Increase In Carbon Monoxide Concentration Research Articles

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the association between short-term exposure to carbon monoxide and COVID-19 incidence: A multistage time-series study in the continental United States

BackgroundPrevious research has established carbon monoxide (CO) as a significant air pollutant contributing to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the relationship between short-duration CO exposure and COVID-19 incidence remain underexplored. Investigating such heterogeneity plays a crucial role in designing region-specific cost-effective public health policies, exploring the reasons for heterogeneity, and understanding the temporal trends in the association between CO and an emerging infectious disease such as COVID-19. MethodsThe 49 states of the continental United States (U.S.) were examined in this study. Initially, we developed time-series generalized additive models (GAMs) for each state to assess the preliminary correlation between daily COVID-19 cases and short-term CO exposure from April 1, 2020, to December 31, 2021. Subsequently, the correlations were compiled utilizing Leroux-prior-based conditional autoregression (LCAR) to achieve a smoothed spatial distribution. Finally, we integrated a time-varying component into the GAM and LCAR to analyze temporal correlations and illuminate the factors contributing to spatiotemporal heterogeneity. ResultsOur analysis revealed that, across the 49 states, a 10-ppb increase in CO concentration was associated with a 1.33 % (95%CI: 0.86%–1.81 %) increase in COVID-19 cases on average. Furthermore, spatial variability was noted, with weaker correlations observed in the central and southeastern regions, stronger associations in the northeastern regions, and negligible associations in the western regions. Temporally, the correlation was not significant from April 2020 to June 2021, but began to increase steadily thereafter until the end of 2021. Additionally, vaccination and temperature were determined to be potential causes contributing to the heterogeneity, indicating stronger positive associations in areas with higher vaccination rates and temperatures. ConclusionThe findings of this study underscore the importance of monitoring CO pollution in the central and northeastern US, especially in the aftermath of the pandemic.

Association of household air pollution exposure and anemia among pregnant women: Analysis of baseline data from ’Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN)’ trial

BackgroundAnemia is common in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), causing significant health issues and social burdens. Exposure to household air pollution from using biomass fuels for cooking and heating has been associated with anemia, but the exposure–response association has not been studied. ObjectivesWe evaluated the associations between personal exposure to air pollution and both hemoglobin levels and anemia prevalence among pregnant women in a multi-country randomized controlled trial. MethodsWe studied 3,163 pregnant women aged 18–35 years with 9–20 weeks of gestation, recruited as part of the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) randomized controlled trial in Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda. We assessed 24-hour personal exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and carbon monoxide (CO), and measured hemoglobin levels at baseline (15 ± 3 weeks gestation). Linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of measured pollutants with hemoglobin levels and anemia prevalence, adjusting for confounding. ResultsSingle-pollutant models showed associations of CO with higher hemoglobin levels and lower anemia prevalence. Bipollutant models involving CO and PM2.5 also revealed that an interquartile range (IQR) increase in CO concentrations (2.26 ppm) was associated with higher hemoglobin levels [β = 0.04; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.01, 0.07], and a lower odds of anemia prevalence [odds ratios (OR) = 0.90; 95 % CI: 0.83, 0.98]. PM2.5 was inversely related to hemoglobin and positively associated with anemia, but results were not statistically significant at the 0.05 alpha level. County-specific results showed that 3 of 4 countries showed a similar association between CO and hemoglobin. We found no association of BC levels with hemoglobin levels or with anemia prevalence. ConclusionOur findings suggest that exposure to CO is associated with higher hemoglobin and lower anemia prevalence among pregnant women, whereas PM2.5 showed the opposite associations.

Beneficial Effects of Oral Carbon Monoxide on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity.

Doxorubicin and other anthracyclines are crucial cancer treatment drugs. However, they are associated with significant cardiotoxicity, severely affecting patient care and limiting dosage and usage. Previous studies have shown that low carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations protect against doxorubicin toxicity. However, traditional methods of CO delivery pose complex challenges for daily administration, such as dosing and toxicity. To address these challenges, we developed a novel oral liquid drug product containing CO (HBI-002) that can be easily self-administered by patients with cancer undergoing doxorubicin treatment, resulting in CO being delivered through the upper gastrointestinal tract. HBI-002 was tested in a murine model of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in the presence and absence of lung or breast cancer. The mice received HBI-002 twice daily before doxorubicin administration and experienced increased carboxyhemoglobin levels from a baseline of ≈1% to 7%. Heart tissue from mice treated with HBI-002 had a 6.3-fold increase in CO concentrations and higher expression of the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 compared with placebo control. In both acute and chronic doxorubicin toxicity scenarios, HBI-002 protected the heart from cardiotoxic effects, including limiting tissue damage and cardiac dysfunction and improving survival. In addition, HBI-002 did not compromise the efficacy of doxorubicin in reducing tumor volume, but rather enhanced the sensitivity of breast 4T1 cancer cells to doxorubicin while simultaneously protecting cardiac function. These findings strongly support using HBI-002 as a cardioprotective agent that maintains the therapeutic benefits of doxorubicin cancer treatment while mitigating cardiac damage.

Exploring the association between atmospheric pollutants and preterm birth risk in a river valley city.

To investigate the association between exposure to atmospheric pollutants and preterm birth in a river valley-type city and its critical exposure windows. A retrospective cohort study was used to collect data from the medical records of preterm and full-term deliveries in two hospitals in urban areas of a typical river valley-type city from January 2018 to December 2019. A total of 7,288 cases were included in the study with general information such as pregnancy times, the number of cesarean sections, occupation, season of conception and regularity of the menstrual cycle. And confounding factors affecting preterm birth were inferred using the chi-square test. The effects of exposure to each pollutant, including particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), particulate matter 10 (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3), during pregnancy on preterm birth and the main exposure windows were explored by establishing a logistic regression model with pollutants introduced as continuous variables. Maternal age, pregnancy times, number of births, number of cesarean sections, season of conception, complications diseases, comorbidities diseases, hypertension disorder of pregnancy and neonatal low birth weight of the newborn were significantly different between preterm and term pregnant women. Logistic regression analysis after adjusting for the above confounders showed that the risk of preterm birth increases by 0.9, 0.6, 2.4% in T2 and by 1.0, 0.9, 2.5% in T3 for each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, PM10, NO2 concentrations, respectively. The risk of preterm birth increases by 4.3% in T2 for each 10 μg/m3 increase in SO2 concentrations. The risk of preterm birth increases by 123.5% in T2 and increases by 188.5% in T3 for each 10 mg/m3 increase in CO concentrations. Maternal exposure to PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO was associated with increased risk on preterm birth in mid-pregnancy (T2) and late pregnancy (T3), SO2 exposure was associated with increased risk on preterm birth in mid-pregnancy (T2).

Experimental study on the purification capacity of potted plants on low-concentration carbon monoxide in indoor environment.

Indoor low-concentration carbon monoxide (CO) exposure is widespread worldwide, and potted plants may be a potential means for CO purification. The objective is to evaluate common indoor plants' CO purification and tolerance capacities. Epipremnum aureum (Linden ex André) G.S.Bunting, Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques, Spathiphyllum kochii Engl. & K.Krause, and Sansevieria trifasciata Hort. ex Prain with similar sizes were tested in the glass chamber with initial CO concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ppm, respectively. (1) The CO purification capacity of the four potted plants is ranked as Epipremnum aureum (Linden ex André) G.S.Bunting > Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques > Spathiphyllum kochii Engl. & K.Krause > Sansevieria trifasciata Hort. ex Prain. Under the purification effect of each plant, the CO concentration in the chamber decreases linearly and significantly (p < 0.05), and within a specific time period, the time-weighted average (TWA) CO concentrations can be reduced to below the corresponding permissible exposure limits specified by some countries and organizations. (2) With the increase of the stomatal number of each plant and the increase in CO concentration, the hourly and cumulative absorbed CO of each plant increase linearly and significantly (p < 0.05). (3) With the increase in CO concentration, the CO purification efficiency of each plant decreases exponentially and significantly (p < 0.05). (4) When the CO concentration was ≤ 50 ppm, all plants could effectively purify CO without damage. When the CO concentration was in the range of 100 ~ 400 ppm, within 2 weeks after the 48-h experiment, the leaf tips of Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques and Epipremnum aureum (Linden ex André) G.S.Bunting were damaged one after another, and the damaged leaf area increased with the increase of CO concentration. However, each plant as a whole still survived. This study demonstrated that different species of potted plants can effectively absorb low concentrations of CO to varying degrees, but higher concentrations of CO will damage the survival of specific species of potted plants.

ANALYSIS OF CARBONMONICIDE (CO) AIR QUALITY IN DKI JAKARTA DUE TO LARGE-SCALE SOCIAL RESTRICTIONS (PSBB) POLICIES FIRST VOLUME USING CLOUD- BASED COMPUTING ON GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE

VThe corona virus first appeared in Wuhan, China and spread to Indonesia in 2020, causing the Indonesian government to implement Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) in several cities, one of which is DKI Jakarta. The government is implementing Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) which aims to stop the spread of the corona virus. During the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) period, all community activities were mostly carried out at home, many public facilities were closed. With the implementation of the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) policy which limits community activities in DKI Jakarta, it turns out it also has an impact on the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) gas emissions in the air . This research uses a statistical analysis method for CO gas emissions from Sentinel-5P imagery which is extracted using cloud-based computing on Google Earth Engine. V isualization of the spatial distribution of CO gas emission content was carried out by interpolating CO data extracted using the kriging interpolation method. The results of the research show that in the first volume of the PSBB on April 10 - June 4 2020 , an unstable CO concentration pattern was seen and the average CO was obtained, namely, 0.03187 mol/m 2 . In the period a year after the first volume of PSBB 10 A April-4 June 2021, there was an increase in CO concentration by 10% to 0.0352 mol/m 2 , so this shows that the implementation of the first volume of PSBB in DKI Jakarta affected the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in the air

Effect of ambient air pollution on hospital admission for respiratory diseases in Hanoi children during 2007–2019

Air pollution poses a threat to children's respiratory health. This study aims to quantify the association between short-term air pollution exposure and respiratory hospital admissions among children in Hanoi, Vietnam, and estimate the population-attributable burden using local data. A case-crossover analysis was conducted based on the individual records where each case is their own control. The health data was obtained from 13 hospitals in Hanoi and air pollution data was collected from four monitoring stations from 2007 to 2019. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate Percentage Change (PC) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) in odd of hospital admissions per 10 μg/m3 increase in daily average particulate matter (e.g. PM1, PM2.5, PM10), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), 8-h maximum Ozone and per 1000 μg/m3 increase in daily mean of Carbon Monoxide (CO). We also calculated the number and fraction of admissions attributed to air pollution in Hanoi by using the coefficient at lag 0. A 10 μg/m3 increase in the concentration of PM10, PM2.5, PM1, SO2, NO2, O3 8-h maximum and 1000 μg/m3 increase in CO concentration was associated with 0.6%, 1.2%, 1.4%, 0.8%, 1.6%, 0.3%, and 1.7% increase in odd of admission for all respiratory diseases among children under 16 years at lag 0–2. All PM metrics and NO2 are associated with childhood admission for pneumonia and bronchitis. Admissions due to asthma and upper respiratory diseases are related to increments in NO2 and CO. For attributable cases, PM2.5 concentrations in Hanoi exceeding the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines accounted for 1619 respiratory hospital admissions in Hanoi children in 2019. Our findings show that air pollution has a detrimental impact on the respiratory health of Hanoi children and there will be important health benefits from improved air quality management planning to reduce air pollution in Vietnam.

Improving carbon monoxide tolerance of Cupriavidus necator H16 through adaptive laboratory evolution.

Background: The toxic gas carbon monoxide (CO) is abundantly present in synthesis gas (syngas) and certain industrial waste gases that can serve as feedstocks for the biological production of industrially significant chemicals and fuels. For efficient bacterial growth to occur, and to increase productivity and titres, a high resistance to the gas is required. The aerobic bacterium Cupriavidus necator H16 can grow on CO2 + H2, although it cannot utilise CO as a source of carbon and energy. This study aimed to increase its CO resistance through adaptive laboratory evolution. Results: To increase the tolerance of C. necator to CO, the organism was continually subcultured in the presence of CO both heterotrophically and autotrophically. Ten individual cultures were evolved heterotrophically with fructose in this manner and eventually displayed a clear growth advantage over the wild type strain. Next-generation sequencing revealed several mutations, including a single point mutation upstream of a cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase operon (cydA2B2), which was present in all evolved isolates. When a subset of these mutations was engineered into the parental H16 strain, only the cydA2B2 upstream mutation enabled faster growth in the presence of CO. Expression analysis, mutation, overexpression and complementation suggested that cydA2B2 transcription is upregulated in the evolved isolates, resulting in increased CO tolerance under heterotrophic but not autotrophic conditions. However, through subculturing on a syngas-like mixture with increasing CO concentrations, C. necator could also be evolved to tolerate high CO concentrations under autotrophic conditions. A mutation in the gene for the soluble [NiFe]-hydrogenase subunit hoxH was identified in the evolved isolates. When the resulting amino acid change was engineered into the parental strain, autotrophic CO resistance was conferred. A strain constitutively expressing cydA2B2 and the mutated hoxH gene exhibited high CO tolerance under both heterotrophic and autotrophic conditions. Conclusion: C. necator was evolved to tolerate high concentrations of CO, a phenomenon which was dependent on the terminal respiratory cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase when grown heterotrophically and the soluble [NiFe]-hydrogenase when grown autotrophically. A strain exhibiting high tolerance under both conditions was created and presents a promising chassis for syngas-based bioproduction processes.

Association of ambient carbon monoxide exposure with hospitalization risk for respiratory diseases: A time series study in Ganzhou, China.

Ambient carbon monoxide (CO) exposure is associated with increased mortality and hospitalization risk for total respiratory diseases. However, evidence on the risk of hospitalization for specific respiratory diseases from ambient CO exposure is limited. Data on daily hospitalizations for respiratory diseases, air pollutants, and meteorological factors from January 2016 to December 2020 were collected in Ganzhou, China. A generalized additive model with the quasi-Poisson link and lag structures was used to estimate the associations between ambient CO concentration and hospitalizations of total respiratory diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), and influenza-pneumonia. Possible confounding co-pollutants and effect modification by gender, age, and season were considered. A total of 72,430 hospitalized cases of respiratory diseases were recorded. Significant positive exposure-response relationships were observed between ambient CO exposure and hospitalization risk from respiratory diseases. For each 1 mg/m3 increase in CO concentration (lag0-2), hospitalizations for total respiratory diseases, asthma, COPD, LRTI, and influenza-pneumonia increased by 13.56 (95% CI: 6.76%, 20.79%), 17.74 (95% CI: 1.34%, 36.8%), 12.45 (95% CI: 2.91%, 22.87%), 41.25 (95% CI: 18.19%, 68.81%), and 13.5% (95% CI: 3.41%, 24.56%), respectively. In addition, the associations of ambient CO with hospitalizations for total respiratory diseases and influenza-pneumonia were stronger during the warm season, while women were more susceptible to ambient CO exposure-associated hospitalizations for asthma and LRTI (all P < 0.05). In brief, significant positive exposure-response relationships were found between ambient CO exposure and hospitalization risk for total respiratory diseases, asthma, COPD, LRTI, and influenza-pneumonia. Effect modification by season and gender was found in ambient CO exposure-associated respiratory hospitalizations.

Use of biomass fuels predicts indoor particulate matter and carbon monoxide concentrations; evidence from an informal urban settlement in Fort Portal city, Uganda

BackgroundPoor indoor air quality (IAQ) is a leading cause of respiratory and cardiopulmonary illnesses. Particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) are critical indicators of IAQ, yet there is limited evidence of their concentrations in informal urban settlements in low-income countries.ObjectiveThis study assessed household characteristics that predict the concentrations of PM2.5 and CO within households in an informal settlement in Fort Portal City, Uganda.MethodologyA cross-sectional study was conducted in 374 households. Concentrations of PM2.5 and CO were measured using a multi-purpose laser particle detector and a carbon monoxide IAQ meter, respectively. Data on household characteristics were collected using a structured questionnaire and an observational checklist. Data were analysed using STATA version 14.0. Linear regression was used to establish the relationship between PM2.5, CO concentrations and household cooking characteristics.ResultsThe majority (89%, 332/374) of the households used charcoal for cooking. More than half (52%, 194/374) cooked outdoors. Cooking areas had significantly higher PM2.5 and CO concentrations (t = 18.14, p ≤ 0.05) and (t = 5.77 p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Cooking outdoors was associated with a 0.112 increase in the PM2.5 concentrations in the cooking area (0.112 [95% CI: -0.069, 1.614; p = 0.033]). Cooking with moderately polluting fuel was associated with a 0.718 increase in CO concentrations (0.718 [95% CI: 0.084, 1.352; p = 0.027]) in the living area.ConclusionsThe cooking and the living areas had high concentrations of PM2.5 and CO during the cooking time. Cooking with charcoal resulted in higher CO in the living area. Furthermore, cooking outdoors did not have a protective effect against PM2.5, and ambient PM2.5 exceeded the WHO Air quality limits. Interventions to improve the indoor air quality in informal settlements should promote a switch to cleaner cooking energy and improvement in the ambient air quality.

Influence of precursors and meteorology on ambient ozone over Indian western Himalayas

The surface ozone, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured from 2015 to 2016 at a mountain site of the Indian western Himalayan region to study the temporal variability of ozone and the influence of precursor gases and meteorological parameters. Ozone showed anti-correlation with NOx and CO, indicating its photochemical origin. Significant variabilities were recorded in the annual mean values of these species during 2015 & 2016. The NO x showed ~60% fall in the mean annual concentration in 2016 compared to 2015, while a 17% increase in CO concentration and a 27% fall in mean ozone level were recorded in 2016. The observed variabilities could be due to change in wind speed, as a ~ 50% drop was recorded in the mean wind speed in 2016. The cluster analysis showed that the site received maximum air masses from the southeast to northwest directions where point sources are also located. The influence of biomass burning in Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) region, along with strong valley to mountain wind flow was also observed. The high values of NO x and CO observed in 2015 may be attributed to industrial activities and meteorology in this region.

Vegetable oils as effective additives and replacements of diesel fuel in agriculture machinery engines

The article presents the results of experimental studies of possible partial replacement of traditional diesel fuel by biofuel. The term biofuel refers to a mixture of diesel fuel with vegetable oils such as palm or peanut oils. The optimal supply of vegetable oils is determining under conditions of preservation or deterioration of diesel engine performance in the range of 5 … 8%. The experiments suppose a diesel engine operation without any interfering within design or regulation of the diesel engine and its fuel equipment. Hydrogen peroxide or kerosene is used to improve the physicochemical properties of vegetable oils. It has been found that under these constraints, the optimal supply of palm oil is 20%. In case of peanut oil, experimentally found that its volume part in biofuel can be increased up to 40%. To provide an equal density and viscosity of the biofuel and the base diesel fuel 30% of diesel fuel were replaced by kerosene. In the range of low and medium engine loads, an emission of main toxic components of nitrogen oxides NOx, emission of solid carbon particles with exhaust gas C, carbon oxides changes insignificantly, and even decreases. The concentration of unburned hydrocarbons is significantly reduced. At engine loads above 50% for peanut oil and 75% for palm oil biofuels, presumably due to worse mixture formation, there is a sharp decrease in nitrogen oxide emissions and an increase in carbon monoxide concentrations.

Simulations and analysis of high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell and its cooling system to power an automotive vehicle

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, which utilizes mainly hydrogen for fuel, has many advantages for vehicle applications. Compared to conventional low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (60–80 °C), high-temperature fuel cell (120–180 °C) requires a simpler system. It is characterized by enhanced electrochemical kinetics and can use liquid fuel such as methanol due to higher carbon monoxide tolerance. In this paper, phosphoric acid doped high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell with a reformer system is applied for powering an automotive vehicle. Thermal management and control of the fuel cell stack for performance optimization remain critical. This paper aims to analyze the heat dissipation requirement for high-temperature fuel cell vehicles and propose cooling strategies for optimizing the performance. A simulation model of the high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack and its oil cooling system were developed. The stack model had been validated against experimental results. The case study results show that increasing carbon monoxide concentration will increase the voltage loss. Increased operating temperature to 448 K reduces the stack heat generation due to the poisoning effect. It is suggested to keep the inlet cooling oil temperature constant within the range of 435–445 K and adjust the cooling oil flow rate (2.5–5 kg/s) to meet the heat dissipation requirement for the fuel cell stack. Due to the significant temperature difference between the fuel cell and the external environment (>150 K), the recoverable waste heat is about 39 kW.

Hava Kalite ve Gıda Tüketim Belirteçlerinin Astıma Bağlı Ölümlerin İlişkisinin Mekânsal Bir Analizi: Analitik Bir Araştırma

Objective: Asthma is among the most common diseases affecting more than 300 million people globally overall. Despite growing understanding of the association between the environmental and food intake markers and the etiology and progression of asthma, there is still unmet knowledge gap which requires further investigations to be done in a spatial and temporal manner. We carried out such a study to explore the association of air-quality markers, fruit and vegetable consumption and drinking water source trajectories with asthma death rate in spatial models. Material and Methods: Province-level data on asthma deaths, air-quality markers, namely, particular matter 10 and 2.5, sulfur-dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen-dioxide, and ozone, drinking water source data from rivers, dams, wells, and springs as well as fruits and vegetables sales data were obtained for 81 provinces of Turkey for years 2018 and 2019. Mixed modelling approach taking into consideration the spatial autocorrelation was used to investigate the associations of these environmental and food consumption variables with asthma deaths. Results: These models revealed decreased asthma deaths with increased consumption of apple, banana, cabbage, lemon, onion, pineapple, spinach and zucchini, and increased asthma deaths with increased CO concentration and increased broad bean consumption. Conclusion: As a conclusion, we showed that spatial and temporal analyses have premise to offer much needed information to help close the knowledge gap in understanding the association of environmental and food intake markers with asthma deaths in granular spatial models. We have also showed that such efforts are possible by extracting publicly available data as well.

Impacts of Ambient Carbon Monoxide on Hospital Admissions and Hospitalization Expenditures for Three Cardiorespiratory Diseases in 74 Cities of China

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Evidence about health burden and economic loss of cardiorespiratory diseases (CRDs) caused by ambient carbon monoxide (CO) is sparse. We aimed to assess health burden as well as economic loss caused by coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and lower respiratory infections (LRI) attributed to ambient CO in multiple cities in China. METHODS: Hospital admission and expenditures data were obtained from urban employee-based basic medical insurance scheme (UEBMI) of the national health insurance system in China. We performed a three-stage time-series analysis approach based on Generalized Linear Model controlling for potential confounding factors to examine the association between ambient CO and hospitalization data of CHD, stroke and LRI in 74 cities of China from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017. We conducted subgroup analyses by geographical region, gender and age (15-64 and ≥65), and tested the robustness of the results in two-pollutant models and sensitive analyses. RESULTS:We found that the average daily concentration of ambient CO across 74 cities from 2015 to 2017 was 1.10 mg/m³ (SD: 0.62). For a 1 mg/m³ increase in CO concentrations, the largest excess risks (ERs) were 3.82% (95% CI: 1.27% to 6.44%) at lag04 for CHD, 3.14% (95% CI: 1.90% to 4.38%) at lag0 for stroke and 2.71% (95% CI: 1.21% to 4.23%) at lag01 for LRI. Moreover, we observed that 4.50%, 3.33% and 2.97% of CHD, stroke and LRI related hospital admissions during 2015 to 2017 could be attributed to ambient CO in included cities, and the annualized attributable numbers of hospitalization expenditures were enormous, with 490 million CNY (US$ 73 M), 371 million CNY (US$ 55 M) and 217 million CNY (US$ 32 M) for CHD, stroke and LRI, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:Our study provides robust evidence for substantial excess hospitalization burden of CHD, stroke and LRI attributable to ambient CO based on multi-city analyses. KEYWORDS: Air pollution, Cardiovascular diseases, Environmental epidemiology, Traffic-related, Respiratory outcomes

Природный механизм трансформации формальдегида в атмосферном воздухе города Тюмень

Some aspects of the natural mechanism of formaldehyde transformation in atmospheric air are considered. The chemical processes that provide a natural mechanism for the transformation of formaldehyde in the atmosphere of Tyumen, with the formation of carbon monoxide (CO), are refined. The values of temperature, air humidity, and atmospheric pressure favorable for photodissociation of formaldehyde in the atmosphere were established. It is shown that in the summer period of the year for class II weather, the formaldehyde content below the MPC was found in 77.8% of observations with a conjugate increase in CO concentrations in the atmospheric air. The most active natural processes of self-purification of the atmosphere from formaldehyde, contributing to the preservation of components of its natural composition, are implemented in the conditions of Sunny hot dry weather class II

Fate of Pollution Emitted During the 2015 Indonesian Fire Season

AbstractThe El Niño‐driven fire season in Indonesia in September–October 2015 produced the largest fire emissions on record since NASA's EOS satellites started making observations of tropospheric pollutants from space. In this study, measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) from the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) on Terra and the Microwave Limb Sounder are used to characterize the anomalously high CO emitted during the 2015 Indonesian fire season transported into the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere. The satellite measurements indicate that CO emitted from wildfires was transported into the upper troposphere with time lags up to ∼2 months and continued to be transported into the stratosphere, which resulted in higher concentrations of CO extending up to ∼20 hPa by the end of 2016. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) measured by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) confirms that anomalously high HCN emitted from the same wildfires was also transported into the tropical stratosphere and persisted throughout 2017. Simulations of CO from the Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry (CAM‐chem) show a significant increase in CO concentrations in the troposphere in October 2015. However, comparisons between CAM‐chem and MOPITT CO suggest that the model underestimates the amount of CO even with doubled emissions of CO in October 2015. Both the satellite measurements and the model simulations show that the pollution emitted from the wildfires over Indonesia was transported to and persisted in the tropical stratosphere much longer than the previous El‐Niño driven fire events due to unprecedented amount of the fire emissions.

Ambient carbon monoxide and daily mortality: a global time-series study in 337 cities

Epidemiological evidence on short-term association between ambient carbon monoxide (CO) and mortality is inconclusive and limited to single cities, regions, or countries. Generalisation of results from previous studies is hindered by potential publication bias and different modelling approaches. We therefore assessed the association between short-term exposure to ambient CO and daily mortality in a multicity, multicountry setting. We collected daily data on air pollution, meteorology, and total mortality from 337 cities in 18 countries or regions, covering various periods from 1979 to 2016. All included cities had at least 2 years of both CO and mortality data. We estimated city-specific associations using confounder-adjusted generalised additive models with a quasi-Poisson distribution, and then pooled the estimates, accounting for their statistical uncertainty, using a random-effects multilevel meta-analytical model. We also assessed the overall shape of the exposure-response curve and evaluated the possibility of a threshold below which health is not affected. Overall, a 1 mg/m3 increase in the average CO concentration of the previous day was associated with a 0·91% (95% CI 0·32-1·50) increase in daily total mortality. The pooled exposure-response curve showed a continuously elevated mortality risk with increasing CO concentrations, suggesting no threshold. The exposure-response curve was steeper at daily CO levels lower than 1 mg/m3, indicating greater risk of mortality per increment in CO exposure, and persisted at daily concentrations as low as 0·6 mg/m3 or less. The association remained similar after adjustment for ozone but was attenuated after adjustment for particulate matter or sulphur dioxide, or even reduced to null after adjustment for nitrogen dioxide. This international study is by far the largest epidemiological investigation on short-term CO-related mortality. We found significant associations between ambient CO and daily mortality, even at levels well below current air quality guidelines. Further studies are warranted to disentangle its independent effect from other traffic-related pollutants. EU Horizon 2020, UK Medical Research Council, and Natural Environment Research Council.

Assessing short-term effects of ambient air pollution on respiratory diseases in Guwahati, India with the application of the generalized additive model

Research studies connecting air pollution and its effect on health are much needed by the policymakers in India. Generalized additive model (GAM) was applied to quantify the effect of air pollutants on hospital visits related to respiratory diseases for an Indian city, Guwahati. A total of 6335 patients visited the only medical college and hospital in the city for respiratory diseases during 2016-2018. The multi-pollutant GAM models indicate the existence of synergistic effects of particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) on hospital visits of the patients due to respiratory diseases. The ambient PM2.5 concentrations have a strong link with hospital visits in all 6 single lag days. However, the effect of CO on hospital visits due to respiratory diseases was more robust. The percent change of hospital visits associated with each 1 unit increase in CO concentrations at lag 1 day was 15.7% (RR = 1.157; 95% CI 0.929, 1.442), which was enhanced to as high as 40.8% (RR = 1.408; 1.130,1.755) at lag3. The rise of each 10 units of concentrations of PM2.5 and 1 unit of CO at cumulative lag0-6 day was associated with the percentage change in hospital visits of 6.67% and 62.36% respectively. Single-pollutant GAM models indicate that the risk percentage of PM2.5 causing respiratory disease increased in combination with other pollutants.

A New Hybrid Sensitive PANI/SWCNT/Ferrocene-Based Layer for a Wearable CO Sensor.

Developing a sensing layer with high electroactive properties is an important aspect for proper functionality of a wearable sensor. The polymeric nanocomposite material obtained by a simple electropolymerization on gold interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) can be optimized to have suitable conductive properties to be used with direct current (DC) measurements. A new layer based on polyaniline:poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI:PSS)/single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT)/ferrocene (Fc) was electrosynthesized and deposed on interdigital transducers (IDT) and was characterized in detail using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The sensor characteristics of the material towards carbon monoxide (CO) in the concentration range of 10–300 ppm were examined, showing a minimal relative humidity interference of only 1% and an increase of sensitivity with the increase of CO concentration. Humidity interference could be controlled by the number of CV cycles when a compact layer was formed and the addition of Fc played an important role in the decrease of humidity. The results for CO detection can be substantially improved by optimizing the number of deposition cycles and enhancing the Fc concentration. The material was developed for selective detection of CO in real environmental conditions and shows good potential for use in a wearable sensor.