Increase In Incidence Of Cancer Research Articles

SUV3 Helicase and Mitochondrial Homeostasis.

SUV3 is a nuclear-encoded helicase that is highly conserved and localizes to the mitochondrial matrix. In yeast, loss of SUV3 function leads to the accumulation of group 1 intron transcripts, ultimately resulting in the loss of mitochondrial DNA, causing a petite phenotype. However, the mechanism leading to the loss of mitochondrial DNA remains unknown. SUV3 is essential for survival in higher eukaryotes, and its knockout in mice results in early embryonic lethality. Heterozygous mice exhibit a range of phenotypes, including premature aging and an increased cancer incidence. Furthermore, cells derived from SUV3 heterozygotes or knockdown cultural cells show a reduction in mtDNA. Transient downregulation of SUV3 leads to the formation of R-loops and the accumulation of double-stranded RNA in mitochondria. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the SUV3-containing complex and discuss its potential mechanism for tumor suppression activity.

Sociodemographically Stratified Exploration of Pancreatic Cancer Incidence in Younger US Patients: Implication of Cannabis Exposure as a Risk Factor

Introduction. The aetiology for the recent increase in pancreatic cancer incidence (PCI) in the US is unknown. This paper provides an epidemiological investigation of the exponential increase in PCI in young people aged 15–34 years, particularly amongst females, with a focus on the exponential rise amongst African American females, and its relationship to substance use. Methods. National pancreatic cancer data from recent reports. Tobacco, alcohol and daily cannabis use data taken from the annual nationally representative National Survey of Drug Use and Health, response rate = 74%. Results. Amongst the 15–34-year-aged cohort, PCI was found to be significantly more common in females (females: β-est. = 0.1749 p = 0.0005). African American females are noted to have the highest rates of daily cannabis use amongst females in the 26–34 and 35–49-year groups. The relationship between PCI and daily cannabis use was strongly positive across all ethnicities and in both sexes. In African American females, the Pearson correlation between daily cannabis use and PCI was R = 0.8539, p = 0.0051. In an additive multivariable model for each sex and race, cannabis was the only significant term remaining in the final model in the 15–34-year-aged cohort and thus out-performed alcohol as a risk factor. The most significant term in multivariate models was the alcohol:cannabis interaction which was highly significant in all ethnicities from p = 2.50 × 10−7 for Caucasian American females and the highest E-value pair was for Hispanic American females (E-value estimate = 1.26 × 10102 and E-value lower bound 2.20 × 1074). Conclusion. These data show that cannabis fulfills quantitative criteria of causality in all age, sex and ethnicity cohorts, and thus explains both the recent surge in PCI and its ethnocentric predominance. Cannabis interacts powerfully genotoxically and cancerogenically with alcohol, with increases in cannabis use driving the current PCI surge. These results raise the important question as to how much cannabis might be responsible for the modern renaissance in cancer rates amongst younger people.

Does OSA Increase Risk for Cancer?: A Large Historical Sleep Clinic Cohort Study

The relationship between OSA and cancer is unclear. What is the association between OSA and cancer prevalence and incidence in a large Western Australian sleep clinic cohort (N= 20,289)? OSA severity was defined by apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and nocturnal hypoxemia (duration and percentage at oxygen saturation< 90%) measured by in-laboratory polysomnogram. Measures of potential confounding included age, sex, BMI, smoking, socioeconomic status, and BP. Outcomes were determined from the Western Australian cancer and death registries. Analyses were confined within periods using consistent AHI scoring criteria: January 1, 1989, to July 31, 2002 (American Sleep Disorders Association [ASDA] criteria), and August 1, 2002, to June 30, 2013 (Chicago criteria). We examined associations of AHI and nocturnal hypoxemia with cancer prevalence using logistic regression and cancer incidence using Cox regression analyses. Cancer prevalence at baseline was 329 of 10,561 in the ASDA period and 633 of 9,728 in the Chicago period. Nocturnal hypoxemia but not AHI was independently associated with prevalent cancer following adjustment for participant age, sex, BMI, smoking, socioeconomic status, and BP. Of those without prevalent cancer, cancer was diagnosed in 1,950 of 10,232 (ASDA) and 623 of 9,095 (Chicago) participants over a median follow-up of 11.2 years. Compared with the reference category (no OSA, AHI< 5 events per hour), univariable models estimated higher hazard ratios for cancer incidence for mild (AHI 5-15 events per hour), moderate (AHI 15.1-30 events per hour), and severe (AHI > 30 events per hour) OSA. Multivariable analyses consistently revealed associations between age and, in some cases, sex, BMI, and smoking status, with cancer incidence. After adjusting for confounders, multivariable models showed no independent association between OSA severity and increased cancer incidence. Nocturnal hypoxemia is independently associated with prevalent cancer. OSA severity is associated with incident cancer, although this association seems secondary to other risk factors for cancer development. OSA is not an independent risk factor for cancer incidence.

Beta-D-glucan Polysaccharide Downregulates p53, and Prostate Specific Antigen Expression in Histological and Immunohistochemical study of Prostate Tumor Model

Global increase in cancer incidence has prompted the search for natural bioactive products which&nbsp;are readily available, safer and more affordable. Beta-D-glucan polysaccharide (βDgP) is a phytochemical fractionate of an edible mushroom Auricularia polytricha known to have anti cancer property but information about the actual mechanism underlying its therapeutic property is lacking. This research investigates the tumor regulatory effect of Beta-D-glucan polysaccharide on some tumor markers; p53 and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) in nitrosobis amine (NA) – induced prostate tumor model of Wister rat. Twenty-four male Wister rats were divided into four groups with six rats in each group. Group A served as normal control while treatment groups: B (5mg/kgbw nitrosobis amine only); C and D (placed on 120 mg/kgbw and 250 mg/kgbw respectively) after inducing tumor. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks. At termination, ELISA method was used to evaluate PSA levels; p53 tumor marker was assessed using immunohistochemical methods; histological alterations were examined using routine H&amp;E technique. Results shown that p53 and PSA levels increased significantly (at p≤0.05) in group B (tumor control) when compared to normal control. Increase in papillary fronds, basal cell hyperplasia and prostatic concretions depicted cytoarchitectural alterations in tumor control group. However, expression of p53 and PSA was down-regulated significantly (p≤0.05) when compared to tumor control, and histological distortions reversed in a dose-dependent manner, following administration of graded concentration of βDgP. Findings from the present study have revealed the anti-tumor property of βDgP in NA-induced prostate tumor model in Wister rat.&nbsp

Contact Guidance Drives Upward Cellular Migration at the Mesoscopic Scale.

Cancer metastasis is associated with increased cancer incidence, recurrence, and mortality. The role of cell contact guidance behaviors in cancer metastasis has been recognized but has not been elucidated yet. The contact guidance behavior of cancer cells in response to topographical constraints is identified using microgrooved substrates with varying dimensions at the mesoscopic scale. Then, the cell morphology is determined to quantitatively analyze the effects of substrate dimensions on cells contact guidance. Cell density and migrate velocity signatures within the cellular population are determined using time-lapse phase-contrast microscopy. The effect of soluble factors concentration is determined by culturing cells upside down. Then, the effect of cell-substrate interaction on cell migration is investigated using traction force microscopy. With increasing depth and decreasing groove width, cell elongation and alignment are enhanced, while cell spreading is inhibited. Moreover, cells display preferential distribution on the ridges, which is found to be more pronounced with increasing depth and groove width. Determinations of cell density and migration velocity signatures reveal that the preferential distribution on ridges is caused by cell upward migration. Combined with traction force measurement, we find that migration toward ridges is governed by different cell-substrate interactions between grooves and ridges caused by geometrical constraints. Interestingly, the upward migration of cells at the mesoscopic scale is driven by entropic maximization. The mesoscopic cell contact guidance mechanism based on the entropic force driven theory provides basic support for the study of cell alignment and migration along healthy tissues with varying size, thereby aiding in the prediction of cancer metastasis. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-023-00766-y.

Prevalence of comorbidities and their impact on survival among older adults with the five most common cancers in Taiwan: a population study

Because of the cancer incidence increase and population aging in Taiwan, we aimed to assess the cancer prevalence, to summarize the comorbidities of older patients with the five most common cancers (i.e., breast, colorectal, liver, lung, and oral), and to develop a Taiwan cancer comorbidity index (TCCI) for studying their actual prognosis. The linkage of the Taiwan Cancer Registry, Cause of Death Database, and National Health Insurance Research Database was used. We followed the standard statistical learning steps to obtain a survival model with good discriminatory accuracy in predicting death due to noncancer causes, from which we obtained the TCCI and defined comorbidity levels. We reported the actual prognosis by age, stage, and comorbidity level. In Taiwan, cancer prevalence nearly doubled in 2004–2014, and comorbidities were common among older patients. Stage was the major predictor of patients' actual prognoses. For localized and regional breast, colorectal, and oral cancers, comorbidities correlated with noncancer-related deaths. Compared with the US, the chances of dying from comorbidities in Taiwan were lower and the chances of dying from cancer were higher for breast, colorectal, and male lung cancers. These actual prognoses could help clinicians and patients in treatment decision-making and help policymakers in resource planning.

Cancer and Potential Prevention with Lifestyle among Career Firefighters: A Narrative Review.

Career firefighters are at considerable risk for chronic diseases, including an increased risk of various cancers, compared to the general population. Over the last two decades, several systematic reviews and large cohort studies have demonstrated that firefighters have statistically significant increases in overall and site-specific cancer incidence and site-specific cancer mortality compared to the general population. Exposure assessment and other studies have documented exposures to a variety of carcinogens in fire smoke and within the fire station. Other occupational factors such as shift work, sedentary behavior, and the fire service food culture may also contribute to this working population's increased cancer risk. Furthermore, obesity and other lifestyle behaviors such as tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet, inadequate physical activity, and short sleep duration have also been associated with an increased risk of certain firefighting-associated cancers. Putative prevention strategies are proposed based on suspected occupational and lifestyle risk factors.

Risk factors for breast cancer among adult women residing in rural South Karnataka: a cross sectional study

Background: There’s a steady increase in breast cancer incidence among rural women since rural women are increasingly adopting urban lifestyles, reproductive habits and are also increasingly exposed to similar environmental factors as urban women due to economic development. Objectives was to assess the prevalence of risk factors of breast cancer among women aged 30 years and above residing in a rural South Karnataka Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2016 to January 2017 in villages under Ittamadu primary health centre area, Ramanagara Taluk, Ramnagara district. A total of 600 women aged 30 years or above participated in the study. A semi structured questionnaire was administered by interview method after getting written consent. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test was used. Results: This study revealed that the prevalence of risk factors (reproductive and non-reproductive) of breast cancer among adult women aged 30 years and above was between the least prevalence of 0.7% for family history of breast cancer to highest prevalence of 37.5% for age at menarche at less than 13 years of age. Conclusions: Indian breast cancer patients present with advanced disease stage and have numerous poor prognostic factors, hence knowledge regarding the prevalence of risk factors is necessary to identify how many women are at risk of developing breast cancer as per the established risk factors to promote early detection and timely treatment for improved survival and quality of life of breast cancer patients.

Association between metabolic syndrome and gastric cancer risk: results from the Health Examinees Study.

Previous studies suggested that metabolic syndrome (MetS) might create a pro-cancer environment and increase cancer incidence. However, evidence on the risk of gastric cancer (GC) was limited. This study aimed to evaluate the association between MetS and its components and GC in the Korean population. Included were 108,397 individuals who participated in the large-scale prospective cohort study, the Health Examinees-Gem study during 2004-2017. The multivariable Cox proportional was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) on the association between MetS and its components with GC risk. Age was used as the time scale in the analyses. The stratified analysis was performed to determine the joint effect of lifestyle factors and MetS on GC risk in different groups. During the mean follow-up of 9.1years, 759 cases of newly diagnosed cancer (408 men and 351 women) were identified. Overall, participants with MetS had a 26% increased risk of GC than those without MetS (HR 1.26; 95% CI 1.07-1.47); the risk increased with the number of MetS components (p for trend 0.01). Hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol, and hyperglycemia were independently associated with the risk of GC. The potential joint effect of MetS and current smokers (p for interaction 0.02) and obesity (BMI ≥ 25.0) (p for interaction 0.03) in GC. In this prospective cohort study, we found that MetS were associated with an increased risk of GC in the Korean population. Our findings suggest that MetS may be a potentially modifiable risk factor for GC risk.

MP33-10 INCREASED GENITOURINARY CANCER INCIDENCE AND LOWER TESTOSTERONE LEVELS ARE FOUND IN MEN PERFORMING NON-STANDARD SHIFT WORK

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP33-10 INCREASED GENITOURINARY CANCER INCIDENCE AND LOWER TESTOSTERONE LEVELS ARE FOUND IN MEN PERFORMING NON-STANDARD SHIFT WORK Jordan Kassab and Larry Lipshultz Jordan KassabJordan Kassab More articles by this author and Larry LipshultzLarry Lipshultz More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003266.10AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have documented hypogonadal serum hormone levels in men regularly involved in non-standard shift work (NSSW) schedules. This work schedule is defined as working outside of the normal 7am-6pm hours. Additionally, past literature have shown a marked correlation between sleep deprivation and cancer risk, prompting us to investigate the relationship between NSSW schedules and cancer. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of NSSW schedules on the incidence of cancer as well as its impact on urologic markers. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted, having identified over 3000 patients from the electronic medical records of a university hospital. The accrued patient cohort included both those who were involved in NSSW schedules and those who were not. The database was then linked to the Texas Cancer Registry to identify which of these patients have had a documented cancer diagnosis since 1995. The data from the registry included the age of cancer diagnosis, primary site, histology type, and metastatic status. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. RESULTS: The statistical analysis revealed that the average age of cancer diagnosis is more than six years younger in NSSW versus those with regular work schedules. Similarly, non-standard shift workers experienced higher levels of prostate-specific antigens (4.942 ng/mL vs. 1.204 ng/mL). As expected from previous studies, non-standard shift workers faced significantly lower levels of endogenous testosterone (358.6 ng/dL vs 618.6 ng/dL). Furthermore, the NSSW population’s incidence of cancer is roughly double the age-adjusted cancer incidence rate of men in Texas. Of the NSSW who had a cancer diagnosis (n=45), the most common cancer primary sites were the male genital organs (n=16), the urinary tract (n=5), and the hematopoietic and reticuloendothelial systems (n=5). CONCLUSIONS: Our study has demonstrated that NSSW are at higher risk of developing cancer than the general male population. NSSW who already represent a clinically vulnerable population, may be somewhat immunocompromised as evidenced by their increased cancer incidence. The increased incidence of urogenital cancers within the NSSW group emphasizes the greater need of urologic focus for these men in clinical practice. Source of Funding: None. © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e453 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Jordan Kassab More articles by this author Larry Lipshultz More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Trends in Socioeconomic Inequalities in Breast Cancer Incidence Among Women in Canada.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females in Canada. This study examines trends in socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of breast cancer in Canada over time from 1992 to 2010. A census division level dataset was constructed using the Canadian Cancer Registry, Canadian Census of the Population and National Household Survey. A summary measure of the Concentration index (C), which captures inequality across socioeconomic groups, was used to measure income and education inequalities in breast cancer incidence over the 19-year period. The crude breast cancer incidence increased in Canada between 1992 and 2010. Age-standardized C values indicated no income or education inequalities in breast cancer incidence in the years from 1992 to 2004. However, the incidence was significantly concentrated among females in high income and highly educated neighbourhoods almost half the time in the 6 most recent years (2005-2010). The trend analysis indicated an increase in breast cancer incidence among females living in high income and highly educated neighbourhoods. Breast cancer incidence in Canada was associated with increased socioeconomic status in some more recent years. Our study findings provide previously unavailable empirical evidence to inform discussions on socioeconomic inequalities in breast incidence.

181 Evaluating the Association of Age with Acuity and Severity of Illness at Initial Clinical Presentation in Patients with Leukemia and Lymphoma

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients, diagnosed with cancer between 15 and 39 years of age, often have worse outcomes compared to younger children and older adults. We will characterize age differences in acuity and severity of illness at initial presentation, as a measure for health outcomes, in patients with new diagnoses of leukemia or lymphoma. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We will perform a single institution-based, retrospective analysis of a cohort of pediatric oncology patients at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta (CHOA) who were diagnosed with leukemia or lymphoma from 2010 to 2018. Data will be abstracted from the CHOA medical record and cancer registry. We will construct a severity score, with one point for 1) admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), 2) ICU-level requirements at admission, 3) stage IV or metastatic disease, and 4) white blood cell count over 100,000/microliter. We will associate this score with age at presentation using logistic regression models among patients overall and stratified by disease type. All regression models will adjust for confounders (e.g., health insurance, race and ethnicity, and local-area social vulnerability level). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Previous literature has shown increased cancer incidence and mortality in AYAs compared to younger children. Therefore, we hypothesize that AYA patients with a new diagnosis of leukemia or lymphoma will have a higher acuity and severity of illness at presentation than younger patients. We conducted a pilot study analyzing acuity and severity of illness by age, race, ethnicity, and insurance status. Bivariate comparisons suggested patients aged 10 and older were as likely as those younger to have a severity score of more than 0 at diagnosis (OR=0.661 , 95% CI 0.43-1.01). However, this result was collapsed across all hematologic malignancies, did not encompass the entire cohort, and did not address possible confounders; we anticipate our estimates will be different taking these factors into account. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our work will be the first steps in creating a validated tool to understand disease acuity and severity. By using this tool to characterize presentation by disease type and age, we will identify unmet needs prior to an initial diagnosis of cancer. Our findings inform strategies toward narrowing age disparities in outcomes for AYA hematologic cancers.

ASSESSMENT OF AWARENESS AND RISK FACTORS FOR CERVICAL CANCER AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN ALMATY

Relevance: Currently, in the world, including Kazakhstan, the increasing number of new cervical cancer cases among women of reproductive age is a socio-demographic problem. The increase in cervical cancer incidence among young women, the high prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among young sexually active women, the lack of screening programs for the early detection of cervical cancer in young women, the need to take urgent measures to increase awareness of young women about risk factors for cervical cancer and methods of prevention and determined the relevance of this study.&#x0D; The study aimed to estimate the awareness, identify risk factors for cervical cancer, and assess the state of reproductive health of young women of Almaty by questioning.&#x0D; Methods: The article presents an analytical study of the intermediate results of a survey of young women aged 18 to 32 years and living in Almaty. Participants received full information on the upcoming survey. The questionnaire collected information on socio-demographic data, awareness of cervical cancer prevention, and women’s gynecological history. The questionnaire contained 30 questions in total and took 10 minutes to complete.&#x0D; Results: Among young women in Almaty, low awareness of primary and secondary prevention of cervical cancer was revealed in all age groups. The most common risk factors for cervical cancer among young women in Almaty were an early onset of sexual activity, smoking, and hormonal contraceptive uptake.&#x0D; Conclusion: The survey showed the problem of low awareness of girls about cervical cancer and the risk factors for developing cervical cancer. Based on these data, we can state the need for educational work on these issues among young people.

ASSESSMENT OF AWARENESS AND RISK FACTORS FOR CERVICAL CANCER AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN ALMATY

Relevance: Currently, in the world, including Kazakhstan, the increasing number of new cervical cancer cases among women of reproductive age is a socio-demographic problem. The increase in cervical cancer incidence among young women, the high prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among young sexually active women, the lack of screening programs for the early detection of cervical cancer in young women, the need to take urgent measures to increase awareness of young women about risk factors for cervical cancer and methods of prevention and determined the relevance of this study.&#x0D; The study aimed to estimate the awareness, identify risk factors for cervical cancer, and assess the state of reproductive health of young women of Almaty by questioning.&#x0D; Methods: The article presents an analytical study of the intermediate results of a survey of young women aged 18 to 32 years and living in Almaty. Participants received full information on the upcoming survey. The questionnaire collected information on socio-demographic data, awareness of cervical cancer prevention, and women’s gynecological history. The questionnaire contained 30 questions in total and took 10 minutes to complete.&#x0D; Results: Among young women in Almaty, low awareness of primary and secondary prevention of cervical cancer was revealed in all age groups. The most common risk factors for cervical cancer among young women in Almaty were an early onset of sexual activity, smoking, and hormonal contraceptive uptake.&#x0D; Conclusion: The survey showed the problem of low awareness of girls about cervical cancer and the risk factors for developing cervical cancer. Based on these data, we can state the need for educational work on these issues among young people.

A review of research on the intersection between breast cancer and cardiovascular research in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI).

Both obesity and metabolic syndrome are linked to increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancers of the breast (post-menopausal), and other obesity-related cancers. Over the past 50 years, the worldwide prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome has increased, with a concomitant higher incidence of associated co-morbidities and mortality. The precise mechanism linking metabolic syndrome to increased cancer incidence is incompletely understood, however, individual components of metabolic syndrome have been linked to increased breast cancer incidence and worse survival. There is a bidirectional relationship between the risk of CVD and cancer due to a high burden of shared risk factors and higher rates of CVD among cancer survivors, which may be impacted by the pro-inflammatory microenvironment associated with metabolic syndrome and cancer-directed therapies. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) is an excellent resource to study a dual relationship between cancer and CVD (cardio-oncology) with extensive information on risk factors and long-term outcomes. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of research on cardio-oncology conducted utilizing WHI data with focus on studies evaluating both breast cancer and CVD including shared risk factors and outcomes after cancer. The review also includes results on other obesity related cancers which were included in the analyses of breast cancer, articles looking at cancer after heart disease (reverse cardio-oncology) and the role of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential (CHIP) as a shared risk factor between CVD and cancer. A summary of pertinent WHI literature helps to delineate the direction of future research evaluating the relationship between CVD and other cancer sites, and provides information on the opportunity for other novel analyses within the WHI.

Tumor Microenvironment Regulation and Cancer Targeting Therapy Based on Nanoparticles.

Although we have made remarkable achievements in cancer awareness and medical technology, there are still tremendous increases in cancer incidence and mortality. However, most anti-tumor strategies, including immunotherapy, show low efficiency in clinical application. More and more evidence suggest that this low efficacy may be closely related to the immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME plays a significant role in tumorigenesis, development, and metastasis. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate the TME during antitumor therapy. Several strategies are developing to regulate the TME as inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, reversing tumor associated macrophage (TAM) phenotype, removing T cell immunosuppression, and so on. Among them, nanotechnology shows great potential for delivering regulators into TME, which further enhance the antitumor therapy efficacy. Properly designed nanomaterials can carry regulators and/or therapeutic agents to eligible locations or cells to trigger specific immune response and further kill tumor cells. Specifically, the designed nanoparticles could not only directly reverse the primary TME immunosuppression, but also induce effective systemic immune response, which would prevent niche formation before metastasis and inhibit tumor recurrence. In this review, we summarized the development of nanoparticles (NPs) for anti-cancer therapy, TME regulation, and tumor metastasis inhibition. We also discussed the prospect and potential of nanocarriers for cancer therapy.

Knowledge and Attitude about Alternative Treatment in Cancer Patient

The use of complementary alternative therapies in cancer patients are increasing with the increase in cancer incidence and treatment rates. Studies were conducted to find out about cancer patients’ knowledge and attitudes (treatment effect, intention to use) towards complementary and alternative therapies. 10 complementary alternative therapies (hyperthermia, ascorbate, thymosin, mistletoe, immunocyanin, selenium, Phellinus linteus, cholecalciferol, glutathione, herb remedies) were selected from evidence review. 100 patients who visited cancer care hospitals were surveyed about their knowledge and attitudes (effectiveness, treatment choices) by self-questionnaire. The total score for knowledge/attitude (effectiveness/intent to use) towards complementary and alternative therapies was 25.4 points (26.7 points/24.7 points, out of 40). Knowledge and attitude scores for hyperthermia were the highest, and knowledge and attitude scores for immunocyanin and glutathione were the lowest. Herbal remedies scored higher on knowledge but lower on attitude (effectiveness and choice). Vitamin C had moderate knowledge and effectiveness scores, but the highest intention-to-use score. There was a negative correlation between the effectiveness of complementary and alternative therapies and the choice of treatment regimen with lower scores as people aged. The use of complementary alternative therapies is increasing although the evidence has not been proven for the cancer cure rate or survival. It is necessary to recognize the effectiveness and limitations of complementary alternative therapies and educate patients so that they can choose the appropriate treatment. Further research is needed on the effects and side effects of various complementary alternative therapies used in addition to standard treatments.

Increase and Plateauing of Testicular Cancer Incidence in Austria—A Time Trend Analysis of the Past Four Decades

BackgroundTesticular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common malignant tumors in young men. Despite considerable geographic, ethnic, and temporal variations in the incidence of TGCTs, without convincing explanation, incidence rates of TGCTs have been increasing in many countries since, at least, the mid-20th century. ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence rates of TGCTs in Austria by analyzing data from the Austrian Cancer Registry. Design, setting, and participantsAvailable data between 1983 and 2018 were provided by the Austrian National Cancer Registry and analyzed retrospectively. Outcome measurements and statistical analysisGerm cell tumors derived from germ cell neoplasia in situ were classified into seminomas and nonseminomas. Age-specific incidence rates and age-standardized rates were calculated. Annual percent changes (APCs) and average annual percent changes in incidence rates were determined to describe trends from 1983 to 2018. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 and joinpoint. Results and limitationsThe study population consists of 11 705 patients diagnosed with TGCTs. The median age at diagnosis was 37.7 yr. The standardized incidence rate of TGCTs increased significantly (p < 0.0001) from 4.1 (3.4, 4.8) per 100 000 in 1983 to 8.7 (7.9, 9.6) per 100 000 in 2018 by an average APC of 1.74 (1.20, 2.29). The joinpoint regression revealed a change point in time trend in 1995 with an APC of 4.24 (2.77, 5.72) before 1995 and an APC of 0.47 (0.06, 0.89) thereafter. Incidence rates were about twice as high for seminomas as for nonseminomas. A trend analysis by age group showed that the highest TGCT incidence rate was observed among men aged 30–40 yr, with a steep increase before 1995. ConclusionsThe incidence rate of TGCTs increased in Austria over the past decades and appears to have reached a plateau at a high level. A time trend analysis by age group for the overall incidence was highest in men aged 30–40 yr, with a steep increase before 1995. These data should lead to awareness campaigns and research to further investigate the causes of this development. Patient summaryWe reviewed the data between 1983 and 2018 provided by the Austrian National Cancer Registry to analyze the incidence and incidence trend in testicular cancer. Testicular cancer shows an increasing incidence in Austria. The overall incidence was highest in men aged 30–40 yr, with a steep increase before 1995. The incidence appears to have reached a plateau at a high level in recent years.

Time-trends in liver cancer incidence and mortality rates in the U.S. from 1975 to 2017: a study based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database.

A previous study has examined the overall cancer statistics. However, more detailed statistics regarding liver cancer have not been provided. We evaluated the incidence and mortality trends of liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States from 1975 to 2017 based on the data in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Age, gender, race, metastasis, tumor site, and tumor grade of patients were extracted from the SEER database. Codes C22.0 and C22.1 of the International Classification of Disease for Oncology were applied to identify patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and/or intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Age-specified incidence, age-standardized incidence and mortality, 5-year relative survival, race-specific accumulative incidence and mortality, and geographic-specific accumulative mortality were calculated in different groups. Changes in trends of liver cancer incidence and mortality were assessed using Joinpoint regression. The overall incidence increased significantly from 2.641/100,000 person-years in 1975 to 8.657/100,000 person-years in 2017 [average annual percent change (AAPC) =3.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.28-3.62, P<0.001]. The steepest incidence rate increase was observed in the 60-69-year-old age group (AAPC =4.40, 95% CI: 4.10-4.70, P<0.001). Males exhibited a more rapid increase in cancer incidence, from 3.928/100,000 to 13.128/100,000 person-years (AAPC =3.41, 95% CI: 3.21-3.61, P<0.001), than females [from 1.642/100,000 to 4.783/100,000 person-years (AAPC =3.03, 95% CI: 2.91-3.21, P=0.001)]. The overall mortality rate increased from 2.808/100,000 person-years in 1975 to 6.648/100,000 person-years in 2017 (AAPC =2.41, 95% CI: 2.29-2.51, P<0.001). The highest mortality rate was observed in Hawaii (6.996/100,000 person-years). The incidence and mortality rates of HCC and ICC increased from 1975 to 2017, especially in males, non-Hispanic Blacks and older individuals. Comprehensive policy and control measures should be implemented to reduce the burden of disease, particularly through health monitoring and intervention for high-risk groups.

Increased Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates in Sexual and Gender Minorities

Increased Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates in Sexual and Gender Minorities