Increase In Demand Research Articles

The chiropractors' dilemma in caring for older patients with musculoskeletal complaints: Collaborate, integrate, coexist, or separate?

The world's elderly population is growing at a rapid pace. This has led to an increase in demand on the health and welfare systems due to age-related disorders, with musculoskeletal complaints driving the need for rehabilitation services. However, there are concerns about health services' ability to meet this demand. While chiropractic care is gaining recognition for its benefits in treating older adults with musculoskeletal disorders, there is limited scientific literature on chiropractors' role and experiences in this area. To bridge this gap, we interviewed 21 chiropractors in Great Britain, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Inductive qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the interviews, and despite differences in integration and regulation between the countries, several common facilitators and barriers in caring for and managing older patients with musculoskeletal complaints emerged. While participants expressed optimism about future collaborations with other healthcare professionals and the integration of chiropractic into national healthcare systems, they also highlighted significant concerns regarding the existing healthcare infrastructure. The participants also felt that chiropractors, with their non-surgical and holistic approach, were well-positioned to be the primary point of contact for older patients. However, there were some common barriers, such as the affordability of care, limited integration of chiropractic, and the need to prioritise musculoskeletal complaints within public healthcare. Our findings suggest that chiropractors experience their clinical competencies as an underutilised resource in the available healthcare systems and that they could contribute to and potentially reduce the escalating burden of musculoskeletal complaints and associated costs among older patients. Additionally, our findings highlight the desire among the participants to foster collaboration among healthcare professionals and integrate chiropractic into the national public healthcare system. Integrating chiropractors as allied health professionals was also perceived to improve coordinated, patient-centred healthcare for older adults.

Developing a Bankruptcy Theory to Resolve Stakeholders’ Conflict over Optimal Water Allocation: The Case of Hirmand Catchment

The growing increase in demand for water and the lack of balance between water supply and demand have led to conflicts among the downstream stakeholders of the international Hirmand River. This river is shared between Iran and Afghanistan and is located in the southeast of Iran, in the Sistan region. The Vardkhaneh is divided into two branches, Parian and Sistan, and it is the only main source of water in the Sistan region of Iran. The inner part of Hirmand catchment is considered bankrupt concerning its water resources, so there is a need to take the current status and resulting issues into account in order to resolve conflicts. In Hirmand catchment, four different games of bankruptcy theory, namely proportional (Pr), adjusted proportional (AP), constrained equal award (CEA), and constrained equal losses (CEL), were developed as optimization models based on genetic algorithms. For this purpose, the catchment was simulated with 26 scenarios using the WEAP 2022 version software for an average time period. The results of the bankruptcy game modeling showed that water could be effectively allocated to resolve conflicts among stakeholders. It is therefore recommended to use such a model to resolve fights and optimally allocate resources, even in bankrupt catchments.

OxySaver: highly conserving demand oxygen delivery system with increased throughput

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, oxygen has been an essential therapeutic drug. Patients with chronic lung disease and other conditions rely on supplemental oxygen provided by oxygen cylinders for treatment. Because of the sudden increase in oxygen demand caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, combined with a lack of oxygen supply, new methods of oxygen delivery have been investigated as a potential solution. We propose OxySaver, a novel low-cost (∼60$) demand oxygen delivery system that may significantly reduce oxygen consumption. The proposed system consists of a pressure sensor that detects the patient’s demand for oxygen, a normally open solenoid valve that switches the supply ON/OFF on demand, and a processing unit that ensures the supply of oxygen only during the patients’ inhalation. It is simple to install using existing oxygen cylinders and oxygen pipelines in hospitals. The preliminary prototype tests have been promising, with OxySaver able to save up to 67% more oxygen than conventional methods. OxySaver’s pulse setting can reach 18 LPM, as opposed to the 0.2–4 LPM typically found in oxygen concentrators. The system only needs 3.72 W at 50 bpm, which is less than other similar devices. OxySaver in multiplexing mode has the potential to reduce the logistical challenges associated with oxygen refilling and transport. The device is now ready for clinical testing at the bedside.

Lithium Toxicity in Lepidium sativum L. Seedlings: Exploring Li accumulation’s Impact on Germination, Root Growth, and DNA Integrity

The predicted increase in demand for minor metals for modern technologies raises major concerns regarding potential environmental concentration increases. Among the minor metals, lithium (Li) is particularly noteworthy due to growing demand for battery production. Concerns have been raised about the impact on biota of increasing Li concentrations in the environment. To expand the knowledge of the effects of Li on plants, garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.), a model plant for ecotoxicity assay, was tested in a 72 h test in Petri plates. The results showed a stimulation effect of Li at the lowest concentration (Li chloride 10 mg L−1) on seed germination and primary root elongation. Conversely, higher Li concentrations (50 and 150 mg L−1) caused a progressive impairment in both parameters. A genotoxic effect of Li on root cells, evaluated through the alkaline comet assay, was observed at each concentration tested, particularly at 150 mg L−1 Li chloride. Elemental analysis showed that Li accumulated in the seedlings in a dose–concentration relationship, confirming its ability to be readily absorbed and accumulated in plants. Given the likely increase in Li levels in the environment, further research is required to clarify the toxicity mechanisms induced by Li on growth and nucleic acids.

DEVELOPMENT OF A SELF-LEVELING FLY ASH-SLAG GEOPOLYMER MORTAR

Exponential growth in the world population and increase in demand for concrete are pressing researchers and scientists to find sustainable alternative materials for Portland cement and natural aggregates. Self-leveling mortar is extensively used in construction applications, such as floor leveling, repair, resurfacing, or adhesion. Yet, limited research has been carried out on enhancing this material’s sustainability. This paper aims to produce a geopolymer mortar produced with fly-ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (BFS), and desert dune sand. Geopolymer mortar samples were produced with different binder-to-sand (B:S), FA-to-slag (FA:BFS), and alkali-activator solution-to-binder (AAS/B) ratios. Alkaline solution was blended with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide with a molarity of 8 M (ratio of 1.5). Fresh and hardened properties of the developed self-leveling mortars were assessed. Experimental results showed that the flow, initial and final setting time, and 7-and 14-day compressive strength were in respective ranges of 17.3-40.3 cm, 21-155 minutes, 42-221 minutes, 6.0-70.3 MPa, and 5.2-78.7 MPa. Furthermore, an increase in FA:BFS, B:S, and AAS/B ratios enhanced flowability and prolonged setting time but reduced compressive strength at both ages. These research findings advocate the use of a self-leveling, cement-free geopolymer mortar to be utilized in various buildings and repair applications.

Varied Attributes of Jalapeño Pepper Cultivars Influence Fresh-cut Product Quality

During the past 40 years, the US fresh-cut product market has experienced a consistent increase in demand because consumers prioritize health and convenience. Increased interest in fresh-cut products and ready-to-eat vegetables has led to innovations in breeding, product selection, and packaging. However, despite the increased popularity of bell pepper and chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), research of fresh-cut jalapeño pepper is limited. This study was conducted to identify jalapeño cultivars that could be suitable as a raw fresh-cut product and explore measures beyond tissue membrane electrolyte leakage (EL) of processed products that may be useful for the identification of cultivars suitable for fresh-cut applications. A total of 22 fresh-cut parameters were examined across five cultivars of jalapeño peppers and 10 intercrosses of these cultivars, including visual quality based on an image analysis via a computer vision system, package headspace gas composition, tissue membrane EL, and texture. Based on our results, the genotypes were grouped into five clusters using a cluster analysis. Variables including tissue softening (r2 = 0.95), EL (r2 = 0.95), total energy of the mesocarp (r2 = 0.95), and package headspace carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure (r2 = 0.94) had strong associations with the cluster. A principal component analysis with biplots further confirmed the results. Cultivars Goliath and Emerald Fire and their hybrids in the first and second clusters showed good quality for fresh-cut applications. The fifth cluster, represented by a single cultivar, Jalapeño M, had the smallest physical size, rapid shelf-life decline, accumulated CO2 partial pressures, increased EL, and rapid tissue softening in comparison with the other genotypes. All jalapeño cultivars except Jalapeño M maintained good quality until day 14 postprocessing, and some maintained good quality until 21 days postprocessing. Hybrid crosses suggested that two of the cultivars evaluated, Goliath and Emerald Fire, were useful as parents when transferring superior fresh-cut quality traits to progeny. Traditionally, the EL level has been used as an index of freshness (or tissue deterioration). Our results showed that other quality analyses, including measurements of tissue softening via an imaging analysis, and physical analyses of tissue firmness can also be used as indices for the freshness of fresh-cut jalapeños. The results suggest that fruit size, wall thickness, and skin toughness might be useful as predictive measures in the field for the selection of jalapeño genotypes with superior fresh-cut quality.

Efficiency neglect: Why people are pessimistic about the effects of increasing population.

Efficiency neglect: Why people are pessimistic about the effects of increasing population.

Proposal of coefficients for performance analysis of reservoirs for rainwater storage

In Brazil, the existing regional disparity in water availability makes it essential to search for alternative solutions that guarantee the supply complies with water quality parameters, affordable cost and adaptation to local conditions and needs. Rainwater may satisfy these requirements. The existence, however, of numerous methods for sizing the reservoir of the system adds some subjectivity to the calculation of the storage volume and can lead to the determination of a storage value that does not meet the project's needs. In this context, this work aims to propose two coefficients, the Volumetric Idleness Coefficient (VIC) and the Volumetric Overflow Coefficient (VOC), which can be used as criteria for determining optimal volumes of reservoirs for rainwater storage. To this end, we considered three reservoir sizing methodologies, already existing in the literature, in different scenarios of catchment area and demand, with data from daily rainfall series of 37 years throughout the Brazilian territory. Additionally, an algorithm in Python was developed to obtain the values of these coefficients for the selected reservoir sizing methods for any point in Brazil, considering different scenarios of catchment area and demand. Results showed that the rainfall characteristics influence the values obtained for VIC and VOC, especially when the reservoirs are sized by a method that considers a water balance. Furthermore, an increase in demand in the catchment area causes a decrease in the values of both coefficients. Both coefficients presented in this article can be applied as reservoir sizing criteria through the comparative analysis between different sizing methods within a scenario since the method that allows a minimum coefficient is associated with an optimal reservoir volume, either for the project that aims to maximize the use of the useful storage volume (VIC) or maximize the use of the volume of water captured by the system (VOC).

The Changing Influence of Precipitation on Soil Moisture Drought With Warming in the Mediterranean and Western North America

AbstractAnthropogenic climate change has already affected drought severity and risk across many regions, and climate models project additional increases in drought risk with future warming. Historically, droughts are typically caused by periods of below‐normal precipitation and terminated by average or above‐normal precipitation. In many regions, however, soil moisture is projected to decrease primarily through warming‐driven increases in evaporative demand, potentially affecting the ability of negative precipitation anomalies to cause drought and positive precipitation anomalies to terminate drought. Here, we use climate model simulations from Phase Six of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to investigate how different levels of warming (1, 2, and 3°C) affect the influence of precipitation on soil moisture drought in the Mediterranean and Western North America regions. We demonstrate that the same monthly precipitation deficits (25th percentile relative to a preindustrial baseline) at a global warming level of 2°C increase the probability of both surface and rootzone soil moisture drought by 29% in the Mediterranean and 32% and 6% in Western North America compared to the preindustrial baseline. Furthermore, the probability of a dry (25th percentile relative to a preindustrial baseline) surface soil moisture month given a high (75th percentile relative to a preindustrial baseline) precipitation month is 6 (Mediterranean) and 3 (Western North America) times more likely in a 2°C world compared to the preindustrial baseline. For these regions, warming will likely increase the risk of soil moisture drought during low precipitation periods while simultaneously reducing the efficacy of high precipitation periods to terminate droughts.

Global potential nitrogen recovery from anaerobic digestion of agricultural residues

Meeting the anticipated 50% increase in global food demand by 2050 requires a crucial reassessment of agricultural practices, particularly in terms of nitrogen fertilizers inputs. This study analyzes the technical potential of nitrogen recovery from livestock manure and crop residues, bringing attention to the often-overlooked resource of digestate derived from anaerobic digestion. Our analysis highlights the significant capacity of the anaerobic digestion process, yielding approximately 234 ± 5 million metric tons (Mt) of nitrogen annually, sourced 93% from livestock manure and 7% from crop residues. Additionally, we estimated that substituting synthetic nitrogen with nitrogen from anaerobic digestion has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 70% (185 Mt CO2-eq yr−1). Lastly, 2.5 billion people could be sustained by crops grown using nitrogen from anaerobic digestion of manure and crop residues rather than synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. Although agricultural residues have double the technical potential of current synthetic nitrogen fertilizer production, 30% of croplands encounter difficulties in satisfying their nitrogen needs solely through crop residues and anaerobic digestion manure. This deficiency primarily results from inefficient reuse attributed to geographical mismatches between crop and livestock systems. This underscores the urgent need to reconnect livestock and cropping systems and facilitate the transport and reuse of manure in crop production. In conclusion, the mobilization of these large amounts of nitrogen from livestock manure and crop residues will require to overcome the nitrogen from anaerobic digestion green premium with incentives and subsidies.

Органические продукты питания: медико-социальный аспект.

The article presents current information on trends in the consumption of organic food products in the world, information from foreign studies on their impact on public health. The market for these food products has grown significantly since the late 20th century and today represents a multi-billion dollar industry with distinct production, processing, distribution and retail systems. The relevance of studying the prevalence of consumption of organic food products among the population of various countries is increasing due to the increase in the modern world of demand and motivation among social groups of the population, especially among adherents of a healthy lifestyle. The purpose of the study is to review and analyze modern scientific foreign literature on the development of the organic food market from the standpoint of health conservation and medical and social perspectives. As a result of the review, it was revealed that the understanding currently clearly manifested in various social circles of the need to improve the level of quality of health of the individual and the population as a whole, the demand for the production of safe, micronutrient-rich, healthy food products, especially products of plant origin, actualize the expansion of production organic food products. In many countries around the world, there is an increase in consumer demand for organic food products; their regular consumers are people, mainly women, who care about their health, are physically active, have a higher level of education and income, and live mainly in high-income countries. The certain high cost of organic food products, depending on labor-intensive production methods and certification costs, often leads to unequal access to organic food products. The positive impact of organic foods on health status and the risk of developing chronic diseases is associated with a higher content of biologically active compounds and a lower content of substances harmful to health. Overall, large intervention and population-based studies are needed on the health effects of organic foods, comparing the quality, safety, bioactive compounds, nutritional and phytochemical value of foods in conventional and organic production systems using new research methods.

The role of BRICS countries in the optimal low-carbon transition path for sustainable development

With the development of industrialization, greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activities, especially carbon dioxide emissions, continue to increase. The BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) account for a significant share of global carbon emissions. This study focuses on the BRICS countries as the subject of inquiry, employing carbon emission-related data spanning the temporal range from 2000 to 2020. This study systematically assesses the interrelationships among variables using the Pearson correlation analysis and Granger causality test. Variables exhibiting pronounced correlation and causality, as discerned from the analytical outcomes, are subsequently identified and selected for further examination. Use the GCAM (Global Change Assessment Model) to simulate the Rcp-ref scenario (baseline scenario) and the Rcp2.6 scenario (assuming that the temperature will not rise by 2 degrees Celsius), and compare the optimal paths of key variables in the two scenarios, and draw the following conclusions. (1) By the end of this century, the total carbon emissions of the BRICS countries under Rcp2.6 scenario will be 6139MTC less than those under Rcp-ref scenario. (2) Compared with the Rcp-ref scenario, in the Rcp2.6 scenario, the proportion of fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal in the main energy consumption significantly reduces, while the proportion of renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and biomass increases. It is worth noting that the proportion of nuclear is significantly rising. (3) The demand for electricity increases significantly in the Rcp2.6 scenario. This study reveals the specific directions for improving the energy structure of BRICS countries to achieve the global average temperature rise of no more than 2 degrees Celsius. It provides suggestions for the future policies of these countries' governments. In addition, BRICS countries should focus on observing changes in some factors, such as the increase in nuclear energy consumption and the increase in electricity demand. The reasons behind the changes in these factors are the direction of future research.

Performance evaluation of a wet air oxidation reactor with external circulation for high-chemical oxygen demand wastewater treatment

The presence of high-concentration organic contaminants in wastewater poses considerable risks to the health of both humans and ecosystems. Wet air oxidation (WAO) is an attractive treatment option, but current dilution and retreatment processes do not align with economic and environmental principles. Here we report an external circulation wet oxidation treatment process that utilizes oxidizing liquids to reduce feed concentration. By coupling energy consumption model with computational fluid dynamics model, we explore the optimal parameters for an industrial external circulation reactor. A 90 kt/a external circulation wastewater treatment system has been established, achieving a 21.6% increase in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency and a 34.8% reduction in energy consumption. These findings provide a promising pathway for the efficient, low-energy treatment of high-concentration organic wastewater while minimizing freshwater resource consumption.

Fresh and mechanical properties of ground granulated blast furnace slag-based concrete: A review

The surge in global urbanization and developmental activities has led to a significant increase in the worldwide demand for concrete. Cement composites, such as concrete and mortar, are among the world's most extensively used construction materials. Cement manufacturing accounts for about 90% of overall carbon footprints in concrete that leads to demand for alternate binding materials derived from industrial by-products. Steel manufacturing is one of the fastest expanding sectors in construction, resulting in massive slag creation. Slag, a solid waste generated during the extraction of iron from its ore, exhibits varying qualities determined solely by the cooling process employed. One of its forms, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS), has characteristics comparable to cement and hence it is a possible alternative. This study gives a comprehensive report on GGBFS as a cement substitute based on previously published research on the effect of GGBFS on various concrete qualities as well as its manufacture. The impact of GGBFS on concrete characteristics such as workability, setting time, flexural strength, compressive strength, and split tensile strength is explored in this study. It has been determined that integrating GGBFS up to a particular level successfully matches the characteristics of standard concrete. The current state-of-the-art evaluation aims to provide a consolidated, complete source that incorporates the general trends, discoveries, areas of study that require additional investigation, and prospective future applications of concrete based on GGBFS.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KERUGIAN PADA PELAKU USAHA JASA MAKE UP AKIBAT WANPRESTASI KONSUMEN

The Developments in the beauty industry are growing rapidly and various beauty trends are emerging as market demand increases. This article aims to examine the legal protection of business actors due to defaults committed by consumers. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive approach through case studies. Primary data was obtained from interviews with a number of makeup artists in Pidie Regency, Indonesia. While secondary data is obtained from a number of articles related to this research. The results show that legal protection of business actors is not going well, especially due to consumers who do not have good faith to pay for orders that have been ordered. For example, in the case experienced by Yolanda make up where she was supposed to get a payment of Rp. 600,000 for the engagement event according to the price list, but only received a payment of Rp. 300,000, meaning that the rest was not paid by the consumer because the reason was not as expected. In this case, normally, consumer protection has been established based on Law No.8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection (UUPK), but in law enforcement, disputes like this must be resolved personally by the parties, which often does not get an agreement.

Influence of Service Quality and Brand Image on Customer Satisfacation at BMR Tour And Travel Agent

Tourism development is increasingly rapid with many increasing tourism trends. The increasing development of tourism causes an increase in demand for tours usually carried out by Tour and Travel, with this increase the quality of service and brand image is needed to produce customer satisfaction. This research uses descriptive quantitative methods to determine the magnitude of the influence of variables (X), namely Service Quality and Brand Image and variable (Y), namely Customer Satisfaction, using a regression research design. The data obtained by 30 respondents was then tabulated and analyzed using multiple linear regression tests using the SPSS version 22.0 program. The results of the research on the influence of service quality and brand image on customer satisfaction showed that the F-test results obtained were an F count of 55,523, which states that all Service Quality and Brand Image variables simultaneously and significantly influence the dependent variable (Customer Satisfaction).

Assessing The Perceptions Of Teachers And Students On The Integration Of Technology-Enhanced Teaching And Learning In Secondary Schools In Dodoma City

The increase in demand for technology usage has influenced many sectors, including education. However, teachers’ and students’ perceptions have a great impact on the effectiveness of technology-enhanced teaching and learning. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess teachers’ and students’ perceptions of the use of technology-enhanced teaching and learning and find out if there was an association between teachers’ and students’ demographic characteristics and their perceptions of technology use in teaching and learning. A cross-sectional design was used to gather information from the field. Secondary school teachers and students in Dodoma City constituted the study population. 83 teachers and 393 students from 10 secondary schools were selected purposefully. The self-administered questionnaire was used to gather data from both categories (teachers and students). The data was analyzed by using percentages and statistical tests, including Chi-square goodness of fit and one-way ANOVA, to determine the association and relationship between teachers’ and students’ perceptions in relation to the selected demographic characteristics. The study found that teachers and students have positive perceptions of the use of technology in teaching and learning in public secondary schools. Furthermore, it was found that the education level of teachers, the class of students, and the age of teachers influenced the perceptions of the use of technology in teaching and learning. The study recommended that the government should ensure pieces of training for teachers, motivation, and a conducive environment for the use of technology in teaching and learning in secondary schools.

Exploring banana production in Africa for food security and economic growth—A short review

Food insecurity is a critical global issue, but it is far more visible and challenging to address in Africa. Millions of Africans suffer from hunger and malnutrition. Food security programs are an essential part of human survival, and for that to happen, food that is nutritious and safe must be readily available to people. A society that will be well fed requires not only a strong policy framework but also institutional reforms that promote production and make agriculture more attractive to young people. In this context, sustainable production of banana crops could play a critical role in Africa’s food security and advance economic growth. Bananas have an important position in human nutrition all over the world; they are a staple fruit consumed by many. A banana is a storehouse for minerals, vitamins, and carbohydrates and is regarded as a reserve of energy. It has a great prospect for foreign earnings through exports. The continuous growth in Africa’s population, with its attendant increase in food demands, calls for a radical transformation in its agricultural production system. There are land and human capital resources that could be engaged. The estimated cultivable land mass in Africa for banana production is estimated to be around 50 million hectares, with over 60% of its population below the age of 25. Africa could achieve a decent society that is free from the burden of hunger and attain economic prosperity by leveraging on massive banana production for local needs and exports. Bananas have enormous potential as a recipe for food security and economic prosperity if well harnessed.

Design and Performance Evaluation of Fuzzy Controller based Energy Storage Enabled Statcom for Electrical Distribution Network

In order to fulfill the demand for power, the production of locally accessible resources, such as solar and wind energy, has increased dramatically during the past ten years. Their integration into the distribution of electrical network (EDN) has affected the operation of the network. Variations in the real power flow and an increase in reactive power demand have impacted the EDN voltage/frequency profiles and distribution transformer strain. Hence to improve the voltage regulation and reduce the active power fluctuations, there is a need for a system network of electrical distribution (EDN). It has the ability to support both reactive and active power. Thus, the energy storage device with STATCOM is introduced i.e. an energy storage device linked to Statcom (EsSt) has been proposed in this paper. The Common Coupling Point (CCP) voltage can be adjusted by energy storage connected to Statcom (EsSt) to satisfy the amount of power required actively at EDN. The EsSt has an integrated battery storage system and may be controlled using a voltage source converter by employing the proper control strategy to deliver the necessary energy support and VAR compensation. The voltage at the dc-link has been integrated using DC-DC converter based half bridge. The use of conventional PI controllers provides poor transient response. To improve the transient performance, It is suggested that a fuzzy logic controller be used in place of the PI controller. Analysis of comparison using MATLAB. The rule-based fuzzy logic controller performs better than the PI controller, according to the Simulink environment.

Solving the economic load dispatch integrating clean energies in power system using Black Kite Algorithm

This research applies a novel meta-heuristic algorithm called the Black Kite Algorithm (BKA) to solve the economic load dispatch integrating the clean energies (CE-ELD) with the main objective of minimizing the overall fuel cost (OFC) of all thermal power generating sources (TPGSs). A 20-TPGS power system is used to conduct the whole research and assess the actual performance of the BKA. While solving the considered problem, wind and solar generating sources are both integrated into the power system. Besides, power loss caused by the transmission process and different levels of load demand ranging from 2500, 2600, to 2700 MW are employed. The results achieved by BKA in three cases of load demand are compared with another meta-heuristic algorithm, the Coati optimization algorithm. The comparison between the results of the two methods indicates that BKA is completely superior to COZ in all criteria, especially in reaching the best values of OFC and stability throughout the test runs, regardless of the noticeable increase in load demand. Mainly, BKA always requires fewer iterations to reach the best OFC value, resulting in a lower fluctuation of OFC values among the test runs. Based on these results and evaluations, BKA is acknowledged to be the robust and stable search method, and we highly recommend using BKA to solve optimizations such as the CE-ELD problem.