Increase In Debt Research Articles

MONITORING OF THE PUBLIC DEBT OF UKRAINE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MARITAL STATE

Abstract. Public debt exists as an economic and legal phenomenon in most countries of the world, as a rule, it is formed as a result of financing the deficit of the national budget. For countries with effective public debt management institutions, it is an engine of rapid economic development. In many countries, the creation of public debt is associated with the government's attempts to improve the socio-economic conditions of people's lives by modernizing infrastructure, developing education, science, health care, improving social welfare, etc. Public borrowing is a source of investment, a means of reducing the negative impact of external factors, and a fairly effective incentive that helps accelerate the growth of the country's economic potential. Thanks to borrowing, our country received additional resources to meet public needs, overcome а certain technological lag in national development, and outline prospects for economic growth. But on the other hand, such borrowings can become a debt burden, since the economic situation in the country does not allow for effective repayment of debts, which in turn only deepens the country's debt problem. Thus, the main problem of public borrowing, in our opinion, is a real threat of reliance on the state and creditors, which has a stable upward trend. In the conditions of war, national obligations, mainly to foreign countries, are growing rapidly. Inefficient management of public debt can lead to economic instability in countries. In our opinion, an increase in external public debt can lead to a decrease in the state authority of Ukraine in the international economic arena and cause mistrust and doubts about the state's ability to ensure the timely fulfillment of its financial obligations.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ КОНТРОЛЮ ДЕБІТОРСЬКОЇ ЗАБОРГОВАНОСТІ АВІАЦІЙНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ В УМОВАХ АНТИКРИЗОВОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ

The operating checking system does not provide sufficient information for determination of anti-crisis management measures and absence of structured and clearness in organization of control results in the biased idea about the state of debt and absence of effective terms of work with debtors, that assists the increase of hopeless debt, unstable financial state and loss of solvency of aviation enterprises. Thus, there is a requirement in the improvement of organization the internal control of account receivable and improvement of anti-crisis management measures in relation to it. A research aim is an improvement of organization the control of aviation enterprise account receivable and determination of its influence on measures of anti-crisis management. Methodological basis of research became the methods of dialectics, methods and principles of scientific cognition, instruments of economic analysis in relation to forming of certain methodologies of realization of control of account receivable and its intercommunication with anti-crisis management, that allow to accept correct administrative decisions in war and post-war periods with the aim of proceeding in potential of enterprises aviation to industry. The basic hypothesis of research became the supposition in relation to the possible providing of financial firmness of aviation enterprises by the improvement of organization of internal control of account receivable and creation of objective base for the acceptance of correct decisions from anti-crisis management. Exposition of basic material. In the article the state of organization the control of account receivable is investigational among the enterprises of aviation industry, the basic tendencies of changes are certain, organization of control the account receivable is improved, importance of the worked out measures is reasonable, its connection is marked with anti-crisis management and necessity of concordance its processes with control of account receivable. Originality and practical meaningfulness are confirmed by the offered measures in relation to the improvement of organization the control of account receivable, by its adaptation within the framework of activity of enterprises of aviation industry and its intercommunication with the processes of anti-crisis management. Conclusions and prospects of further researches. It is well-proven that the process of organization the control of account receivable appropriately to carry out, going out ranging of debtors after its solvency. A report is offered after the basic structural elements of control of account receivable and clear and structured organization of internal control is given, that allows positively influencing on forming of anti-crisis measures. Further researches will be sent to adaptation offered approach near organization of internal control of account receivable of enterprises of national economy recognition political and economic changes and state of environment of subjects of business activity according to the carried out measures of anti-crisis

Tax Cuts Impact on the Economy from the Perspective of Debt and Exchange Rate

In September of 2022, the newly inaugurated British Prime Minister, Liz Truss, introduced an ambitious policy involving significant tax cuts to stimulate the economy swamped by the COVID-19 pandemic. Regrettably, her ambitious plan eventually led to financial insolvency and catastrophically impacted on the UK's economic growth. Through the rigorous examination and analysis of data, this article primarily attributes her failure to the absence of consumer confidence and the outflow of capital, which were consequences of the substantial currency devaluation caused by the surging government debt. Then, the article draws comparisons between the UK's tax cut and successful case studies from the United States and China, which effectively managed the side effects of expansive tax cuts or similar policies that led to substantial increases in government debt. The findings argue that tax reduction policies cannot yield favorable outcomes unless they are the US with global currency status or in nations like China which can largely eliminate the currency devaluation by a governmental control on exchange rates.

Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Likuiditas, Struktur Aset, dan Pertumbuhan Penjualan Terhadap Struktur Modal pada Perusahaan Sektor Consumer Goods Industry yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2019-2022

This research aims to test and analyze the influence of profitability, liquidity, asset structure, and sales growth on capital structure in companies in the consumer goods industry sector. This type of research is quantitative research with a sample of companies in the consumer goods industry sector. The independent variables used in this research are profitability, liquidity, asset structure, and sales growth, while the dependent variable in this research is capital structure. The sample in this study was 32 companies using the purposive sampling technique. The data analysis method used is multiple regression analysis. Based on the results of research conducted with a sample of 32 companies, it can be concluded as follows: (1) The profitability variable has a significant positive influence on capital structure because the company is carrying out expansion which requires a lot of funds to encourage increased profits in the future. (2) The liquidity variable has a significant negative influence on capital structure because sector companies that have high liquidity means they can pay short-term debt, so they tend to reduce total debt, which ultimately will make the capital structure smaller. (3) The asset structure variable does not have an influence on the capital structure because most of the company's fixed assets are financed with the company's internal funds. An increase in fixed assets is not always followed by an increase in long-term debt. (4) The sales growth variable does not influence the capital structure because sales tend not to be supported by an efficient increase in the company's capital, resulting in operational costs that are too high

Market Consequences of Sovereign Accounting Errors

This paper investigates the market consequences of sovereign accounting errors, opening a new area of research on sovereign accounting quality in the accounting literature. Eurostat, a division of the European Commission, provides semiannual assessments of financial reports produced by the member states of the European Union (EU) and issues reservations that detail financial reporting errors. Using a sample of Eurostat reservation issuances across 28 EU countries from 2004 to 2018, we find that sovereign bond yields abnormally increase during a reservation announcement window, especially when a reservation explicitly mentions deficit or debt, when it quantifies the extent of the errors’ financial impact, or when the errors relate to recent fiscal data. Consistent with a home bias after the release of negative news, we find that domestic holdings of sovereign debt increase after the issuance of a reservation. Overall, our evidence suggests that sovereign accounting errors have significant market consequences and raises further questions for future research in sovereign accounting quality. This paper was accepted by Ranjani Krishnan, accounting. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.00724 .

Investigating the Relationship between Debt Burden Servicing and Infrastructural Development in Nigeria.

This study evaluates debt burden and servicing as it relates to infrastructural development in Nigeria for the period 1992-2021. The study embraced annual time-series data and employed the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) estimation techniques to examine the relationship between the variables. The findings revealed that there exist a positive and significant relationship between domestic debt and infrastructural development; as well as external debt and infrastructural development. The implication of the findings is that increases in domestic and external debt of the federal government leads to an increase in Infrastructural development. More so, a significant and strong relationship was established between infrastructural development, domestic debt, external debt and exchange rate, while all the dependent variables were found to be responsible for 81% variation in the state of infrastructural development in Nigeria. The study, therefore, concluded that domestic and external debt remains strong and active variables driving infrastructural development in Nigeria. It suggested that Public debt should be used for the purpose for which it was borrowed for and such, debts should be used on the basic infrastructural development that will help to improve on the business environment and economic output making for ease of repayment

The impact of small business on sustainable development in the Vuca- and Bani-worlds

The article is devoted to the presentation of scientific results of the author’s research and development of scenarios for the development of small business in Russia under the conditions of VUCA and BANI worlds. The authors analyze the impact of small business on the process of sustainable development. According to the results of the scientific publication it was argued that the life cycle of small business in Russia is in complex turbulent conditions resulting from the manifestation of VUCA-and BANI-factors and their multiplication as a result of overlapping each other: challenges and threats to sustainable economic development of the Russian Federation in conditions of global military and political turbulence and market fluctuations; the state policy of building a digital economy and scaling the activities of marketplaces; Chinese “soft” and “hard” power. The prospects of the scientific research are the analysis of possible effects of the established “black swans”: the collapse of the Eurozone due to the sharp increase in sovereign debts of the countries and deterioration of the financial state; the launch of the center of Islamic finance in Istanbul as a counterweight to the established world financial centers; the forcing by Russia and its allies (primarily China and India) of the processes of launching digital currencies and (or) the approval of a new single currency in contrast to the dollar and the euro.

Dívida corporativa de longo e curto prazo e incerteza da política econômica no Brasil

Abstract This article aimed to investigate the relationship between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and long- and short-term debt of Brazilian firms traded on the Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão (B3) stock exchange. The discrepancy in previous results raises questions about the current understanding of the relationship between debt and EPU. Separate analyses of long- and short-term debt provide different insights into how corporate decisions are affected. This discrepancy challenges our existing understanding of the complex dynamics between debt and EPU. The research sample consists of 163 Brazilian firms listed on the B3 between 2010 and 2019 on a quarterly basis. The baseline models considered long- and short-term debt as endogenous, taking into account firm and country characteristics. We employed a two-stage system generalized method of moments (GMM-sys) panel approach to deal with potential endogeneity in the estimates. As the debt market plays a crucial role in corporate valuation and performance, it is increasingly important to study the dynamics of long- and short-term corporate debt amidst the challenges triggered by the spread of EPU in the business environment. Clarifying how both long- and short-term debt perform under such pressure is particularly relevant since it reinforces already observed and potential implications for corporate adaptability in the use of external funds. The impact of this study lies in revealing the coexistence of firms’ cautious decisions in seeking representative funds and the conservative position for corporate investments regarding uncertainties that surround economic policy. The findings suggest that higher levels of EPU are associated with a decrease in the use of long-term debt and an increase in short-term debt. In response to increased EPU, companies tend to rely less on long-term debt and instead opt for increased use of short-term debt. These results hold consistently across different proposed specifications.

Что происходит с образовательной системой США?

The article examines a complex of different types of problems that the Joe Biden administration faced when pursuing a course in the field of education, identifies painful points in its system, shows the ratio of successes and failures in educational policy and the extent to which the White House has taken into account changes in the demand for graduates in the labor market USA and in the perception of young Americans about the value of a university. Higher education in this country is considered a source of pride and the key to unlocking the American Dream. American universities rank nineteenth out of the top thirty in the world’s university rankings, and nine of the most successful universities are located in this country. However, behind this facade lies the accumulation of financial, personnel, social and racial problems in educational institutions. An analysis is given of the decline in the attractiveness of college in the eyes of the younger generation of Americans, caused by some devaluation of the diploma on the labor market, the rising cost of education and the increase in student debt on loans. In turn, the factors for the high cost of education are: the cycle of supply and demand, inflation, bloated administrative, teaching staff and university staff, whose work is ultimately paid for out of the pockets of students and their parents. An alternative to college and university that offers a faster and much cheaper route to a career in the form of short-term online courses and technical education schools is becoming popular among a significant portion of the younger generation. A special section is devoted to the analysis of the political and intellectual movement called Critical Race Theory, which has penetrated the curriculum of schools and colleges in many American states and identified another line of division in American society.

The Influence of Working Capital Turnover and Debt to Equity Ratio on Return on Asset

The Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 caused the performance of the pharmaceutical subsector to fluctuate. From these results, it can be seen that the Return on Assets of pharmaceutical subsector companies has decreased and Working Capital Turnover has also decreased. The low working capital turnover was due to a decrease in current assets and an increase in current debt used to finance company projects. A low working capital turnover ratio means that working capital processing is not running well, whereas a high working capital turnover ratio means that the company's working capital is functioning effectively. This research aims to know the influence of Working Capital Turnover and debt-debt-equity ratio on Return on Assets in companies' subsector pharmacy period 2017-2022. Data analysis techniques used that is analysis Descriptive and Verifiable using the Assumption Test Classic, Multiple Linear Regression Test, Analysis Coefficient Correlation, Analysis Coefficient Determination, and Hypothesis Testing. The results of this research show that the Working Capital Turnover Variable has partially no influence on the Return on Assets and the Debt to Equity Ratio variable has Partial influential negatively on the Return on Assets Overall Simultaneous Working Capital Turnover and Debt to Equity Ratio affect the Return on Assets.

Uwarunkowania rozwoju stosunków finansowo-kredytowych krajów bloku radzieckiego z Zachodem w latach 80. XX wieku

Economic relations between Comecon countries led by the Soviet Union (communist bloc) and OECD countries (Western Europe, the USA, Canada and Japan) in the 1980s were characterized by deep stagnation in all areas of mutual cooperation. This was due to many negative factors interconnected in a short time. They were very diverse in terms of nature, range and durability of impact. The article contains an analysis of the development of the financial and credit relations of the Soviet bloc countries with the West in the 1980s in the existing political and economic conditions of East-West relations. The financial and credit dependence of the socialist countries was very clear and intense at that time. Its elimination or reduction as a result of the development of connections in other directions was only partially possible. Its negative impact also covered areas vital for individual economies. In addition, it was of a long-term nature, which made this type of dependence useful as an economic instrument for political purposes, both in the aspect of short-term and long-term pressure on the implementation of political intentions. When analyzing the entirety of East-West economic contacts, one cannot omit the problem of the debt of the Comecon countries, which largely determines the development of all areas of cooperation. In the 1980s, in Comecon-OECD credit relations, two trends clearly intersected: negative and positive. A negative trend was manifested in the increase in debt burdening the economies of many Central and Eastern European countries. This was caused by an increase in payment liabilities for servicing debts resulting from the postponement of loan repayment dates.

Consolidated Budgets of the Subjects of the Russian Federation in the First Half of 2023. Budget Risks are Increasing

The performance of the consolidated budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the first half of this year was characterized by real growth rates of income taxreceipts and only nominal growth personal income tax receipts.The increase in federal transfer receipts was partly determined by the financing of the budgets of the new regions of the Russian Federation. In addition to the growth of economic activity, the dynamics of own revenues of regional budgets in the first half of the year was influenced by factors such as the cancellation of income tax payments within consolidated groups of taxpayers and the accelerated procedure for personal income tax reimbursement.The growth of expenditures of regional budgets lagged behind the growth of revenues, but significantly outpaced last year’s figures, which resulted in a reduction in the surplus of subfederal budgets compared to the previous year. The trend towards an increase in the volume of state and municipal debt has continued against the background of an increase in debt to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. The growth of public debt is taking place both in relatively prosperous regions and in problematic ones. The reduction in the volume of debt obligations by individual subjects of the Russian Federation cannot yet change the overall picture. The approved law on the federal budget for 2024 and subsequent years assumes a reduction in federal support for regional budgets against the background of an increase in spending needs and contains significant risks for the execution of sub-federal budgets.

Debt and financial fragility: Italian non-financial companies after the pandemic

This paper analyses the evolution of debt of Italian firms from 2010 to 2020 with special focus on the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic. We use quantile regressions to assess the vulnerabilities of the most indebted firms. On average Italian non-financial companies (NFCs) reduced their indebtedness over the sample period, a trend which continued during the first year of the pandemic. By exploiting the high heterogeneity in the data, however, we find that the turmoil affected the most indebted firms for which the trend of declining indebtedness was reversed. Moreover, sectors that were suspended during the first lockdown already had the highest levels of the debt-to-assets ratios, and experienced the steepest increase in debt in 2020. Finally, our results show that highly indebted firms exhibit a qualitatively different behaviour compared to the rest of the sample. Excessive debt build-up severely increases the likelihood of non-financial companies exiting the market.

Powerful female CEOs and the capital structure of firms

This study examines the impact of female CEOs and their power on corporate debt usage. Adopting the framework of Finkelstein (1992), we distinguish different power dimensions to analyze a sample of 418 CEOs of non-financial U.S. listed firms over the time period of 2007–2015. We find that the leverage of firms run by female CEOs is not different from that of firms run by male CEOs. However, when firms experience a transition of male-to-female CEOs, we find some evidence of an increase in debt. Further analysis shows that the gender effect is associated with the type of power CEOs possess. Female CEOs with structural power (reflected by low frequency of board meetings) and prestige power (reflected by education from an elite university) tend to use more debt than their powerful male peers. We recommend that the gender effect needs to be studied together with the power CEOs hold.

The Current State and Future Outlook of the US Economy

The study examines the current state of the US economy after the interest rate increases implemented by the Federal Reserve from January 2022 to July 2023 to reduce the rise in inflation. Although the Federal Reserve has successfully reduced inflation during this time period, the thesis of this paper is that future interest rate increases would be damaging to the economy and result in a recession. The five key economic indicators reviewed to assess the current state of the economy are (1) national debt, (2) real GDP growth rate, (3) inflation, (4) interest rate yield curve, and (5) unemployment. The conclusion of the paper is that the US Federal Reserve would damage several components of the economy if interest rate increases continue into the future, and it would increase the likelihood of a recession. The benefit of continuing with this monetary policy would be to decrease inflation from 3% to the publicly stated target of 2%. However, costs associated with this would be significantly higher since it would result in an increase in the US national debt and annual budget deficit because the servicing costs of the debt would increase dramatically. This would have a major impact on the US economy and eventually lead to an economic downturn.

Debt limit on ruble-denominated loans to Russian non-financial organizations

Subject. The article considers debt on loans issued to Russian non-financial organizations in rubles. Objectives. The purpose is to determine debt limit on the said loans. Methods. The study rests on systems approach, using the method of statistical analysis. Results. The study revealed a significant increase in debt on ruble-denominated loans and acquired rights of claim on loans with floating or variable interest rate; loss of debt priority on ruble-denominated loans and acquired rights of claim on loans with fixed interest rate. The paper highlights peak values of difference in weighted average interest rates on ruble-denominated loans granted by credit institutions to non-financial organizations, for terms “up to 1 year”, including “demand loans”, and “over 1 year”. It also shows a significant decrease in the difference in turnovers. Conclusions. The revealed debt limit on ruble-denominated loans to Russian non-financial organizations, which, to a greater extent, is determined by the growth dynamics of debt on loans with a floating (variable interest rate) and the ability of monetary authorities to compensate for the increase in the debt of non-financial organizations by the growth of cash in circulation within the boundaries of a value benchmark, directs the government members to certain actions. The provisions of the study expand the competence of government members to form a set of measures to improve the efficiency of the Russian economy.

Public Debt and Impact on the Economy: The Case of Albania

The purpose of this article is to highlight the effect of public debt on the economy, and whether high budget deficits constitute a real threat to the economy. In general, governments refer to debt in order to cover the budget deficit or to realize the promised objectives and programs. It is not right to say that this or that government performed well or bad, just by referring to the debt figures, but must seeing it in relation to GDP growth, so the continuous increase in debt from one year to year is not a problem if the rates of GDP growth are much higher than the growth rates of the public budget. The government should pay attention of maintaining the balance between the sustainable growth of consumption maximization with the positive public debt, under these conditions we cannot say that today's debt is tomorrow's tax as debt and GDP can grow simultaneously. The methodology of this study consists in using the secondary data method, referring to different authors, statistics of state institutions and as well as non-state organizations. The government has impact on the dynamics of the economy in addition to others through its budget deficit and debt policies. Albania has a public debt of about 80% of GDP (acording to the latest report of the European Commission), while the economy is growing at a low rate, the government must take action to reduce the percentage of public debt to GDP, and to do that government should tray to stabilized GDP growth than intendet to reduce the debt. This is mainly achieved by stimulating the priority sectors of the economy, as well as by increasing the percentage of the expenditure on innovation and encouraging new enterprises, giving importance to the startups as well. The stability of the fiscal system makes it possible among other things to achieve the debt objectives on the other hand the correct use of the debt leads to the efficiency of Public Finances as well as in the efficiency of the country's economy.
 
 Received: 12 October 2023 / Accepted: 14 November 2023 / Published: 23 November 2023

Fiscal policy options for reducing informality in an economy with fiscal rules

We use a dynamic general equilibrium model to examine the effect of various fiscal policies in an economy with a large informal sector. More specifically, we simulate (i) a reduction of the tax rate on personal income and social security contributions and (ii) an increase in the efforts of the tax administration to uncover shadow activities in a model, calibrated to the Bulgarian economy. While both policies encourage total economic activity and discourage shadow practices, they worsen the inequalities in the economy. Due to the application of fiscal rules in the model, the tax cut leads to a permanent increase in public debt and lower public investment, while the strengthened control over tax collection has a negative impact on employment, but, nonetheless, does not deepen inequalities as much as the tax cut.

The influence of economic factors on the formation and development of banking law in the Austrian monarchy (second half of the 18th - mid-19th centuries)

The article analyzes the influence of economic factors on the formation and development of banking law in the Austrian monarchy (second half of the 18th - mid-19th centuries). It is noted that at the beginning of the 18th century. Austria was an agrarian country with a typical medieval economy, unadapted to changing realities, with weak fiscal and tax systems. The lack of reforms, excessive spending on the army, low tax revenues led to a constant increase in debt. The emerging situation forced the Austrian imperial court to seek answers to complex economic issues.
 It was established that the solution to the economic problems of the state took place within the framework of scientific discussions of the Austrian economic school, the roots of which go back to the 15th century. At first, its representatives were mainly Dominicans and Jesuits, teachers of theology in universities, who were the main centers of philosophical thought of that time. They substantiated cause-and-effect relationships, discovered and explained the laws of supply and demand, the causes of inflation, the subjective nature of economic value, etc. Austrian economists were defenders of property rights and free trade, and opposed price controls and restrictions that stifled entrepreneurship. The huge number of monetary transactions carried out on the Austrian market could not be fully regulated if the money accumulated by banks through deposits was not used.
 Itis shown that one of theimportant achievements of economists of the XVII-XVIII centuries. the introduction of a dynamic concept of competition, which is understood as an entrepreneurial process of rivalry, which moves the market and accelerates the development of civilization. This idea formed the basis of the Austrian market theory. Another fundamental element of Austrian economic thought was the principle of time superiority, according to which present goods, other things being equal, are valued higher than future ones.
 It was determined that banking activity in the Austrian monarchy was determined by the economic situation and directly depended on the political situation. The numerous wars that Austria waged during the period under study had a negative impact on the country's financial condition, forcing the government to take loans both from other states and from its own rich citizens. The period of the middle of the XVIII - the beginning of the XIX centuries. in the Habsburg monarchy was characterized by the instability of the financial system and the banking sector in particular. At that time, the regulation of the legal foundations of banking activity and the creation of the National Bank of Austria, designed to promote financial stability and economic development, occurred. However, the banking legislation had a number of shortcomings, the elimination of which fell on the second half of the 19th century.

On the Ricardian Equivalence Theorem in the Presence of Banks and a Reserve Requirement

We study the Ricardian Equivalence Theorem in the presence of a reserve requirement. Banks pay depositors the deposit rate and receive the borrowing rate on loans. Equivalence fails because the reserve requirement drives a wedge between the deposit and borrowing rates implying that government faces a different intertemporal tradeoff than savers. A tax cut financed by an increase in government debt causes an increase in savings but only increases the supply of loanable funds by a fraction because of the reserve requirement. This causes interest rates to rise and consumption to fall. We also show that if the central bank pays interest on reserves at the borrowing rate, the various rates are equal, however, equivalence still fails. The reason is that future taxes to pay down the debt must be higher for the central bank to pay interest and consumption will fall in response.