Increasing Carbonization Temperature Research Articles

Influencing mechanism on sensitivity of carbonized fabric strain sensors and modification of bridge-connection model: Comparison of three silk woven structures

Given the great potential of carbonized fabric strain sensors in wearable devices, carbonized silk fabrics (CSF) with three characteristic woven structures including georgette (CSF-g), crepe de chine (CSF-c) and crepe satin plain (CSF-p) were employed to investigate the dependence of gauge factor (GF) on two critical parameters: initial resistance (R0) and resistance change (ΔR). The results showed that increasing carbonization temperature can effectively reduce R0 and increase GF of CSF-g, but has little effect on CSF-c and CSF-p. It was further found that the GF of both CSF-c and CSF-p were dominated by ΔR related to the crack propagation path, i.e. high sensitivity CSF was typically accompanied by dense “islands” and fine gaps, while low sensitivity CSF was accompanied by wide cracks and sparse “islands”. Accordingly, a modified bridge connection model was proposed to elucidate the relationship between crack morphology and resistance variation. This model successfully achieved continuous exponential fitting of resistance with admirable fitting goodness. Finally, the prepared sensor exhibited an ultra-high GF (916.5) and was well applied in health monitoring and thermal treatment. These efforts put forward guidance to the design and fabrication of ultrasensitive CSF strain sensors.

Activated carbon from waste fabrics as a catalyst for NaBH4 methanolysis

Hydrogen energy is attractive as a sustainable and clean energy. Chemical hydrides are being studied as a solution to the transportation and storage problems of hydrogen. Hydrogen can be produced by methanolysis reaction of sodium borohydride on a suitable catalyst. For this purpose, metal catalysts with high catalytic activity are generally used. Despite their high catalytic activity, the environmental impact and cost of metal-containing catalysts has led to increased interest in synthesizing metal-free catalysts. Activated carbons are advantageous materials for metal-free catalyst applications. In recent years, industrial wastes have attracted much attention for the synthesis of sustainable materials for activated carbon preparation. In this study, activated carbons are produced from waste fabrics by chemical activation method using H3PO4 and KOH chemical agents at different impregnation ratios (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 % w:w) and different carbonization temperatures (400, 500, 600°C for H3PO4 and 600, 700, 800°C for KOH). These carbons are used as catalysts for hydrogen production and their catalytic activity is evaluated based on hydrogen generation rate (HGR). Therefore, the effect of different conditions used in the preparation of activated carbon was investigated to determine its impact on HGR. The increase in carbonization temperature decreases the HGR value of the catalyst. The increase in acid concentration increases the HGR value. The highest HGR value is obtained as 39600 mL/(min.gcat) with YKK1–800 activated carbon. Once the carbon with high activity is identified, the effect of reaction conditions such as NaBH4, methanol, catalyst amount, and temperature on HGR is investigated. The catalytic activities of the prepared activated carbons in NaBH4 electrooxidation are also investigated. YKK3–700 activated carbon shows the highest catalytic activity at 1.91 mA/cm2 at −0.63 V peak potential. This result is promising for the use of metal-free catalysts for direct sodium borohydride fuel cells.

Effect of Carbonization Temperature on the Structure of Pitch Carbon and Its Low-temperature Lithium Storage Properties

Introduction: Lithium-ion batteries were one of the most promising battery systems for electric vehicles. Currently, lithium-ion batteries are required to have higher energy density and cycle stability. The traditional graphite negative electrode cannot meet the requirements. Pitch has many advantages such as wide source, low cost, high carbon residue rate and easy graphitization, as a carbon precursor has been widely used in lithium-ion battery anode and anode materials. Method: In this paper, pitch carbon was prepared by carbonization at different temperatures and studied. Result: The results showed that with the increase of carbonization temperature, the interlayer spacing decreased gradually, the degree of amorphousness decreases gradually, the specific surface area and pore volume also decrease gradually, the initial coulombic efficiency and capacity retention increased, and the discharge-specific capacity decreased. Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) tests show that there are two main mechanisms of lithium ions intercalation in the material, surface adsorption and interlayer intercalation. Conclusion: The difficulty of diffusion of lithium ions between pitch carbon layers at low temperatures is the main reason for the decrease of its capacity at low temperature. The carbon material obtained by carbonization of pitch at 800℃ has the best low temperature performance, with discharge specific capacities of 335, 272, 232 and 187mAh/g at 25, 0, -20 and -40℃, of which 55.8% of the discharge specific capacity at room temperature can be retained at -40℃. The amorphous carbon material has certain low temperature charge-discharge performance.

Synthesis of centrifugally spun polyacrylonitrile-carbon fibers

This work demonstrates the carbonization of centrifugally spun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers. Initially, the optimal centrifugal spinning conditions for producing homogeneous PAN fibers were identified. Second, the process continued by stabilization and carbonization of PAN to ensure a pure carbonaceous fiber material by eliminating all non-carbonaceous matter. The spun PAN fibers were stabilized at 240 °C in air at a heating rate of 1 °C/min, then carbonized between 600 and 1200 °C in argon at 5 °C/min. After carbonization, the fibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy (RS). The SEM results showed that by increasing the carbonization temperature, the prolonged elimination of other functional groups resulted in the formation of thinner carbon fibers. FTIR spectra of PAN fibers revealed that the peaks associated with C≡N bonds were substantially reduced and C–H bonds were eliminated in the fibers during the stabilization. These reductions are attributed to the cyclization of nitrile groups and the stabilizing process, and increasing carbonization temperatures resulted in flatter FTIR curves, supporting the findings. According to XRD, the structure of PAN was disturbed, as desired, and carbonization led to the formation of broad bumps resulting from amorphous carbon. Raman investigations found that increasing the carbonization temperature from 600 to 1200 °C resulted in no significant R values, suggesting that all fibers had no structural ordering. The study results could be used in many other areas, such as the fabrication of electrodes, supporting catalytic reactions, filter media, and energy.

Hydrothermal carbonization of vegetable-tanned leather shavings (HTC-VTS) for environmental remediation: optimization of process conditions.

Herein, the response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to study simultaneously the effects of carbonization temperature, residence time and moisture content on the activated hydrochar preparation-based vegetable-tanned leather shavings (VTS) using hydrothermal carbonization method (HTC). Owing to the desirability chosen, three responses were analysed, namely: the hydrochar yield, iodine and methylene blue numbers. The analysis of experimental results revealed that the hydrochar yield was decreased with increase in carbonization temperature which led to micropores formation inside the hydrochar network. The optimal preparation conditions retained were: 83.10%, 390.44 mg g-1 and 259.63 mg g-1 for the hydrochar yield, iodine and methylene blue number respectively. The hydrochar micrograph showed the presence of external pores, whereas the FTIR analysis recorded the presence of acidic functional groups found on hydrochar surface. The findings revealed that the VTS is a good precursor for the hydrochar preparation useful in the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants in aqueous media.

Photochemical behavior of dissolved organic matter derived from Alternanthera philoxeroides hydrochar: Insights from molecular transformation and photochemically reactive intermediates

Hydrochar-derived dissolved organic matter (HDOM) enters aquatic ecosystems through soil leaching and surface runoff following the application of hydrochar. However, the photochemical behavior of HDOM remains unclear. The photo-transformation of HDOM was analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), multiple spectroscopy methods, high-performance liquid chromatography, and combining synchronous fluorescence and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. The results showed that with the increase of carbonization temperature, amide II in protein-like substances were observed to be preferentially photolyzed, and the protein-like substances were more sensitive to low irradiation time, while the duration time of the photochemical behavior of amide II and aliphatic C−H were more persistent. FT-ICR MS results showed that N and S-containing molecules, including lignins and lipids were more sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation. Furthermore, the photo-transformation of HDOMs was accompanied by the generation of triple excited state dissolved organic matter and singlet oxygen. Our findings will be beneficial for understanding the mechanisms of photo-transformation of HDOM and for predicting the possible behaviors of hydrochar produced at different temperatures before large-scale application.

Fiber Melt Spinning and Thermo-Stabilization of Para-Rubber Wood Lignin: An Approach for Fully Biomass Precursor Preparation.

Para-rubber wood (PRW) lignin, extracted from agricultural waste, was successfully melt-spun to fibers and thermo-stabilized without employing auxiliary additives. 31P NMR analysis revealed that PRW-lignin contained mainly a syringyl unit of phenolic C5-substituted OH group, which enabled melt flow during fiber spinning, as well as a guaiacyl unit which offered the ability to cross-link during thermo-stabilization. Thermo-stabilized fibers with no fusion were achieved at 250 °C with the heating rate of 0.1 °C/min. Structural changes in the fibers during stabilization were systematically investigated using FTIR and XPS analyses. From the results, changes in the intensities of characteristic bands relating to C-H stretching, aromatic C-H stretching, and C=O stretching indicated structural changes of lignin toward aromaticity via oxidation reactions. XPS analysis of the fibers carbonized at 900, 1000, and 1200 °C revealed an increase in carbon content from 72 to 87 wt %. and a decrease in oxygen content from 28 to 13 wt %. with the increasing carbonization temperature. The weight loss of carbonized fibers was in the range of 73.6 to 88.7%. The high weight loss of fibers carbonized at 1200 °C was explained partly due to the thermal decomposition of disordered carbon. The tensile strength and modulus of carbonized fibers were 163.0 and 275.1 MPa, respectively. This study demonstrates an approach to prepare a fully biomass precursor fiber and contributes to the exploration of the potential use of lignin from biomass waste.

Biochar Production and Demineralization Characteristics of Food Waste for Fuel Conversion.

The pyrolysis of food waste has high economic potential and produces several value-added products, such as gas, bio-oil, and biochar. In South Korea, biochar production from food waste is prohibited, because dioxins are generated during combustion caused by the chloride ions arising from the high salt content. This study is the first to examine the water quality and the applicability of food waste-based biochar as solid refuse fuel (SRF) based on a demineralization process. The calorific value increased after demineralization due to the removal of ionic substances and the high carbon content. The chloride ion removal rate after demineralization increased with the increasing pyrolysis temperature. A proximate analysis of biochar indicated that the volatile matter decreased, while ash and fixed carbon increased, with increasing pyrolysis temperature. At 300 °C pyrolysis temperature, all domestic bio-SRF standards were met. The organic matter concentration in water decreased with increasing carbonization temperature, and the concentrations of soluble harmful substances, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), were within the standards or non-detectable. These results suggest that biochar can be efficiently generated from food waste while meeting the emission standards for chloride ions, dissolved VOCs, ash, and carbon.

Carbonization-Temperature-Dependent Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanofibers-From Nanoscale to Macroscale.

An exact understanding of the conductivity of individual fibers and their networks is crucial to tailor the overall macroscopic properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Therefore, microelectrical properties of CNF networks and nanoelectrical properties of individual CNFs, carbonized at temperatures from 600 to 1000 °C, are studied by means of conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). At the microscale, the CNF networks show good electrical interconnections enabling a homogeneously distributed current flow. The network's homogeneity is underlined by the strong correlation of macroscopic conductivities, determined by the four-point-method, and microscopic results. Both, microscopic and macroscopic electrical properties, solely depend on the carbonization temperature and the exact resulting fiber structure. Strikingly, nanoscale high-resolution current maps of individual CNFs reveal a large highly resistive surface fraction, representing a clear limitation. Highly resistive surface domains are either attributed to disordered highly resistive carbon structures at the surface or the absence of electron percolation paths in the bulk volume. With increased carbonization temperature, the conductive surface domains grow in size resulting in a higher conductivity. This work contributes to existing microstructural models of CNFs by extending them by electrical properties, especially electron percolation paths.

Engineering of the microstructures of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin-derived hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Hard carbon is considered as the most commercially applicable anode for sodium-ion batteries. Lignin has the characteristics of sustainable, low cost, high carbon content (>60%) and abundant oxygen functional groups, which is expected to be used as a promising candidate precursor for low-cost hard carbons. The structure and electrochemical performances of hard carbons could be regulated by adjusting carbonization temperature. The microstructure and electrochemical performance of LDHC anode are highly dependent on the carbonization temperature. Increasing carbonization temperature could reduce specific surface area and improve initial coulombic efficiency. The slope and plateau capacity of the LDHC anode could also be adjusted by changing the carbonization temperature. The LDHC prepared at 1200 °C showed the best sodium-ion storage performance, with an initial coulombic efficiency of 78.9% and a reversible sodium-ion storage capacity of 284.7 mAh g−1.

Effect of synthesis conditions on the structural properties of CNT-doped carbon aerogels

Resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) sol-gels have attracted much attention in the last decade. Carbon aerogels with very light and porous structures can be produced by controlled drying and subsequent pyrolysis of these organic gels under a neutral atmosphere. In general, it is indispensable to tailor the aerogel pore structure according to the application. In this study, some parameters affecting the structure, like the carbon nanotubes doping, heating rate during carbonization process, and temperature of carbonization have been investigated by measuring N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms at 77 K. It was observed that by increasing the amount of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from 0 mg to 100 mg, the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area and the total pore volume showed a decreasing trend and then increased again at 180 mg. By increasing the heating rate from 5 °C/min to 15 °C/min, the surface of meso pores showed an increasing trend. With the increase of carbonization temperature from 600 °C to 1200 °C, the micro pore volume decreased. At low carbonization temperature (600 °C), meso pore surface was dominant, whereas at high carbonization temperature (1200 °C), micro pore surface prevailed. According to simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), the carbonization efficiency of the CNT-doped organic gel was about 45 %.

N-S co-doping lignin-based carbon magnetic nanoparticles as high performance supercapacitor and electromagnetic wave absorber

Recently, multifunctional lignin-based materials are gaining more and more attention due to their great potential for low-cost and sustainability. In this work, to obtain both an excellent supercapacitor electrode and an outstanding electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorber, a series of multifunctional nitrogen-sulphur (N-S) co-doped lignin-based carbon magnetic nanoparticles (LCMNPs) had been successfully prepared through Mannich reaction at different carbonization temperature. As compared with the directly carbonized lignin carbon (LC), LCMNPs had more nano-size structure and higher specific surface area. Meanwhile, with the increase of carbonization temperature, the graphitization of the LCMNPs could also be effectively improved. Therefore, LCMNPs-800 displayed the best performance advantages. For the electric double layer capacitor (EDLC), the optimal specific capacitance of LCMNPs-800 reached 154.2 F/g, and the capacitance retention after 5000 cycles was as high as 98.14 %. When the power density was 2204.76 W/kg, the energy density achieved 33.81 Wh/kg. In addition, N-S co-doped LCMNPs also exhibited strong electromagnetic wave absorption (EMWA) ability, whose the minimum reflection loss (RL) value of LCMNPs-800 was realized −46.61 dB at 6.01 GHz with an thickness of 4.0 mm, and the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) was up to 2.11 GHz ranging from 5.10 to 7.21 GHz, which could cover the C-band. Overall, this green and sustainable approach is a promising strategy for the preparation of high-performance multifunctional lignin-based materials.

Carbon microspheres with gigapores for application as electrode-active material of sodium-ion batteries

Micro- and mesoporous carbons are known to be effective anode materials for sodium-ion (Na+) batteries (SIBs). In contrast, macroporous and gigaporous carbons have rarely been studied for this purpose, even though their porous structure may facilitate electrolyte infiltration to enhance cell performance. Here, a series of gigaporous carbon microspheres (GCS) was synthesized by carbonizing gigaporous polymeric microspheres at different temperatures (700–2500 °C) and adopted as anode-active material of SIBs. All GCS samples exhibited a particle size of 10–15 μm and an average pore size of 0.3–0.5 μm. Nevertheless, their specific surface areas decreased over a large range with increasing carbonization temperature from >400 m2 g−1 to <30 m2 g−1. The GCS samples fabricated at higher temperatures demonstrated better electronic conductivity and a larger contribution from Na + insertion/extraction instead of adsorption/desorption to the capacity of constructed cells during charge/discharge. GCS carbonized at 850–1000 °C resulted in cells with the best capacity performance (>300 mAh g−1). The reason is that GCS produced at lower temperatures had insufficient conductivity and underwent limited electrochemical reactions with Na+, leading to a low capacity. On the other hand, an excessively high carbonization temperature produced carbons having a small d-spacing and lacking the beneficial carbonyl groups, which hindered both Na+ insertion/extraction and adsorption/desorption and therefore also reduced the cell capacity.

Production, Characterization, and Activation of Biochars from a Mixture of Waste Insulation Electric Cables (WIEC) and Waste Lignocellulosic Biomass (WLB)

Waste insulation electrical cables (WIEC) currently do not have an added value, due to their physical–chemical characteristics. Carbonization is known to enhance feedstock properties, particularly fuel and material properties; as such, this article aimed to study the production and activation of biochars using WIEC and lignocellulosic biomass wastes as feedstock. Biochars were produced in a ceramic kiln with an average capacity of 15 kg at different temperatures, namely 300, 350 and 400 °C. After production, the biochars were further submitted to a washing process with water heated to 95 °C ± 5 °C and to an activation process with 2 N KOH. All biochars (after production, washing and activation) were characterized regarding an elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, heating value, chlorine removal, ash content, apparent density and surface area. The main results showed that the increase in carbonization temperature from 300 to 400 °C caused the produced biochars to present a lower amount of oxygen and volatile matter, increased heating value, greater chlorine removal and increased ash content. Furthermore, the activation process increased the surface area of biochars as the production temperature increased. Overall, the carbonization of WIEC mixed with lignocellulosic wastes showed potential in enhancing these waste physical and chemical properties, with prospects to yield added-value products that activates biochar.

Nickel‑tungsten co-doped carbon-based catalyst for high selective production of ethylene glycol from cellulose hydrogenolysis

Nickel‑tungsten co-doped spherical carbon-based catalysts (m%Ni-n%W-GCT) are prepared by one-pot hydrothermal‑carbonization using glucose as carbon host. Structural composition of tungsten transforms from WOx → W → WCx when increasing carbonization temperature and tungsten loading content at the presence of Ni during hydrogen reduction, attributed to the occurrence of carburizing reaction. The carbon-based catalysts exhibit developed porous structures with weak and moderately strong acidity, and the Brønsted acid and total acid contents increase with promoting tungsten loading content. Investigation of m%Ni-n%W-GCT activity on catalyzing cellulose hydrogenolysis shows that the porous structure provides abundant reaction sites and facilitates reactant transportation, where the Brønsted acid sites promote hydrolyzing cellulose, and WCx is beneficial for hydrogenolysis of glucose other than direct hydrogenation and then Retro-Aldol condensation for ethylene glycol (EG). The optimized reaction condition (2 h at 230 °C and 5 MPa with 9%Ni-13.5%W-GC850 as the catalyst) delivers a cellulose conversion of 100%, with 69.2% selectivity for EG. The study provides an effective method for preparing EG from cellulose employing biomass-based carbon as the catalyst support.

Effects of carbonization on the physical properties and combustion behavior of fiberboard sanding dust pellets

In this study, sanding dust pellets were prepared using a flat-die extrusion molding machine and then carbonized at temperatures ranging from 300 to 600 °C. The density and mechanical compression resistance of pellets carbonized at 400 °C decreased by about 30% and 80%, respectively. Carbonization led to a homogeneous structure in the pellets, with a slight change in the surface area. When the carbonization temperature was increased to 600 °C, the composition and higher heating value (27,732 kJ/kg) of pellets approached the anthracite level. Additionally, 40%–80% of nitrogen in pellets could be removed through carbonization. Thermogravimetric studies indicated that the combustion end temperatures of pelletized samples were delayed at about 500 °C, compared with those of powdered samples. The only main peak of the derivative thermogravimetric analysis for carbonized pellets combustion indicated that the combustion was relatively slow and stable. Kinetic analyses revealed that the apparent activation energy (E) increased during the later combustion stages of the carbonized pellets with increasing carbonization temperature. However, pellets carbonized at 300 °C had the highest E (186,358 J mol−1) in the initial combustion stage, compared with those of other pellets (50,000 to 114,507 J mol−1).

Effect of Carbonization Temperature on Microstructures and Properties of Electrospun Tantalum Carbide/Carbon Fibers.

Compared with traditional metal materials, carbon-based materials have the advantages of low density, high conductivity, good chemical stability, etc., and can be used as reliable alternative materials in various fields. Among them, the carbon fiber conductive network constructed by electrospinning technology has the advantages of high porosity, high specific surface area and rich heterogeneous interface. In order to further improve the conductivity and mechanical properties of pure carbon fiber films, tantalum carbide (TaC) nanoparticles were selected as conductive fillers. The crystallization degree, electrical and mechanical properties of electrospun TaC/C nanofibers at different temperatures were investigated. As the carbonization temperature increases, the crystallization degree and electrical conductivity of the sample also increases, while the growth trend of electrical conductivity is markedly slowed. The best mechanical properties of 12.39 MPa was achieved when the carbonization temperature was 1200 °C. Finally, through comprehensive analysis and comparison, it can be concluded that a carbonization temperature of 1200 °C is the optimum.

Surface Modifications of CuO Doped Carbonaceous Nanosorbents and their CO2 Sorption Properties

In this study, carbonized apricot stones and rice husk were utilized as feedstock for the synthesis of CuO-loaded carbonized sorbents for the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from gas mixtures. The specific surface area of carbonized sorbents increased with increasing carbonization temperature, resulting in a porous structure with enhanced sorption capacity. The presence of pores and the development of porosity in the sorbents were confirmed by SEM images. CuO nanoparticles were well-dispersed on the surface of carbonized sorbents, and the particle sizes were between 60‒100 nm. Chemical interactions between acidic carbon dioxide and basic copper oxide led to improved adsorption properties. The sorption characteristics of the carbonized sorbents were studied under dynamic conditions, and the results showed that CuO-loaded carbonized apricot stones and rice husk had the maximum sorption capacity for CO2, with efficiencies of 98% and 91%, respectively. These findings indicate that carbonized apricot stones and rice husk can be utilized as low-cost and eco-friendly feedstock for the production of efficient CO2 sorbents.

High Value Utilization of Waste Wood toward Porous and Lightweight Carbon Monolith with EMI Shielding, Heat Insulation and Mechanical Properties.

With the increasing pollution of electromagnetic (EM) radiation, it is necessary to develop low-cost, renewable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. Herein, wood-derived carbon (WC) materials for EMI shielding are prepared by one-step carbonization of renewable wood. With the increase in carbonization temperature, the conductivity and EMI performance of WC increase gradually. At the same carbonization temperature, the denser WC has better conductivity and higher EMI performance. In addition, due to the layered superimposed conductive channel structure, the WC in the vertical-section shows better EMI shielding performance than that in the cross-section. After excluding the influence of thickness and density, the specific EMI shielding effectiveness (SSE/t) value can be calculated to further optimize tree species. We further discuss the mechanism of the influence of the microstructure of WC on its EMI shielding properties. In addition, the lightweight WC EMI material also has good hydrophobicity and heat insulation properties, as well as good mechanical properties.

Joule Heating of Carbon-Based Materials Obtained by Carbonization of Para-Aramid Fabrics

The Joule heating behavior of carbon-based materials obtained by the process of carbonization of industrial para-aramid fabric wastes are investigated in the present work. Carbonization involves a process of thermally decomposing organic material, thereby altering its physical and chemical properties to obtain carbon-rich materials that are electrically conductive and display Joule heating behavior. The principle of Joule heating is based on the intrinsic electrical resistance of the material across an applied voltage. Here, para-aramid woven fabric wastes are converted into activated carbon materials through straightforward, controlled, single-step thermal treatments by three different kinds of atmosphere, i.e., in the CO2 evolved from charcoal, a mixture of gases from ammonium bicarbonate salt (NH4HCO3), and Nitrogen gas (N2), respectively, inside a high-temperature furnace. The carbonization temperatures were varied from 800 to 1100 °C. The carbonization process variables were optimized to obtain carbon-rich materials with lower electrical resistivity. The results of electrical resistivity measurements show that for all three methods, the electrical resistivity decreases with increasing carbonization temperatures. An experimental setup consisting of an infrared (IR) camera, positioned over the surface of the fabric specimen to record the surface temperature of the material connected to a DC power supply, was employed. The kinetics of Joule heating and subsequent cooling were also analyzed at a fixed voltage of 5 V by recording the changes in surface temperature with respect to time. The heating–cooling cycle is described by a simple kinetic model of first order.