Increase In Dry Matter Research Articles

A comprehensive study of selenium and cerium oxide nanoparticles on mung bean: Individual and synergistic effect on photosynthesis pigments, antioxidants, and dry matter accumulation

In this study, the interaction effects of CeO2 NPs (250, 500 and 1000 mg L−1) and Se NPs (25, 50 and 75 mg L−1) were evaluated in mung bean (Vigna radiata). Single NPs and their combinations were foliar applied to 45-day old mung bean plants under greenhouse conditions. In each pot, a total volume of 100 mL of NPs suspension was sprayed on the plants shoot in two steps and one-week interval. After 94 days of growth, membrane degradation, antioxidant activity, photosynthetic pigments, and dry matter accumulation were assessed. At 250 and 500 mg CeO2-NPs L−1, there was partial increase of dry matter, stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes (p ≤ 0.05), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, at 1000 mg L−1, CeO2-NPs caused strong accumulation of ROS (p ≤ 0.05), enlargement of starch granules and swelling of chloroplasts. In addition, at such concentration, there was accumulation of starch granules, reduction of photosynthetic pigments, biological nitrogen fixation, chlorosis, and a significant retardation in plant growth, compared with control, (p ≤ 0.05). Combination of Se-NPs (25 and 50 mg L−1) with 250 mg L−1 of CeO2 NPs decreased hydrogen peroxide, improved CAT, Chla, Chlb, and increased dry matter (p ≤ 0.05). At 1000 mg CeO2 NPs L−1, foliar spray of Se-NPs led to Ce accumulation in the cell wall and increased levels of SOD and proline (p ≤ 0.05). Results showed that 25 and 50 mg Se NPs L−1 ameliorate the stress of CeO2 NPs by upregulating photosynthesis pigments, antioxidants, and dry matter accumulation. Therefore, depending on the CeO2 NPs concentration, the mechanisms of Se NPs in modulating CeO2 NPs stress varied; low concentrations of Se NPs may strengthen the metabolism of legumes, and protect them against foliar toxicity of CeO2 NPs in semi-arid ecosystems.

The ciliate protozoan Colpoda cucullus can improve maize growth by transporting soil phosphates

Little is known regarding the ability of protozoans to transfer phosphates and improve maize growth. The objective of this study was to determine whether Colpoda cucullus could improve the maize phosphorus (P) level by transferring phosphate. In this three-compartment root box study, the soil in the outer compartment was inoculated with the common ciliate, C. cucullus, together with the addition of either KH232PO4, rock phosphate (RP), super phosphate (SP) or ammonium phosphate (AP), and then maize was grown in the inner compartment. The results showed that the maize plants grown in the soil inoculated with C. cucullus had much higher 32P radioactivity than the control. Colpoda cucullus inoculation resulted in significant increases in dry matter by up to 25.07%, and nitrogen (N), P and potassium (K) absorption by 1–36% (P<0.05). Soil available P in the inner compartment of the root box was also enhanced by at least 30% due to the ciliate inoculation (P<0.05). It was therefore suggested that phosphates might be transported from the outer to inner compartments by the inoculated C. cucullus and then absorbed by the maize plant.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL CARACTERISTICS OF UNRIPE APPLES

Apple plays an important role in human health. The unripe apples, after physiological falls and the agricultural operation "regulation of the fruit load", are not used for food. The use of agricultural organic waste is a current problem. In the presented paper was approached the possibility of valorification on these unripe fruits to obtain natural products. Were studied the unripe apples of 4 varieties: Coredana, Golden Rezistent, Rewena and Reglindis. The fruits were harvested during development at 45th, 58th, 71st, 84th and 97th days after the full bloom. It was determined physico-chemical indices in fruits extracts. During the ripening of fruits, the diameter and mass increased continuously, the moisture content does not change significantly, but the pH values of the apple pulp increased nonessential. Dry matter content and total sugar increased considerably as the fruits were growing. There are unexpected increases in dry matter around the 84th day after the full bloom. The acidity decreased during the fruit development. Sensory evaluation was also effectuated. The results obtained provide informations regarding the optimal use of the unripe apple varieties researched in order to process and obtain different products (especially natural acidifiers).

The effect of pre-sowing lupin-oat mixture treatment with ozone and a biological product on the productivity formation and product quality

There have been presented the study results on the effect of pre-sowing seed ozonation of narrowleaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and common oat on their germination energy, germination capacity, productivity and product quality. The study was carried out in the period from 2018 to 2020 in laboratory and field conditions of the Kostroma RIA, the branch of the FSBSI “Russian Potato Research Center named after A.G. Lorkh”. The purpose of the current study was to find out the efficiency of pre-sowing seed treatment with an ozone-air flow and treatment with a biological product for their germination energy, germination capacity, productivity and product quality. The objects of the study were the common oats variety ‘Yakov’ and the narrowleaf lupin variety ‘Belozerny 110’. The seeds of the lupin-oat mixture were ozonized at a dose of 5.0 mg/m3 for 15 minutes and 30 minutes using an RIOS-10(20)-0.5 ozonizer. For comparison, the seeds were treated with the biological product ‘Fitosporin-M’. Ultimately, there were identified the best parameters of the pre-sowing seed treatment of the lupin-oat mixture. On average, over the years of study, pre-sowing seed ozonation greatly improves the germination energy of agricultural crops on 4.8–8.3%, laboratory germination was improved on 3.0–5.0%. The largest green mass productivity of lupin-oat mixture during pre-sowing seed treatment for three years was 26.1 t/ha in the variant with an ozone dose of 5.0 mg/m3 for 15 minutes, which was more than control on 29.2%. In the variant with ozonation time increase to 30 minutes, the average productivity was 23.2 t/ha, which was 14.8% more than in the control. Pre-sowing seed ozonation contributed to dry matter increase on 14.2–19.0%; crude protein yield increased on 32.8–53.2%; crude protein percentage in grain increased on 14.1–16.8%; metabolizable energy increased on 3.7–5,1%; fodder units increased on 4.3–6.5% compared to control. When treating seeds with a biological product ‘Fitosporin-M’, the average productivity was 22.8 t/ha, which was on 12.9% more than control, an increase in dry matter was on 16.6%, an increase in crude protein yield was on 19.6%, an increase in crude protein percentage in grain was on 0.8%, an increase in metabolizable energy was on 1.9%, an increase in fodder units was on 1.0%.

The effect of different drying methods on nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of purslane (Portulaca oleracea)

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different drying methods on the nutritional content and antioxidant activity of purslane. Two different purslane samples have been dried using four different methods (sun, vacuum, hot air, and freeze drying). Dried and fresh samples were analyzed for their dry matter, β-carotene content, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents, total flavonoid content, total flavonol content, total phenolic content, %DPPH radical scavenge activity, metal chelating activity, and color. The dry matter content of fresh purslane was 3.86%-5.28%. The β-carotene, chlorophyll a and b amounts varied from 61.31 to 67.08 mg/100 g, 103.11 to 138.11 mg/100 g and 56.14 to 62.06 mg/100 g, respectively on dry weight basis. The total flavonoid, total flavonol, and total phenolic contents were 9.61-28.20 mg RE (rutin equivalent)/g DW (dry weight), 3.48-17.27 mg RE/g, and 14.86-17.95 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/g DW, respectively. DPPH scavenging activity ranged from 158.19 to 168.22 μg/mL, and metal chelating activity varied between 5.75% and 22.44%. Fresh purslane color values L*, a*, and b* ranged from 33.41 to 35.25, -6.70 to -7.28, and 13.51 to 14.60, respectively. Dry matter content, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, β-carotene, flavonoid, flavonol, and color (L*, a*, and b*) values were significantly affected by drying method. Drying methods caused a significant decrease in β-carotene, total flavonoid, total flavonol, and total phenolic contents of purslane. On the other hand, an increase in dry matter, metal chelating, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b have been observed as a result of drying. Considering the variations in the effects of drying methods on the examined parameters and the disadvantages of some drying methods; in addition to the reasonable results obtained by hot air drying. Hot-air drying process could be suggested as a recommendable drying process for purslane.

Assessment of Physico-chemical, Microbial and Phytotoxic Changes of Various Organic Wastes During their Composting Process

In this study, the aerobic composting in windrows of five mixtures of organic materials was compared. Composting temperatures rose to 60-67°C within 7 to 22 days and stayed above 45°C for 4-5 months before declining. Decomposition after 223 days was 40-43% for organic materials and 23-25% for carbon. The pH values decreased during the composting process and became neutral at maturation. Electric conductivity dropped to 3.6-5.22 mS/cm after 170 days. Dry matter increase to 96.2-97.8% within 182 days of composting and dropped to 70.13-73.87% at maturation. Bulk density increased from 0.20-0.26 g/cm3 to 0.34-0.55 g/cm3 and varied depending on composts. Porosity and water retention decreased during composting. Nutrient contents varied over composting times and wastes. Composts' phytotoxicity, evaluated on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds, decreased by 0.2-13.2% and 63.2-81.3% after 30 and 220 days of composting, respectively. Benefits of composting organic wastes into agriculturally valuable final products was discussed.

Short‐term drought is a stronger driver of plant morphology and nutritional composition than warming in two common pasture species

AbstractUnder warmer and drier future conditions, global livestock and dairy production are threatened by impacts on the productivity and nutritional quality of pastures. However, morphological and nutritional adjustments within plants in response to warming and drought vary among species and less is known how these relate to production and forage quality. To investigate this, we grew two common pasture species, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea: grass) and lucerne (Medicago sativa: legume), in a climate‐controlled facility, under different temperatures (ambient and elevated) and watering regimes (well‐watered and droughted). We found that drought had a strong negative impact on biomass production, morphology and nutritional quality while warming only significantly affected both species when response metrics were considered in concert, although to a lesser degree than the drought. Furthermore, interactions between warming and drought were only seen for lucerne, with a reduction in biomass and an increase in dead material and dry matter. In tall fescue, drought had bigger impacts on nutritional composition than morphological traits, while in lucerne, drought affected all morphological traits and most of the nutritional parameters. These findings suggest that in future climate scenarios, drought may be a stronger driver of changes in the morphology and nutritional composition of pasture grasses and legumes, compared to modest levels of warming.

Novel approach for biosynthesizing of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Lactobacillus gasseri and their influence on microbiological, chemical, sensory properties of integrated yogurt

This research aimed to biosynthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using lactobacilli strains. All tested lactobacilli able to biosynthesis ZnO-NPs indicated by white precipitates. The characteristics of the biosynthesis ZnO-NPs from Lactobacillus gasseri were studied using UV–visible spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, DLS, FT-IR, XRD, and antimicrobial activity. The characteristic examination depicted cubic structures, pure and spherical ZnO-NPs with a diameter size of 22 nm. Antimicrobial study of ZnO-NPs displayed better higher antimicrobial activity on food pathogens in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, integrated biosynthesis ZnO-NPs in yogurt positively affected the shelf life of yogurt during storage for four weeks without changes in the sensory evaluation. The microbiological population of fortified yogurt significantly reduced during storage than control. But chemically evaluation of fortified yogurt indicated an increase in dry matter, protein, and ash content than control. The achieved results suggested that the low amount of biosynthesized ZnO-NPs lead to the development of properties of integrated yogurt. Furthermore, the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs additive to yogurt could be a good food source for groups suffering from zinc deficiency such as the elderly groups or vegetarians who do not eat meat and at risk of zinc inadequacy.

Intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and performance of crossbreed Boer goats fed with diets containing saltbush (Atriplex nummularia L.) and spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica).

Saltbush and spineless cactus are adapted to arid and semiarid regions and used as an important forage resource in ruminants' diet. However, spineless cactus restricts production due to its low crude protein and NDF levels and high salt and oxalate contents, which can limit the digestibility and intake of dietary nutrients. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the best ratio levels of saltbush associated with spineless cactus in diets for crossbreed Boer goats through ingestion, water balance, digestibility, nitrogen balance, growth and carcass weight. Twenty-four castrated crossbred Boer (Boer × Brazilian native) goats 6months of age and average body weight of 20.28kg were utilized. The animals were weighed and distributed in randomized blocks in four experimental diets with saltbush of 8.4, 18.8, 31.2 and 48.3%. The addition of saltbush hay promoted quadratic behaviour (P < 0.05) in intake of dry matter and nutrients. There was no effect (P < 0.05) from the addition of saltbush hay on the digestibility of organic matter, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates and neutral detergent fibre, whereas there was an increase in dry matter. The crude protein digestibility behaved quadratically (P = 0.06), where the maximum digestibility was obtained with the addition of 31.2% of hay. The balance and net nitrogen utilization presented a quadratic effect (P < 0.01). Saltbush in rations for goats presented promising results, the growth rate (0.15kg/day) obtained in diet with a lower proportion of saltbush, would satisfy smallholders when considering that this species, associated with spineless cactus, may reduce the use of concentrate feeds; however, the diet with 31.2% of saltbush hay provided the biggest gain in body and carcass weight of the goats.

Effects of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) on Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Parameters of Dairy Cattle

Background: Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is one of the most important metabolic disease of dairy cattle which decrease milk production, dry matter intake, productivity and increase culling rate and even cause death.Methods: In this study the epidemiological status of SARA namely age, breed, stage of lactation, lactation number, general health condition, body condition score, daily milk production, milk fat content and biochemical alteration were investigated.Result: Out of 100 cows examined 20 were found to be positive for SARA and the mean age of dairy cows suffering from SARA was found to be 6.53 ±0.68 years. The prevalence of SARA was 70 and 30 per cent in Jersey and HF breed of cows respectively and was high in mid lactation and the lactation number ranged from 2 to 6. 65 per cent. SARA affected cows were in poor body condition score, milk production and milk fat content was significantly low (P≤ 0.05). The mean GGT (Gamma Glutamyl Transferase) and AST (Asparate aminotransferase) values were significantly increased in SARA affected dairy cows. SARA seems to be a common problem in dairy cattle and it has to be considered when dealing with herd level problems like low milk fat, low milk production, poor body condition and appropriate management measures should be implemented to prevent it.

Influence of Achyranthes japonica extracts supplementation in the diets of finishing pigs.

Herbs and their extracts have been used for a long time in animal industries as alternatives to an antibiotic. This study was evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of Achyranthes japonica extracts (AJE) on the performance and production parameters in finishing pigs. Totally, 100 pigs with an average body weight of 50.33±4.61kg were used as a 10-week feeding trial. Pigs (five replicates, three barrows and two gilts per pen) were allotted randomly to four treatments as the addition of 0%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20% of AJE in basal diets. A linear increase (p<.05) in average daily gain was observed during week 5, week 10 and overall period, and a linear decrease (p<.05) was observed in the feed conversion ratio during week 5. A linear increase (p<.05) in dry matter, protein digestibility and faecal ammonia emission on week 5 and week 10 and a linear increase (p<.05) in serum total protein concentration on week 10 of pigs fed diets supplemented with graded levels of AJE was observed. Faecal lactic acid bacteria counts showed a linear increase (p<.05) on week 5 with the increasing levels of AJE. In conclusion, there existed improvements in growth performance, nutrients digestibility, serum total protein, faecal coliform bacteria and lactic acid bacteria counts and faecal ammonia emission in the finishing pigs fed with AJE-supplemented diet.

ХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ МЯСА И ПЕЧЕНИ ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ ПРИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ В РАЦИОНЕ КОМПЛЕКСА ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО ПИТАНИЯ «ЗАСЛОН 2+»

The article presents results of the studies on chemical composition of femoral, pectoral muscles and liver of broiler chickens of Ross 308 cross when using “Zaslon 2+”additional nutrition complex to reduce the impact of toxins in the feed, since meat and liver quality of broilers is mainly determined by the content of protein and fat, the value of the resulting product depends these parametres. The tasks of the study included: specification of moisture, dry matter, protein, fat and leach in the muscles and liver of chickens. Broiler chickens of Ross 308 cross, which were raised up to 38 days were the object of the research. Two groups of 1-day old chickens were formed, 1000 heads in each, without gender division. The control group received the main diet, as for the experimental group, the main ration and a complex of additional nutrition were used at the dose of 0.5 kg per 1 ton of compound feed to reduce the effect of toxins in the feed. On the 14th, 21st and 38th days of the study, a control slaughter of chickens was carried out in order to study the chemical composition of bird muscles and liver. There was a decrease in the amount of moisture with an increase of dry matter, crude leach and protein, while the amount of fat in broiler chickens of the experimental group, where there was the main diet and “Zaslon 2+” deceased in comparison with the control group where only the main diet was used. It indicated positive influence of the studied feed additive of complex action on chemical composition of the muscle tissue and liver of broilers and improvement of dietary properties of the products

Proximal Sensing of Nitrogen Needs by Spring Wheat

Canopy nitrogen (N) status relates strongly to canopy chlorophyll content and the strength of green color. Proximal photograph by RGB camera was used to select green features that has the potential to assess N content at leaf of plant as a function of its the greenness. We proposed the development of it as a tool for sensing nitrogen content in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Image processing algorithm was programed calibrated and validated wheat %N%N. Nitrogen uptake =%N × canopy dry matter was harvested and calculated using simulated dry matter by DSSAT model. The data replicated laboratory measurements. A linear Lab vs Camera model displayed a unit slope with r2 = 0.93. Increase of dry matter was successfully surrogated by days after emergence and used as abscissa for inverse logistic model of critical nitrogen level. It decreased gradually from about 6% to 2% as days after emergence increased from 0 to 110 days. Maximum N uptake calculated from photo and laboratory was 324 Kg ha−1 and 318 Kg ha−1 respectively suggesting insignificant difference. Physiological N-use efficiency (i.e., canopy weight/N weight) was 52 and 78 kg canopy dry weight per 1 kg N for early and late-ripening cultivars, respectively. The determination of N application based on the smartphone photograph proved to be useful by saving on time and expenses for growers who have access to smartphones and can use them for N application and management.

Genetic progress in grain yield and the associated physiological traits of popular wheat in southwestern China from 1969 to 2012

AbstractKnowledge about the key traits related to genetic gains in grain yield (GY) is necessary for understanding the main yield‐limiting factors and guiding future wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding. The objective of this research was to investigate the genetic progress in GY and the associated physiological traits in popular wheat cultivars released from 1969 to 2012 in southwestern China. Field experiments included eight representative cultivars that were evaluated at three experimental sites for three growing seasons. Grain yield increased at a linear rate of 0.69% or 52.52 kg ha−1 yr−1, which was mainly attributed to the increases in dry matter (DM) accumulation at maturity, harvest index (HI), and thousand‐kernel weight (TKW). The soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) values of flag and penultimate leaves at anthesis increased with the year of release and were significantly related to GY. Significant genetic gains were made in both nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) translocation and NSC translocation efficiency from anthesis to maturity, and there was a trend over time towards a high net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of flag leaf and canopy apparent photosynthesis (CAP) at anthesis and at 30 d post‐anthesis (DPA). In addition, the linear increases in N uptake efficiency and N utilization efficiency were both significant and positive related to GY. Therefore, these key physiological traits can be used as selection criteria for further improving yield potential. Our results also reveal the potential for using synthetic hexaploid wheat in high‐yielding wheat breeding.

Use of Biochar-Compost for Phosphorus Availability to Maize in a Concretionary Ferric Lixisol in Northern GHANA

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar-compost on availability of P for maize cultivation in a concretionary Lixisol of northern Ghana and residual soil characteristics thereof. Sawdust biochar was co-composted with kitchen waste and cow dung in various proportions. Four biochar-composts were selected based on their superior carbon and available P content, lower pH, and electrical conductivity (EC). These were amended to attain the standard phosphorus requirement (SPR) and half the SPR of the Lixisol. Triple superphosphate and (NH4)2 SO4 were, respectively, applied as inorganic fertilizer to meet the SPR and the average total nitrogen of the selected biochar-compost treatments. A control without any soil amendment was included. Maize was grown to tasseling (eight weeks) and shoot dry matter and P uptake determined. A 2.71 to 3.71-fold increase in P uptake led to a 1.51 to 2.33-fold increase in shoot dry matter in biochar-compost-amended soils over the control. Residual soil C, pH, and total and available P in the biochar-compost-amended soils were enhanced. Biochar-composts at half the SPR level produced maize with higher shoot dry matter than the equivalent inorganic amendment at full SPR.

РОСТ И БИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ПРДУКТИВНОСТЬ РАСТЕНИЙ ПОСЛЕ ОБРАБОТКИ МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТНЫМ СОСТАВОМ

In laboratory conditions, the effect of sodium selenite and a mixture of sodium selenite and zeolite on the growth and biological productivity of peas was investigated. The soil was examined after harvesting. It was shown that the addition of both sodium selenite and the mixture of sodium selenite with zeolite to the soil with irrigation affects the development of the root system - the length of the main root in the first case increased by 16.5%, the height of the stems 30 days after planting was 29% more in comparison with the control variant, and in the second case, the length of the main root increased by 18.5%, the height of the length of the stems increased by 24% than that of the control. Processing of peas with microelements also caused a stimulation of the reproduction system: an increase in the number of inflorescences by 3 times and the number of beans in 3.4 times compared with the control. A 160-fold decrease in the selenium content and the introduction of zeolite did not cause a large difference in the obtained results (except for the number of beans - with the addition of zeolite, the number of beans increased by 8%). Biochemical indicators of pea biomass showed an increase in dry matter, in sugar content by 28.8%, but a decrease in crude protein by 17.7%, a decrease in carotene by 17.5%, nitrogen by 18% (when irrigated with sodium selenite). When treated pea with sodium selenite and zeolite, the sugar content increased by 85.5%, but it was observed a decrease in crude protein by 9.5%, in crude fat - by 16.5%, a decrease in carotene by 31.2%, a decrease in nitrogen by 9.4%. Analysis of the soil after harvesting showed in the option with the addition of sodium selenite a decrease in the amount of humus by 6.5%, mobile potassium by 18.5%, but an increase in mobile phosphorus by 6.6%, mobile calcium by 2.7%. In the option with the introduction of the mixture of sodium selenite and zeolite, no decrease in humus was observed, the content of mobile potassium decreased by 10.8%, the content of mobile phosphorus increased by 9.8%, mobile calcium by 3.5%. The acidity of the soil has not changed.

The Assessment of the Possibility of Using Ethanol and Ultrasound to Design the Properties of Dried Carrot Tissue

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-treatment in ethyl alcohol for 5, 15, 60 and 180 s with the application of ultrasound on the course of convective drying and properties of carrot tissue directly after the treatment and after the drying process. The treatment in ethanol resulted in loss of mass, increase of dry matter, ethanol conductivity, extractivity of carotenoids with a slight effect on the colour of carrot tissue after the treatment. The utilization of ultrasound during immersion in ethanol contributed to additional increase of conductivity of ethanol, and extractivity of carotenoids. The immersion in ethanol virtually did not affect the drying kinetics, which can be explained by the increase of shrinkage of the tissue in relation to the untreated dried tissue. Despite the lack of the influence on the drying course in the ethanol-immersed carrot, an increase of the carotenoid content (up to 135%) and the rehydration ability (up to 19%) was noted with the simultaneously unchanged colour of dried carrot in comparison to untreated dried material, which indicates the possibility to improve the quality of dried carrot after immersion in ethanol.

English

To better understand the accumulation and transport of substances under different planting densities, the adaptation of maize root and leaf in response to increasing planting densities was investigated. In this two-year filed study, three maize varieties, Fumin108 (FM), Xianyu335 (XY) and Dika159 (DK), were sown under three different planting densities: 15,000 (D1), 60,000 (D2) and 90,000 plants ha-1 (D3) during 2018 and 2019. Increase in planting density gradually increased leaf area index along with reduced leaf area and net photosynthetic rate of individual leaves. In the 0–20 cm soil layer, the average root dry matter decreased by 55.88 and 80.92%, and the average root number decreased by 31.18 and 38.71% under D2 and D3, respectively, compared with D1. With increase in planting density, yield and dry matter per plant of maize gradually decreased while yield and dry matter per ha was increased with increase in D1-D2 density and then flattened in D2-D3 density. Compared with D1, two-year average yield per plant was decreased by 34.10 and 51.87% under D2 and D3, respectively. The difference in the number of roots of XY, FM and DK were not significant, so change in variety did not alleviate the decrease in the number of roots. At higher planting densities (above D2), the increase in density did not increase per ha grain yield. In conclusion, the suitable plant density was about 60,000 plants ha-1 to harvest more yield of spring maize while density higher than that reduced leaf area and photosynthesis per plant. Moreover, leaf area, root number and net photosynthesis per plant was higher in lower planting density coupled with overall less yield on ha basis and thus seemed wastage of soil nutrients and light resources. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY OF VEGETABLE PEAS DEPENDING ON VARIETY FEATURES, LIMITATION OF SOIL AND NUTRITIONAL SYSTEM

It is known that the growth and development of plants, including vegetable peas, depend on the presence and assimilation of nutrients by plants from the soil and their photosynthesis. With the deterioration of the stages of the process of one of the components changes the passage and functions of the other, which are one whole process of plant nutrition. Conducting the research, on average, during the period of full germination-technical maturity in the control variant with the application of mineral fertilizers N30P60K60, and pre-sowing treatment of seeds with rhizotorphin photosynthetic potential in pea varieties Skinado and Somerwood was 2.039 and 2.254 million m2 / day. While pre-sowing treatment of seeds with microfertilizer Vuxal Extra CoMo against the background of mineral fertilizers N30P60K60 and pre-sowing treatment of seeds with Rhizobophit in pea varieties Skinado and Somerwood compared to the control photosynthetic potential increased by 0.472 and 0.530 million m² di. The maximum indicators of photosynthetic potential in the varieties Skinado - 3,078 and Somerwood - 3,427 million m² days / ha were obtained on the variant of the experiment, where liming was carried out (1.0 norms per hectare) against the background of mineral fertilizers N30P60K60 and pre-sowing seed treatment Rhizobophit and microfertilizer Vuxal Extra CoMo and applied foliar fertilization with microfertilizers Vuxal Microplant during vegetative growth and Vuxal Calcium, Boron during budding. Depending on liming and foliar feeding the increase in dry matter reaches its maximum in the phase of technical maturity This is 1.020 and 1.173 million m² / day more than in the control. In the same variant, the maximum rates of dry matter growth were observed in Skinado varieties - 6.23 and Somerwood - 7.39 t / ha, which is 1.42 and 1.43 t / ha more than in the control.

VARIETY RESOURCES OF ALFALFA IN THE INTENSIFICATION OF FIELD FEED PRODUCTION

In the soil and climatic conditions of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe, regardless of the action of abiotic and biotic factors during the growing season, high adaptability of alfalfa was established for different geographical origins, namely the natural zone of the Forest-Steppe, Polissya, Steppe Ukraine and Serbia. It was found that under the weather conditions of 2016 year alfalfa varieties reacted differently to changes in temperature and moisture during the growing season. It is important to note the effectiveness of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers applied directly to alfalfa coverless method of sowing. In the year of sowing, alfalfa formed a powerful herbage and provided two slopes with a yield of green mass at the level of 20,13-29,80 t/ha with a dry matter yield of 4,80-6,69 t/ha. For the second year of vegetation, alfalfa was carried out according to the regimes, which considered the phases of growth and development (budding, beginning of flowering and flowering). In the first mode of cutting management (all slopes in the budding phase) it is advisable to identify three varieties of Unitro, Nasoloda and Rosana, which provided a gross dry matter of 10,41-10,48 and 2,29-2,31 t/ha of crude protein. The productivity of alfalfa increased with late term cutting - at the beginning of flowering and a combination of slopes (3rd mode). The dry matter yield was 11,40-12,62 and 2,35-2,51 t/ha of crude protein (second regime) and the indicators increased under the third regime, especially dry matter 13,58-15,80 t/ha and decreased to 2,37-2,41 t/ha of crude protein. The increase in dry matter of the second mode increased by 9,5-23,1% and crude protein by 2,6-20,5%, and in the third mode of use of alfalfa it was 2,3-11,2%, compared to the mode of mowing the grass in the budding phase. During the third year of vegetation under favorable agroecological conditions for growth and development of alfalfa plants, the studied varieties provided four slopes regardless of the mode of use of grass with a dry matter yield of 15,43-20,58 and 3,21-4,02 t/ha of crude protein. During the second and third years of vegetation from the studied modes of use of alfalfa grass for fodder purposes, the highest yield of crude protein 5,27-6,53 t/ha varieties provided for the alienation of crops at the beginning of the flowering phase, which was on average 6,0-7,1% higher than when mowing all slopes in the budding phase and a combination of slopes in the phases of growth and development (3rd mode). Thus, in the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of the right bank on gray forest soils alfalfa, regardless of geographical origin, adapted to growing conditions and provided stable productivity indicators regardless of the regime of grass use with observance of elements of cultivation technology.