Increase In Channel Density Research Articles

Soot Distribution Characteristics and Its Influence Factors in Burner-Type Regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter

The burner-type regeneration diesel particulate filter is one of the most widely used diesel particulate filters. Using AVL FIRE, a 3D model of a burner-type regeneration diesel particulate filter (DPF) was established, and simulation analyses were carried out. The effects of the exhaust parameters (temperature, exhaust mass flow rate, and soot load) and the structural parameters (channel density, inlet/outlet channel ratio, and the length–diameter ratio) on soot distribution (soot mass concentration and soot thickness) were analyzed. The results show that the soot distribution characteristics of regenerative DPF with a burner are as follows: the soot mass concentration first rapidly rises to the maximum value and then rapidly decreases to a low value, and the dust thickness gradually increases with the increase in location. With the increase in exhaust mass flow rate and soot load, soot mass concentration and soot thickness increase. With the increase in temperature, the mass concentration and thickness of the ash decreased. When the temperature exceeds 750 K, soot begins to regenerate. Among the exhaust parameters, the mass flow rate of the exhaust has the greatest influence on the soot distribution. The length–diameter ratio, the ratio of the inlet and the outlet channel, and channel density have little effect on the mass concentration of soot, and the soot mass concentration increases with the increase in channel density. In addition to the length–diameter ratio of 2.1, the soot thickness increases with the increase in the length–diameter ratio, and the rising rate is also accelerated. The thickness of soot decreased with the increase in channel density and the ratio of the inlet and the outlet channels. When the channel density is more than 250, the change in soot thickness is basically the same. When the ratio of the inlet and the outlet channels exceeds 1.3, the change in the soot thickness is basically the same. Among the structural parameters, channel density has the greatest influence on the soot distribution.

Microgaskets for High-Channel-Density Reconnectable Implantable Packaging.

Demands for implantable bioelectronic devices to increase the number of channels for greater functional capacity and resolution, shrink implant size to minimize tissue response and patient burden, and support battery changes and electronics upgrades for long-term operational viability, cannot be met with existing implant-connector technology. In this paper we describe our novel approach to develop a rematable high-channel-density implant-connector technology, with a focus on the design, fabrication, and characterization of its microgasket. The microgaskets made of polydimethylsiloxane elastomer (PDMSe) have achieved much better electrical isolation for neural stimulation (~5 MΩ at 10 kHz) compared with conventional implant connectors (50 kΩ at 10 kHz), despite a 200-fold increase in channel density (conventional: ~0.0644 ch/mm2, microgasket: ~12.8 ch/mm2). The microgaskets also achieved high electrical isolation for neural recording (i.e., ~35 MΩ at 1 kHz) at the same high channel density. When mechanically compressed the microscale vias in the PDMSe microgaskets deform laterally, which could damage or enhance gasket-traversing conductive spring elements in each microscale via depending on their design. We have demonstrated that by lowering the height-to-width aspect ratio of the gasket vias, they can maintain their shape under clamping pressures high enough to achieve high isolation.

High spatial density is associated with non-conducting Kv channels from two families

Ion channels are well known for their ability to regulate the cell membrane potential. However, many ion channels also have functions that do not involve ion conductance. Kv2 channels are one family of ion channels whose non-conducting functions are central to mammalian cell physiology. Kv2.1 and Kv2.2 channels form stable contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane via an interaction with endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins. To perform this structural role, Kv2 channels are expressed at extremely high densities on the plasma membranes of many cell types, including central pyramidal neurons, α-motoneurons, and smooth muscle cells. Research from our lab and others has shown that the majority of these plasma membrane Kv2.1 channels do not conduct potassium in response to depolarization. The mechanism of this channel silencing is unknown but is thought to be dependent on channel density in the membrane. Furthermore, the prevalence of a non-conducting population of Kv2.2 channels has not been directly tested. In this work we make improved measurements of the numbers of conducting and non-conducting Kv2.1 channels expressed in HEK293 cells and expand the investigation of non-conducting channels to three additional Kv α-subunits: Kv2.2, Kv1.4, and Kv1.5. By comparing the numbers of gating and conducting channels in individual HEK293 cells, we found that on average, only 50% of both Kv2.1 and Kv2.2 channels conducted potassium and, as previously suggested, that fraction decreased with increased channel density in the plasma membrane. At the highest spatial densities tested, which are comparable with those found at Kv2 clusters in situ, only 20% of Kv2.1 and Kv2.2 channels conducted potassium. We also show for the first time that Kv1.4 and Kv1.5 exhibit density-dependent silencing, suggesting that this phenomenon has an underlying mechanism that is shared by Kv channels from multiple families.

Thin-film microfabrication and intraoperative testing of µECoG and iEEG depth arrays for sense and stimulation

Objective. Intracranial neural recordings and electrical stimulation are tools used in an increasing range of applications, including intraoperative clinical mapping and monitoring, therapeutic neuromodulation, and brain computer interface control and feedback. However, many of these applications suffer from a lack of spatial specificity and localization, both in terms of sensed neural signal and applied stimulation. This stems from limited manufacturing processes of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) arrays unable to accommodate increased channel density, higher channel count, and smaller contact size. Approach. Here, we describe a manufacturing and assembly approach using thin-film microfabrication for 32-channel high density subdural micro-electrocorticography (µECoG) surface arrays (contacts 1.2 mm diameter, 2 mm pitch) and intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) depth arrays (contacts 0.5 mm × 1.5 mm, pitch 0.8 mm × 2.5 mm). Crucially, we tackle the translational hurdle and test these arrays during intraoperative studies conducted in four humans under regulatory approval. Main results. We demonstrate that the higher-density contacts provide additional unique information across the recording span compared to the density of COTS arrays which typically have electrode pitch of 8 mm or greater; 4 mm in case of specially ordered arrays. Our intracranial stimulation study results reveal that refined spatial targeting of stimulation elicits evoked potentials with differing spatial spread. Significance. Thin-film, μECoG and iEEG depth arrays offer a promising substrate for advancing a number of clinical and research applications reliant on high-resolution neural sensing and intracranial stimulation.

Rapid development of application-specific flexible MRI receive coils

Over the last 30 years, there have been dramatic changes in phased array coil technology leading to increasing channel density and parallel imaging functionality. Current receiver array coils are rigid and often mismatched to patient’s size. Recently there has been a move towards flexible coil technology, which is more conformal to the human anatomy. Despite the advances of so-called flexible surface coil arrays, these coils are still relatively rigid and limited in terms of design conformability, compromising signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for flexibility, and are not designed for optimum parallel imaging performance. The purpose of this study is to report on the development and characterization of a 15-channel flexible foot and ankle coil, rapidly designed and constructed using highly decoupled radio-frequency (RF) coil elements. Coil performance was evaluated by performing SNR and g-factor measurements. In vivo testing was performed in a healthy volunteer using both the 15-channel coil and a commercially available 8-channel foot coil. The highly decoupled elements used in this design allow for extremely rapid development and prototyping of application-specific coils for different patient sizes (adult vs child) with minimal additional design consideration in terms of coil overlap and geometry. Image quality was comparable to a commercially available RF coil.

Statistically Reconstructed Multiplexing for Very Dense, High-Channel-Count Acquisition Systems.

Multiplexing is an important strategy in multichannel acquisition systems. The per-channel antialiasing filters needed in the traditional multiplexing architecture limit its scalability for applications requiring high channel density, high channel count, and low noise. A particularly challenging example is multielectrode arrays for recording from neural systems. We show that conventional approaches must tradeoff recording density and noise performance, at a scale far from the ideal goal of one-to-one mapping between neurons and sensors. We present a multiplexing architecture without per-channel antialiasing filters. The sparsely sampled data are recovered through a compressed sensing strategy, involving statistical reconstruction and removal of the undersampled thermal noise. In doing so, we replace large analog components with digital signal processing blocks, which are much more amenable to scaled CMOS implementation. The resulting statistically reconstructed multiplexing architecture recovers input signals at significantly improved signal-to-noise ratios when compared to conventional multiplexing with antialiasing filters at the same per-channel area. We implement the new architecture in a 65536-channel neural recording system and show that it is able to recover signals with performance comparable to conventional high-performance, single-channel systems, despite a more than four-orders-of-magnitude increase in channel density.

A novel high performance LDMOS transistor with high channel density

In this paper, we propose a novel high channel density LDMOS transistor (HCD-LDMOS) with low specific on-resistance and high transconductance. This is achieved primarily through increased channel density to improve transistor performance via the creation of a U-shaped structure. The channel density is significantly increased when one extra etching process is added to create the U-shaped structure, resulting in a 68.42% reduction in specific on-resistance compared with a conventional structure (C-LDMOS). In addition, the gate control over the channel of the HCD-LDMOS is improved, and a marked increase in the peak transconductance value is achieved. Another key advantage is the lower electron temperature relative to the C-LDMOS. Using the U-shaped formation of the HCD-LDMOS structure, increases the uniformity of the electric field. This smoothing effect leads to a reduction in electron temperature and greater device reliability. The only difference between the C-LDMOS and the proposed structure is the addition of one extra etching process.

A Missense Mutation in the Extracellular Domain of αENaC Causes Liddle Syndrome.

Liddle syndrome is an autosomal dominant form of hypokalemic hypertension due to mutations in the β- or γ-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). Here, we describe a family with Liddle syndrome due to a mutation in αENaC. The proband was referred because of resistant hypokalemic hypertension, suppressed renin and aldosterone, and no mutations in the genes encoding β- or γENaC. Exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous, nonconservative T>C single-nucleotide mutation in αENaC that substituted Cys479 with Arg (C479R). C479 is a highly conserved residue in the extracellular domain of ENaC and likely involved in a disulfide bridge with the partner cysteine C394. In oocytes, the C479R and C394S mutations resulted in similar twofold increases in amiloride-sensitive ENaC current. Quantification of mature cleaved αENaC in membrane fractions showed that the number of channels did not increase with these mutations. Trypsin, which increases open probability of the channel by proteolytic cleavage, resulted in significantly higher currents in the wild type than in C479R or C394S mutants. In summary, a mutation in the extracellular domain of αENaC causes Liddle syndrome by increasing intrinsic channel activity. This mechanism differs from that of the β- and γ-mutations, which result in an increase in channel density at the cell surface. This mutation may explain other cases of patients with resistant hypertension and also provides novel insight into ENaC activation, which is relevant for kidney sodium reabsorption and salt-sensitive hypertension.

Low ON-Resistance SiC Trench/Planar MOSFET With Reduced OFF-State Oxide Field and Low Gate Charges

We propose a SiC trench/planar MOSFET (TP-MOS) which features a trench channel and a planar channel in one half-cell. Numerical simulations with Sentaurus TCAD have been carried out to study the proposed device architecture. Compared with traditional planar MOSFET (P-MOS), the TP-MOS has a much lower ${R} _{\mathrm {ON}}$ owing to the increased channel density. Unlike traditional trench MOSFET (T-MOS) which enables a higher channel density at the price of a high bottom-oxide field in the high-voltage OFF-state, the TP-MOS features bottom p-bases as in the P-MOS that protect the gate oxide from high electric field. The OFF-state oxide field in the TP-MOS is found to be even lower than the P-MOS. In addition, the TP-MOS boasts a low feedback capacitance ( ${C} _{\mathrm {rss}})$ and gate-to-drain charge ( ${Q} _{\mathrm {GD}})$ , since the coupling between the gate and the drain is suppressed by the collective effects of the top p-bases and the bottom p-bases. The ${Q} _{\mathrm {G}}$ of the TP-MOS is nearly the same as the P-MOS, and is much smaller than the T-MOS. Superior figures of merit ( ${Q} _{\mathrm {G}}\times {R} _{\mathrm {ON}}$ and ${Q} _{\mathrm {GD}}\times {R} _{\mathrm {ON}})$ are achieved in the TP-MOS.

The evolution of vertebrate and invertebrate myelin: a theoretical computational study.

Multilayered, lipid-rich myelin increases nerve impulse conduction velocity, contributes to compact nervous systems, and reduces metabolic costs of neural activity. Based on the hypothesis that increased impulse conduction velocity provides a selective advantage that drives the evolution of myelin, we simulated a sequence of plausible intermediate stages of myelin evolution, each of which providing an enhancement of conduction speed. We started with the expansion of insulating glial coverage, which led first to a single layer of myelin surrounding the axon and then to multiple myelin wraps with well-organized nodes. The myelinated fiber was modeled at three levels of complexity as the hypothesized evolutionary progression became more quantitatively exacting: 1) representing the fiber as a mathematically-tractable uniform active cylinder with the effect of myelination approximated by changing its specific capacitance (C(m)); 2) representing it as a chain of simple, cable-model compartments having alternating nodal and internodal parameters subject to optimization, and 3) representing it in a double cable model with the axon and myelin sheath treated separately. Conduction velocity was optimized at each stage. To maintain optimal conduction velocities, increased myelin coverage of axonal surface must be accompanied by an increase in channel density at the evolving nodes, but along with increases in myelin thickness, a reduction in overall average channel density must occur. Leakage under the myelin sheath becomes more of a problem with smaller fiber diameters, which may help explain the tendency for myelin to occur preferentially in larger nerve fibers in both vertebrates and invertebrates.

Design-in Reliability for Modern Wavelength-division Multiplex (WDM) Distributed Feedback (DFB) InP Lasers

Due to the increasing channel density in WDM network, the reliability requirement of each channel has become increasingly stringent. To meet the stringent WDM reliability requirement, it is necessary to achieve stable threshold current and wavelength over time. In this paper, we study the design-in reliability of DFB InP lasers involving the controlling parameters such as p-metal contact, epitaxial regrowth interface, substrate quality and laser cavity length. We will discuss the influence of each parameter and physical mechanism. We demonstrate significant reliability improvement with incorporation of design and process optimization. We also discuss the correlation of reliability degradation and wavelength drift.

Construction and Test of a Prototype Chamber for the Upgrade of the ATLAS Muon Spectrometer

Abstract Monitored drift tube chambers are used as precision tracking detectors in the muon spectrometer of the ATLAS experiment at the LHC at CERN. These chambers provide a spatial resolution of 35 μm and a tracking efficiency of close to 100% up to background rates of 0.5 kHz/cm 2 , the former being limited at higher rates mainly due to space-charge effects and the latter due to the maximum drift time of 700 ns. For LHC upgrades, a faster drift tube chamber has been developed, using drift tubes with a diameter of 15 mm instead of 30 mm. The increased channel density and shorter drift time of about 200 ns raise the rate capability to about 10 kHz/cm 2 , while retaining the spatial resolution. A prototype chamber with trapezoidal shape consisting of 2 x 8 layers of 15 mm diameter drift tubes with an active surface of 0.8 m 2 has been constructed. The prototype chamber has been tested at CERN with a 180 GeV muon beam at a SPS beam line and with cosmic ray muons at the Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) at high γ radiation rates.

Efficient multichannel coil data compression: A prospective study for distributed detection in wireless high-density arrays

Wireless links have been proposed to connect magnetic resonance (MR) array receiver coils to the rest of the system to eliminate the safety and cross-talk issues encountered using coaxial cables. Analog transmission methods are unsuited because of limited dynamic range and noise figure; therefore, fully independent individual digital receiver modules must be developed. Limited data rates supported by wireless links restrict the number of coil channels that can be transmitted to well below those of the state-of-the-art high-density arrays that would benefit the most from wireless technology. Two independent methods of compressing MR data prior to transmission are presented that when combined can readily reduce it to one-third or less of the original amount with negligible impact on image quality parameters such as artifact power (AP) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). These conservative results were obtained from arrays of six to 16 channels which is typical of today's clinical systems and show that compression efficiency improves with increasing channel density. Simulated and experimental 2D spiral data acquired from a standard head array at 3 tesla was used to evaluate AP as a function of compression by off-line processing. Spectral compression reduces the acquired data by up to 45% using dynamic demodulation, filtering and decimation. Dynamic range compression followed by bit-depth reduction further reduces the data by up to 37.5% without visible image artifacts. Image SNR improves 1–25% at the periphery of the field-of-view (FOV) due to spectral compression, while dynamic range compression results in a uniform SNR gain of 4–8% over the whole FOV. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 39B: 64–77, 2011

Methods for Estimation of Optical Fiber Non-Linearity Using Self-Phase Modulation Effect

Methods for Estimation of Optical Fiber Non-Linearity Using Self-Phase Modulation Effect Due to ever increasing channel density in WDM systems the nonlinear optical effects in fibers become a limiting factor for the high-speed data transmission, which necessitates determination of such important characteristic as the coefficient of optical nonlinearity. To measure it, two methods are proposed: continuous wave self-phase modulation (CW-SPM) and pulse phase self-modulation (P-SPM). The research work has been carried out both in the form of calculations and experimentally, taking as wavelength the central one from the third optical transparency window, λ = 1550 nm. Based on the OptSim 5.2 simulations and experimental results, the sought-for nonlinear coefficients have been calculated. In the paper, comparative analysis and estimation of the results are performed for two different optical fibers.

Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo-Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) explain their success before and after the end-Permian extinction?

Dicynodonts were the most diverse and abundant herbivorous therapsids of the Permo-Triassic. They include Lystrosaurus, one of the few taxa known to survive the end-Permian extinction and the most abundant tetrapod during the Early Triassic postextinction recovery. Explanations for the success of Lystrosaurus and other dicynodonts remain controversial. This study presents an assessment of dicynodont growth patterns using bone histology, with special focus on taxa associated with the end-Permian extinction event. Bone histological analysis reveals a high cortical thickness throughout the clade, perhaps reflecting a phylogenetic constraint. Growth rings are absent early in ontogeny, and combined with high vascular density, indicate rapid, sustained growth up to the subadult stage. Extraordinarily enlarged vascular channels are present in the midcortex of many dicynodonts, including adults, and may have facilitated a more efficient assimilation of nutrients and rapid bone growth compared to other therapsids. Both increased channel density and enlarged vascular channels evolved at or near the base of major radiations of dicynodonts, implying that the changes in growth and life history they represent may have been key to the success of dicynodonts. Furthermore, this exceptionally rapid growth to adulthood may have contributed to the survival of Lystrosaurus during the end-Permian extinction and its dominance during the postextinction recovery period.

Design, Implementation and Validation of an Open Source IP-PBX/VoIP Gateway Multi-Core SoC

The telephony world is consistently moving to the transmission of voice through packet networks, so as to unify data and voice and to enable the provisioning of new services in a less costly manner. Service providers are offloading the task of converting analog voice to VoIP to the end-points. In this paper we present an IP-PBX/VoIP Gateway system based on a single, multi-core SoC that performs all the required processing. The system targets the low density market of home gateways and SME IP-PBXs, where cost is the main factor. We prove it is feasible to implement a 4-channel IP-PBX/VoIP gateway on a SoC based purely on both software and hardware provided by the open-source community, reducing both upfront and final product costs thus allowing new players into the market. The highly configurable design allows the integration of multiple embedded cores in the same die increasing channel density while reducing clock cycles per channel. The idea of using one or more open-source embedded cores can be extended to many different applications requiring moderate DSP performance, resulting in a “DSP-free”, low-cost system, with minimal design effort.

Abstract 1527: Lipopolysaccharides Up-regulate Kir6.1/SUR2B Channel Expression And Enhance Vascular K ATP Channel Activity Through NF-κB And PKA Pathways

Septic shock, characterized by vasodilatation and hyporeactivity to vasoconstrictors, is a major cause of death. Recent studies have shown that an ATP-sensitive K + (K ATP ) channel plays a critical role in septic susceptibility. However, the mechanisms underlying K ATP channel responses to sepsis are still unclear. Thus, we performed these studies to demonstrate how the vascular K ATP channel changes its activity and expression with an exposure to lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a major septic pathogen. In isolated rat mesenteric arterial rings, phenylephrine (PE) induced concentration-dependent vasoconstriction. At the maximum effect, pinacidil, a selective K ATP channel opener, relaxed the rings almost completely. The PE response was almost completely lost after a pretreatment with LPS (1μg/ml) overnight. The LPS treatment produced hyperpolarization of acutely dissociated aortic smooth myocytes. Consistently, LPS treatment augmented K ATP channel activity via increasing channel density in plasma membranes in these cells. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that LPS stimulated Kir6.1 and SUR2B expressions in a dose-dependent manner. LPS in 0.01 μg/ml raised Kir6.1 mRNA expression by ~1.8-folds (P<0.01, n=8). Stronger effects were seen with higher concentrations (by 2.5 and 3.0-folds with 0.1 and 1 μg/ml LPS, respectively). SUR2B expression also increased dose-dependently, though to a less degree. The LPS-induced expression of Kir6.1 and SUR2B subunits was suppressed by actinomycin D (2 μg/ml) and actidione (2 μg/ml), suggesting both transcriptional and translational mechanisms are involved. The effect of LPS on Kir6.1 and SUR2B expression was diminished by a pretreatment with the selective NF-κB inhibitors dimethyl fumarate (0.1 mM) or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (0.1 mM). Furthermore, the specific PKA blockers Rp-cAMP (100 μM) or KT5720 (1 μM) suppressed LPS-induced Kir6.1 and SUR2B expression. These results therefore suggest that K ATP channel activity is enhanced with LPS exposure leading to hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscles and vasodilation, and such an effect involves up-regulation of Kir6.1 and SUR2B expressions, in which NF-κB and PKA-dependent intracellular signaling pathways may play a role.

USP10: the nexus between nexin and vasopressin

from the time electrophysiological tools became available to renal physiologists, tissues have been bombarded with a variety of hormones and pharmacological compounds to investigate their role in “salt and water transport.” The investigations into the actions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on a

Sensing tension: epithelial sodium channel/acid-sensing ion channel proteins in cardiovascular homeostasis.

The epithelial sodium (Na+) channel (ENaC) plays a critical role in blood pressure regulation by controlling renal salt and water reabsorption. Channel overactivity can lead to severe hypertension and underactivity to salt wasting and hypotension.1 In addition to their role in salt/water homeostasis, recent studies suggest that ENaC proteins, and their relatives, the acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) proteins, may play more ubiquitous roles in cardiovascular regulation than considered previously. Recent evidence suggests that ENaC/ASIC proteins may act as mechanosensors and chemosensors in the cardiovascular system. ENaC/ASIC proteins are expressed in mechanosensing and chemosensing tissues, such as vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), carotid body glomus cells, and sensory neurons innervating arterial baroreceptors, heart, and skeletal muscle. Disruption of the ENaC/ASIC channels alters myogenic constriction, arterial chemoreceptor and baroreceptor responses, and acid-induced responses in heart and skeletal muscle. This brief review summarizes the evidence supporting a role for ENaC and ASIC proteins in diverse systems of cardiovascular mechanosensing and chemosensing. Together, these studies suggest that ENaC/ASIC proteins contribute to cardiovascular homeostasis by mediating neural and local regulatory mechanisms. ENaC and ASIC proteins are members of a protein family termed the degenerin (DEG)/ENaC/ASIC family. Members of this family are expressed in a wide range of species (nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , Drosophila , and mammals) and participate in diverse biological functions, including neurodegeneration, acid sensation, taste, learning and memory, proprioception, Na+/water transport, and mechanosensation. All of the members of the DEG/ENaC/ASIC family share a highly conserved structure: intracellular N and C termini and 2 membrane-spanning domains separated by a large extracellular domain. Most DEG/ENaC/ASIC proteins form amiloride sensitive, nonvoltage, gated cation channels.1,2 ### C elegans DEGs Members were first identified in the nematode, where a chemically induced mutation caused a subset of neurons to swell and lyse. This phenotype led to the first …

High-pitch metal-on-glass technology for pad pitch adaptation between detectors and readout electronics

Modern High Energy Physics and Astrophysics strip detectors have increased channel density to levels in which their connection with the readout electronics has become very troublesome due to high pad pitch. Also, direct wire bonding is prevented by the fact that typically detector's pad pitch and electronics' pad pitch do not agree. A high pitch metal-on-glass technology is presented, that allows pad pitch adaptation between detectors and readout electronics. It consists of high density metal lines on top of an insulating glass substrate. A photoresist layer is deposited covering the metal tracks for passivation and protection The technology is tested for conductivity, bondability, bonding pull force, peel of, and radiation hardness, and it is an established technology in the clean room of the CNM Institute in Barcelona. This technology has been chosen by the ATLAS Collaboration for the pad pitch adapters of the SCT Endcap Modules, by the Compton Camera Collaboration, and by other REP experiments for the interconnection between detectors and readout electronics.