secondary hospitals in Jinhua (intervention group) and 4 tertiary hospitals and 14 secondary hospitals in Taizhou (control group). Monthly data points were collected for each sampled hospital from June 2016 to June 2019 using a self-administered questionnaire with impact evaluation indicators. Controlled interrupted time-series analysis was employed to estimate the effect of the new payment method.ResultsThe significant slowing trends in inpatient expenditures per visit (tertiary hospitals: β7=−123.16, p=0.042; secondary hospitals: β7=−89.24, p=0.021) and out-of-pocket payments (tertiary hospitals: β7=−4.18, p=0.027; secondary hospitals: β7=−4.87, p=0.019) were observed after policy intervention. However, outpatient expenditures per visit in tertiary (β7=1.67, p=0.018) and secondary hospitals (β7=1.24, p=0.003) rose faster with the new payment method. Additionally, payment reform also caused an increase in the number of inpatient visits (β7=100.01, p=0.038) and reduced the length of stay (β7=−0.10, p=0.036) in tertiary hospitals.ConclusionThe introduction of payment method by disease types with point counting causes the cost containment for inpatient care, whereas the increase in outpatient expenditures. The findings suggest this new payment scheme has the potential for rollout in other areas, but the cost-shifting from the inpatient to outpatient setting should be prevented.

Can capsaicinoids and their analogs affect energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during exercise? A systematic review with acute studies

Capsaicinoids and their analogs (CAP) are found in various types of peppers and have received great attention as weight management agents. An increase in energy expenditure and fat oxidation at rest, along with appetite and energy intake reduction has been reported. CAP supplementation has also been indicated to increase exercise performance. Another potential effect of CAP during exercise is to increase energy expenditure and fat oxidation. Thus, the present systematic review aimed to compare the energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation during exercise with CAP administration, or placebo (no CAP administration), in acute studies. Ten studies met our inclusion criteria for EE, including one with mice. Only one study reported higher EE during exercise compared to non-CAP conditions. We found seven studies that met our inclusion criteria for substrate oxidation measurement during exercise. One study reported lower fat oxidation during CAP conditions, while two reported higher fat oxidation with CAP supplementation. From studies retrieved, some reported increased EE and fat oxidation at rest, which means that the effect of CAP at rest was not carried over into exercise. In conclusion, CAP seems not to be a potential ergogenic aid to affect EE considering the studies retrieved in this current review; however, inconsistent results have been reported regarding to substrate oxidation. Further research should clarify the effect of CAP on substrate oxidation during exercise. • Capsaicinoids and their analogs do not seem to affect energy expenditure during exercise. • Effect of capsaicinoids and their analogs on substrate oxidation during exercise presents conflicting outcomes. • Further studies on capsaicinoids and their analogs are needed manipulating type, dose and timing of administration. • Further studies on capsaicinoids and their analogs are needed in people with different body mass.

Ideology, Party, and Opinions of Taxes on the Rich and Middle Class in the United States: Evidence from the 2016 General Social Survey

This paper examines attitudes toward taxes on the rich and middle class in the United States with emphasis on the impacts of political ideology and party identification. Using the 2016 General Social Survey, we estimate bivariate ordered probit models for a full cross-sectional sample, and subsamples stratified by party. Results suggest that proposals to reduce income and wealth inequalities and/or fund large federal expenditure increases by raising taxes on the rich will have difficulty in gaining the political traction necessary for success. Any proposal to raise taxes on both the rich and middle class has almost no chance of passage. Findings also indicate that party affiliation moderates ideological impacts on opinions of taxes on the rich and middle class, in some cases substantially.