Increase In Incidence Of Cancer Research Articles

Radiotherapy in nonagenarian patients: A 20-year retrospective analysis in a single ternary centre.

The global burden of cancer and the ageing population is increasing, resulting in an increase in cancer incidence among elderly patients. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes and safety profile of radiotherapy in nonagenarians and to contribute to the existing knowledge on radiotherapy in elderly patients. This retrospective analysis included nonagenarian patients who received external beam radiotherapy at a single centre in Japan between May 2003 and May 2023. Data, including patient demographics, tumour characteristics, treatment details, and clinical outcomes, were collected from medical records. Statistical analyses including survival and subgroup analyses were performed to summarize the data. The analysis included 124 nonagenarian patients who received 151 treatment courses. Among the patients with a median age of 92 years (range, 90-98 years), 71 received palliative-intent radiotherapy and 53 underwent curative-intent radiotherapy. The overall survival rates at 1 and 3 years after radiotherapy were 55.4% and 38.3%, respectively. Performance status and radiotherapy at the primary site were independent prognosis factors for improved overall survival, while age was not. The incidence rate of grades 3-5 radiation-related toxicities was 3.4%, which is generally considered to be acceptable. This study demonstrates that radiotherapy can be effectively and safely used in this age group, supporting its use as a treatment option for both palliative and curative goals. These results contribute to the existing body of evidence on radiotherapy in elderly patients and can guide clinical decision-making in the management of nonagenarian patients with cancer.

Breast Cancer in the Arabian Gulf Countries.

Breast cancer stands as the prevailing malignancy across all six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations. In this literature review, we highlighted the incidence and trend of breast cancer in the GCC. Most of the studies reported a consistent increase in breast cancer incidence over the past decades, which was particularly attributed to the adoption of a Westernized lifestyle in the region and the implications of emerging risk factors and other environmental and societal factors, the increase in screening uptake, as well as the improvement in data collection and reporting in the GCC. The data on breast cancer risk factors in the GCC were limited. In this geographic region, breast cancer frequently manifests with distinctive characteristics, including an early onset, typically occurring before the age of 50; an advanced stage at presentation; and a higher pathological grade. Additionally, it often exhibits more aggressive features such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positivity or the presence of triple-negative (TN) attributes, particularly among younger patients. Despite the growing body of literature on breast cancer in the GCC, data pertaining to survival rates are, regrettably, meager. Reports on breast cancer survival rates emanating from the GCC region are largely confined to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In the UAE, predictive modeling reveals 2-year and 5-year survival rates of 97% and 89%, respectively, for the same period under scrutiny. These rates, when compared to Western counterparts such as Australia (89.5%) and Canada (88.2%), fall within the expected range. Conversely, Saudi Arabia reports a notably lower 5-year survival rate, standing at 72%. This disparity in survival rates underscores the need for further research directed toward elucidating risk factors and barriers that hinder early detection and screening. Additionally, there is a pressing need for expanded data reporting on survival outcomes within the GCC. In sum, a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of breast cancer dynamics in this region is imperative to inform effective strategies for prevention, early detection, and improved patient outcomes.

The impact of food availability on tumorigenesis is evolutionarily conserved

The inability to control cell proliferation results in the formation of tumors in many multicellular lineages. Nonetheless, little is known about the extent of conservation of the biological traits and ecological factors that promote or inhibit tumorigenesis across the metazoan tree. Particularly, changes in food availability have been linked to increased cancer incidence in humans, as an outcome of evolutionary mismatch. Here, we apply evolutionary oncology principles to test whether food availability, regardless of the multicellular lineage considered, has an impact on tumorigenesis. We used two phylogenetically unrelated model systems, the cnidarian Hydra oligactis and the fish Danio rerio, to investigate the impact of resource availability on tumor occurrence and progression. Individuals from healthy and tumor-prone lines were placed on four diets that differed in feeding frequency and quantity. For both models, frequent overfeeding favored tumor emergence, while lean diets appeared more protective. In terms of tumor progression, high food availability promoted it, whereas low resources controlled it, but without having a curative effect. We discuss our results in light of current ideas about the possible conservation of basic processes governing cancer in metazoans (including ancestral life history trade-offs at the cell level) and in the framework of evolutionary medicine.

Computational molecular perspectives on novel carbazole derivative as an anti-cancer molecule against CDK1 of breast and colorectal cancers via gene expression studies, novel two-way docking strategies, molecular mechanics and dynamics

With increase in cancer incidences, alternative strategies for disease management are of utmost importance. Carbazole, is a compound that is being studied extensively as an anti-cancer compound. In this work, we aimed to investigate a carbazole derivative against specific cancer types such as breast and colorectal, based on the off-target analyses of carbazole derivative. The present work shortlisted 6 proteins that have an association in both cancer types, and then employed two different molecular docking strategies to examine the binding stability of carbazole derivative: a blind-docking state, where the pockets were undefined and mutation-docking state, where possible mutations were induced within the proteins. The results showed that CDK1 bound best in both states to carbazole derivative, and performed better than an array of positive controls. Molecular dynamic simulations at 100 ns further proved its stability, with carbazole derivative-CDK1-blind and mutated complex having RMSD values between 3.2 and 3.6 Å, and 2.8–3.2 Å respectively. Molecular-mechanics generalized born and surface area solvation disclosed free energy of binding for the complexes as −28.79 ± 3.97 kcal/mol and −31.86 ± 5.09 kcal/mol respectively, with carbazole derivative bound stably within the binding pocket at every 10 ns of the 100 ns trajectory. Radial distribution functions showed that the bell curve was well within 6 Å, thus showing that carbazole derivative and its atoms do not deviate away from the pocket, suggesting its ability to be used as a good anti-cancer compound against breast and colorectal.

Knowledge On Management Of Side Effects Of Chemotherapy Among Cancer Patients In A Hospital Of Bhaktapur

Background: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. The increase in incidence of cancer is directly related to the increase in number of patients receiving chemotherapy. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge on management of side effects of chemotherapy among cancer patients in a hospital of Bhaktapur. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 104 cancer patients in a hospital of Bhaktapur, Nepal using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through face-face interview technique by using self-developed structured questionnaire. The study was conducted between 2079-10-01 to 2079-10-30. Data management, analysis and interpretation was done using descriptive and inferential statistics and represented in tabulated form. Findings: More than half (56.7%) of the cancer patients had adequate knowledge on management of side effects of chemotherapy. Adequate knowledge was present on management of diarrhoea (82.7%), infection (65.4%) and nausea and vomiting (63.5%). However, inadequate knowledge was present on management of constipation (31.8%), extravasation (33.7%) gums bleeding (35.6%) and hair fall (38.5%). The study shows significant association between level of knowledge on management of side effects of chemotherapy with age (p=0.037) and educational status (p=0.029) of the cancer patients. Conclusion: More than half of the cancer patients had adequate knowledge on management of side effects of chemotherapy. Despite of this, respondents had still gap in knowledge on management of side effects of chemotherapy which shows need for, health education and counselling should be done among cancer patients.

In-vitro investigation on the biological activities of squalene derived from the soil fungus Talaromyces pinophilus

The consistent increase in multidrug resistance among pathogens and increased cancer incidence are serious public health concerns and threaten humans by killing countless lives. In the present study, Talaromyces pinophilus CJ15 was characterized and evaluated for its antibacterial, candidicidal and cytotoxic activities. The selected isolate Talaromyces pinophilus CJ15 with 18S rRNA gene sequence of 1021 base pairs exhibited antifungal activity on plant pathogens via dual culture. The GC-MS profiling of crude extract illustrated the existence of many bioactive macromolecules which include squalene belonging to the terpenoids family. The biological macromolecules in the bioactive fraction of CJ15 exhibited increasing antibacterial activity with an increase in concentration such that the highest activity was recorded against Shigella flexneri with 15, 18, 20, and 24 mm inhibition zones at 25, 50, 75 and 100 μl concentrations, respectively. The squalene, having a molecular weight of 410.718 g/mol, displayed candidicidal activity with a right-side shifted log phase in the growth curve of all the treated Candida species, indicating delayed exponential growth. In cytotoxic activity, the extracted squalene exhibited an IC50 concentration of 26.22 μg/ml against JURKAT cells and induced apoptosis-induced cell death. This study's outcomes encourage the researchers to explore further the development of new and improved bioactive macromolecules that could help to prevent infections and human blood cancer.

Genetic insights: High germline variant rate in an indigenous African cohort with early-onset colorectal cancer

IntroductionThe increase in incidence of colorectal cancer in young patients of African ancestry coupled with increased aggressiveness has warranted investigation of the heritable nature of these cancers. Only a limited number of published reports of hereditary colorectal cancer in indigenous African populations have been reported and no systematic screening of these groups has been performed previously. We aimed to investigate causative germline variants and to establish the incidence of pathogenic/likely pathogenic germline variants in the known colorectal cancer genes in indigenous African colorectal cancer patients using a next-generation sequencing (NGS) multigene panel.Materials and methodsPatients were selected from two hospitals in Cape Town and Johannesburg, South Africa. Patients with unresolved molecular diagnosis with an age of onset below or at 60 years were selected. Germline DNA samples were analyzed using a 14-gene NGS panel on the Ion Torrent platform. Variant calling and annotation were performed, and variants were classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Observed variants were verified by Sanger sequencing and/or long-range PCR.ResultsOut of 107 patients, 25 (23.4%) presented with a pathogenic/likely pathogenic germline variant (PGV). Fourteen PGVs in at least one mismatch repair (MMR) gene were identified and verified in 12 patients (11.2%). Of these MMR gene variants, five were novel. The remaining 10 PGVs were in the APC, BMPR1A, MUTYH, POLD1, and TP53 genes.ConclusionThe high incidence of PGVs associated with early-onset colorectal cancer in indigenous African patients has important implications for hereditary colorectal cancer risk management. These findings pave the way for personalized genetic screening programs and cascade testing in South Africa. The next step would involve further screening of the unresolved cases using tools to detect copy number variation, methylation, and whole exome sequencing.

The Mysterious Association Between Atrial Fibrillation and Cancer: A Literature Review.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent cardiac dysrhythmia, particularly affecting older adults, with its prevalence rising due to the aging population. AF is linked to several adverse outcomes, including embolic stroke, heart failure, and cancer. The association between AF and cancer is intricate and not yet fully understood. Studies suggest that the rise in cancer survivorship, along with cancer treatments, may contribute to an increased incidence of AF among cancer patients. This literature review was conducted using various databases to explore the relationship between AF and cancer. Studies from 2002 to 2022 were included, focusing on the adult population. Independent authors evaluated and validated the studies, ensuring rigorous methodology. The connection between AF and cancer appears multifaceted. There is evidence of increased cancer incidence within the first few months following an AF diagnosis, with potential shared risk factors like age, obesity, and smoking. Medications used to treat AF, notably amiodarone, were associated with increased cancer risk. Colon cancer risk might be linked to anticoagulation-induced gastrointestinal bleeding. It remains uncertain whether AF diagnosis leads to early cancer detection or if cancer itself contributes to AF development. The complex interplay between AF and cancer involves shared risk factors, potential medication-related influences, and unclear causal directions. The intricacies of this relationship warrant further research to clarify the underlying mechanisms and potential interactions. A comprehensive meta-analysis could provide more insights into this intriguing association and guide future clinical interventions.

IMPACT OF CHLORIDE AND LEAD ION CONTENT IN OPEN WATER SOURCES IN KYZYLORDA REGION ON POPULATION’S CANCER INCIDENCE

Relevance: In 2004-2013, the cumulative cancer incidence was about 200 cases per 100 thousand in Kazakhstan, while in the disaster area of Aral Sea – about 225 cases per 100 thousand. For comparison, cancer incidence in the prosperous region of Karaganda was 140 cases per 100,000 population. As of 2021, the incidence of colorectal cancer in Kyzylorda was 17.73 compared to 5.81 per 100,000 population in 2015.
 Factors of the surrounding macro- and microenvironment are trigger factors for tumor initiation. Salt deposits of the dried Aral Sea in the form of solonchaks spread to the territory of the entire Kyzylorda region. Pesticides and process water have been discharged into rivers for many years, which has led to the accumulation of heavy metal salts in water and soil on the banks of the rivers and in the place of the dried-up Aral Sea, which in turn can affect the increase in cancer incidence.
 The study aimed to study the dependence of cancer incidence on water pollution by ions of chlorine and lead in open water bodies in the Kyzylorda region.
 Methods: Analysis of cancer incidence in 2021 by localization: intestines, stomach, sarcomas, lungs, and melanomas in the Kyzylorda region. Determination of the content of chlorine ions by titration with silver nitrate, spectrophotometric determination of lead ions in the open water sources. Comparative correlation analysis of the concentration of chlorine ions and lead with cancer incidence in this region.
 Results: The maximum permissible chlorine and lead ions concentrations in all studied open water sources of the Kyzylorda region exceeded the norm by 1.024-20.26 times and 1.4-14.1 times, respectively. The presence of chlorides in the water increased intestine cancer incidence by 17% with an approximation certainty of 0.38. The presence of lead in water increased the incidence of melanomas by 22%, with an approximation certainty of 0.79. The correlation coefficient was r=0.618; p=0.07 for exceeding chlorides’ MPC and bowel cancer incidence.
 Conclusion: Heavy metals like lead in water samples in regions with increased cancer incidence indicate a co-dependent relationship of these factors. Pollutants such as chlorides and lead increase intestine cancer and melanoma incidence.

Searching for New Directions in the Treatment of Oncological Diseases

The prevalence of cancer is steadily increasing every year and, most likely, will continue to grow in the future, which means that malignant neoplasms need to be detected as early as possible and treated as accurately as possible. Despite certain advances in diagnostics and treatment methods, the rate of increase in cancer incidence is steadily increasing. Treating patients with cancer is challenging. That is why the problem of choosing adequate treatment regimens and choosing innovative drugs in the field of oncology is relevant today. At the moment, modern oncology of anticancer drugs has changed traditional methods for testing new anticancer drugs and assessing their effectiveness through the introduction of large multicenter randomized studies, the indications for the use of existing drugs are being expanded and new ones are being introduced.

Traitement du cancer bronchique chez le sujet âgé: Treatment of lung cancer in the elderly

Lung cancer is a very common disease of the elderly. Its incidence is expected to increase in Western countries because of the ageing of the population and the increase of cancer incidence with age. The purpose of this article is to synthesize the published data available to manage elderly patients with lung cancer at various stages: early-stage, locally advanced inoperable and metastatic. We will describe the indications of surgery and radiotherapy. We will also discuss, for each of the stage of the disease, the respective contributions of systemic therapies as chemotherapy, targeted therapies and immunotherapy and their use as sole therapy or in combination with local treatments. International recommendations have been published but they are difficult to apply because of the lack of consensual definition of frailties relevant to make treatment decision and to adapt it. We will also discuss data about the usefulness of geriatric assessment.1877-1203/© 2023 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

TXLNA enhances TBK1 phosphorylation by suppressing PPM1B recruitment.

In recent years, there has been a notable increase in cancer incidence and mortality, and immune abnormalities have been closely linked to malignancy development. TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a non-classical IκB kinase that regulates interferon and NF-κB signaling pathways and plays a crucial role in innate immunity. Recent studies have shown high expression levels of TBK1 and increased activity in various tumor cells, suggesting its involvement in the development and progression of multiple cancers. Targeting TBK1 for tumor therapy may be a possibility. However, little is known about the abnormal activation and dynamic regulation of TBK1 in cancer. First, we utilized the BioID biotinylation technique combined with TMT-based quantitative proteomics to analyze the TBK1 interacting proteins. Our results revealed that TXLNA interacts with TBK1 and binds to the α-helical scaffold of TBK1. The expression of TXLNA could affect the S172 phosphorylation of TBK1. PPM1B is a phosphatase that can dephosphorylate TBK1 S172, so we used the APEX2 proximity labeling technique combined with TMT-based quantitative proteomics to explore the interacting proteins of PPM1B and search for the regulatory pathway of TXLNA on TBK1 phosphorylation. We found that PPM1B interacts with TXLNA. Based on these results, we further found that TXLNA impairs the binding of PPM1B to TBK1, inhibiting the dephosphorylation of TBK1 and contributing to the abnormal enhancement of TBK1 activity in cancer cells. This study sheds light on the potential mechanism of aberrant activation and dynamic regulation of TBK1 in tumors and provides a potential target for tumor therapy.

IMPACT OF CHLORIDE AND LEAD ION CONTENT IN OPEN WATER SOURCES
 IN KYZYLORDA REGION ON POPULATION’S CANCER INCIDENCE

Relevance: In 2004-2013, the cumulative cancer incidence was about 200 cases per 100 thousand in Kazakhstan, while in the disaster area
 of Aral Sea – about 225 cases per 100 thousand. For comparison, cancer incidence in the prosperous region of Karaganda was 140 cases per
 100,000 population. As of 2021, the incidence of colorectal cancer in Kyzylorda was 17.73 compared to 5.81 per 100,000 population in 2015.
 Factors of the surrounding macro- and microenvironment are trigger factors for tumor initiation. Salt deposits of the dried Aral Sea in the
 form of solonchaks spread to the territory of the entire Kyzylorda region. Pesticides and process water have been discharged into rivers for
 many years, which has led to the accumulation of heavy metal salts in water and soil on the banks of the rivers and in the place of the dried-up
 Aral Sea, which in turn can affect the increase in cancer incidence.
 The study aimed to study the dependence of cancer incidence on water pollution by ions of chlorine and lead in open water bodies in the
 Kyzylorda region.
 Methods: Analysis of cancer incidence in 2021 by localization: intestines, stomach, sarcomas, lungs, and melanomas in the Kyzylorda
 region. Determination of the content of chlorine ions by titration with silver nitrate, spectrophotometric determination of lead ions in the open
 water sources. Comparative correlation analysis of the concentration of chlorine ions and lead with cancer incidence in this region.
 Results: The maximum permissible chlorine and lead ions concentrations in all studied open water sources of the Kyzylorda region exceeded the norm by 1.024-20.26 times and 1.4-14.1 times, respectively. The presence of chlorides in the water increased intestine cancer incidence
 by 17% with an approximation certainty of 0.38. The presence of lead in water increased the incidence of melanomas by 22%, with an approximation certainty of 0.79. The correlation coefficient was r=0.618; p=0.07 for exceeding chlorides’ MPC and bowel cancer incidence.
 Conclusion: Heavy metals like lead in water samples in regions with increased cancer incidence indicate a co-dependent relationship of
 these factors. Pollutants such as chlorides and lead increase intestine cancer and melanoma incidence

Can Advanced Radiotherapy Clinical Trials be Conducted in Resources Limited Countries?

The Lancet Oncology Commission on Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) highlighted the region's increasing cancer incidence and mortality, and recommended a series of actions to address this growing crisis. One such approach recommended by the Commission to increase access to curative treatment is the use of hypofractionated radiotherapy (HFRT). Here we highlight the barriers and facilitators to launching HFRT in SSA, as identified through the HypoAfrica clinical trial. HypoAfrica is a longitudinal multi-center clinical trial that was launched in late 2021 at three centers in Nigeria, Tanzania, and South Africa. The goal of HypoAfrica was to assess the feasibility of implementing HFRT for localized prostate cancer in SSA. To date, 155 of 182 subjects have been enrolled in this study. During the last year, a team of radiation oncology professionals from Africa, Europe, Australia, and USA met once every Saturday and reviewed the sites' data to identify the barriers to the implementation of HFRT and find solutions to overcome these challenges. With the intent to expand HFRT trials and practice to new SSA countries and radiotherapy centers, we also conducted an online survey to elucidate the readiness of radiotherapy centers across SSA to perform HFRT. The major challenge identified by this team was securing high-quality data that will yield statistically significant results. Factors that contribute to quality data are: harmonization of machine and patient-specific quality assurance (QA) procedures across the centers, data quality harmonization, and challenges associated with machine maintenance. Immediate solutions implemented included introduction of low-cost QA tools for patient-specific QA measurements, ongoing training of the site's healthcare professionals, implementation of preventative maintenance for Linacs, and data centralization infrastructure. These actions have resulted in the production of a high-quality, standardized dataset. Planned longer-term solutions to HFRT challenges include implementation of ongoing training, telehealth for remote support and QA, and the creation of an Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core for Africa. The online survey indicated that 61% of respondents' institutions perform HFRT for palliative purposes, emphasizing the readiness of sites in SSA to utilize HFRT for curative purposes. The study serves as a useful guide for increasing access to HFRT treatment in resource-limited settings and for conducting multicenter radiotherapy clinical trials.

Cancer Incidence and Mortality Estimates in Arab Countries in 2018: A GLOBOCAN Data Analysis.

Arab countries are projecting increase in cancer incidence and mortality; however, there are limited studies that compare the epidemiology of cancer in Arab countries compared with other parts of the world. We used the 2018 Global Cancer Observatory data to compare the age-standardized incidence and mortality estimates in Arab-speaking countries to the rest of the world. Rates for incidence and mortality for all cancers in Arab countries were lower than the world's rates but the incidence rates of non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma, bladder, breast, and liver cancers were higher. Arab countries generally had higher mortality-to-incidence ratio than the world's ratio. Incidence rates, even in age-specific groups, varied between subregions of Arab countries (the Levant, Arabian Gulf, and Arab African subregions), and Iraq and Egypt, suggesting some common and unique environmental factors and possible ethnic or genetic heritages. There are essential scopes for improvements in Arab countries including better treatments to reduce the high mortality-to-incidence ratio, and supporting vaccination programs and antiviral treatments that would prevent the prevalent viral infection-related cancers. The high incidence of several cancers in younger Arabs suggests genetic factors and underlines the importance of genetic epidemiology studies. This study is an essential reference to evaluate and monitor the progress of national cancer initiatives in Arab countries for surveillance and prevention programs and improving clinical management. The study also provides a comprehensive snapshot of cancers in a unique region that could shed light on the interplay of environmental, lifestyle, and genetic risk factors.

Impact of ramipril nitroso-metabolites on cancer incidence - in silico and in vitro safety evaluation.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) and their pharmacologically related sartans have been associated with an increased cancer incidence in several clinical observations. In 2018, sartans were revealed as being significantly contaminated with nitrosamines. Nitrosamines are potent human mutagens that can be formed ex vivo and, more concerningly, also in vivo from nitrosatable drug precursors. Their formation in sartans may justify the reported cancer risk and, by analogy, this may also apply to ACE-Is. We investigated a commonly used ACE-I, ramipril (RAM). We checked its susceptibility to in vivo interaction with nitrite, potentially resulting in the generation of mutagenic N-nitrosamines. To that end, in silico simulation of mutagenicity of RAM nitroso-derivatives was performed using VEGA-GUI software. Then, the Nitrosation Assay Procedure was conducted which served as a model of endogenous reaction. The resulting post-nitrosation mixtures were subjected to a bacterial reverse mutation test employing Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation. Our results showed that studied samples did not induce point mutations in the test bacteria, regardless of the catalytic cytochrome activity. We concluded that RAM endogenous nitrosation is not the reason for increased cancer incidence. However, other ACE-Is must be verified in a similar manner.

Skin Cancer Microenvironment: What We Can Learn from Skin Aging?

Aging is a natural intrinsic process associated with the loss of fibrous tissue, a slower cell turnover, and a reduction in immune system competence. In the skin, the continuous exposition of environmental factors superimposes extrinsic damage, mainly due to ultraviolet radiation causing photoaging. Although not usually considered a pathogenic event, photoaging affects cutaneous biology, increasing the risk of skin carcinogenesis. At the cellular level, aging is typified by the rise of senescence cells a condition characterized by reduced or absent capacity to proliferate and aberrant hyper-secretory activity. Senescence has a double-edged sword in cancer biology given that senescence prevents the uncontrolled proliferation of damaged cells and favors their clearance by paracrine secretion. Nevertheless, the cumulative insults and the poor clearance of injured cells in the elderly increase cancer incidence. However, there are not conclusive data proving that aged skin represents a permissive milieu for tumor onset. On the other hand, tumor cells are capable of activating resident fibroblasts onto a pro-tumorigenic phenotype resembling those of senescent fibroblasts suggesting that aged fibroblasts might facilitate cancer progression. This review discusses changes that occur during aging that can prime neoplasm or increase the aggressiveness of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer.

Prediction model of cervical lymph node metastasis based on clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a dual-center retrospective study.

The overall prevalence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients is expanding along with an ongoing increase in thyroid cancer incidence. Patients with PTC who have lymph node metastases have a poor prognosis and a high death rate. There is an urgent need for indicators that can predict lymph node metastasis (LNM) before surgery as current imaging techniques, such as ultrasonography, do not have sufficient sensitivity to detect LNM. To predict independent risk factors for Central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) or Lateral lymph node metastasis (LLNM), we therefore developed two nomograms based on CLNM and LLNM, separately. In two centers, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and Yichun People's Hospital, we retrospectively analyzed clinicopathological characteristics of PTC patients. We utilized multivariate analysis to screen for variables that might be suspiciously related to CLNM or LLNM. Furthermore, we developed nomograms to graphically depict the independent risk valuables connected to lymph node metastasis in PTC patients. Ultimately, 6068 PTC patients in all were included in the research. Six factors, including age<45, male, mETE, TSH>1.418, tumor size>4cm, and location (multicentric and lobe), were observed to be related to CLNM. Age<45, male, mETE (minimal extrathyroidal extension), multifocality, TSH≥2.910, CLNM positive, and tumor size>4cm were regarded as related risk factors for LLNM. The two nomograms developed subsequently proved to have good predictive power with 0.706 and 0.818 and demonstrated good clinical guidance functionality with clinical decision curves and impact curves. Based on the successful establishment of this dual-institution-based visual nomogram model, we found that some clinical features are highly correlated with cervical lymph node metastasis, including CLNM and LLNM, which will better help clinicians make individualized clinical decisions for more effectively rationalizing managing PTC patients.

Long-term follow-up of cervical cancer incidence after normal cytological findings.

An increase in cervical cancer incidence in Sweden from 2014 to 2015 has been attributed to an increase in false-negative cytological findings before cancer diagnoses. Years later, we performed a long-term follow-up to investigate whether the problem persisted. At each calendar year from 2016 to 2020, we identified women with prior normal cervical screening results through linkage to the Swedish National Cervical Screening Registry. We reported their incidence rates (IRs) of invasive cervical cancer in consecutive years and compared the IRs over time. For the years 2016 to 2020, there was no overall change in cervical cancer incidence after two normal cytology in the last two screening intervals. However, there was a further 62% increase among women 50 to 60 years of age with normal cytology in the past two screening intervals. The incidence rate of cervical cancer was high among nonscreened women and low among HPV-screened women with negative results, with no trends over time. Our results imply that the previously reported decrease in sensitivity of cervical cytology is persisting. Although primary cytology screening is no longer used, cytology is used in triaging among HPV-positive women. Our findings suggest that improved triaging is needed, for example, improved quality assurance and/or use of alternative triage tests.

Epidemiology of cancers among older adults in India: findings from the National Cancer Registry Programme

ObjectiveThis study describes the epidemiology, clinical extent of disease at diagnosis and treatment modalities of cancer among older adults (aged 60 years and older) in India. Study designSecondary data analysis of the National Cancer Registry Programme, which includes 28 Population-Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs) and 96 Hospital-Based Cancer Registries (HBCRs). MethodsPBCR data were used to estimate the incidence in terms of crude rate (CR), age-adjusted incidence rate (AAR), age-specific rate (ASpR) and cumulative risk. Trends in the AAR were calculated with the Annual Percentage Change (APC) using join-point regression. HBCR data were used to describe the clinical extent of the disease at diagnosis and the treatment modalities. ResultsThere is a wide heterogeneity across the country for the incidence of cancer and for the leading cancer sites among older adults. Males had a higher incidence rate compared to females in the majority of the registries. Aizawl had the highest AARs among both genders (males: 1388.8; females: 1033.0). Females had the highest ASpR at 65–69 years (482.8), whereas for males it was above 75 years (710.4). Cervical, stomach and oesophageal cancers were on the decline. The incidence of cancer among older adults was estimated to increase by 13.5% in 2025 as compared to 2020. ConclusionThe increasing cancer incidence among older adults in India poses a huge burden on the health system. There is a need to increase their participation in clinical trials, advocating comprehensive geriatric assessment and strengthening geriatric oncology within programs addressing older adult's care to deal with the rising cancer burden on the health system borne by them.