Increase In Built-up Land Research Articles

Assessing and simulating changes in ecosystem service value based on land use/cover change in coastal cities: A case study of Shanghai, China

The rapid economic development of coastal cities causes frequent land use/cover change (LUCC), which has a significant negative impact on the functions and services of coastal ecosystems. In this paper, we considered Shanghai, China, as the study area and assessed its ecosystem service value (ESV) using the equivalence coefficient table method based on land use data from 2000, 2010 and 2020. Multi-scenario simulations of LUCC and ESV in 2030 were carried out by establishing a future land use simulation (FLUS) model. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, the most obvious features of LUCC in Shanghai included an increase in built-up land (an increase of 1388.09 km2) and a decrease in cultivated land (a decrease of 1355.85 km2). Wetland, woodland and grassland maintained a steady growth trend. During these two decades, the ESV in Shanghai decreased from 322.8417 million yuan to 311.8970 million yuan. In terms of the spatial distribution of LUCC and ESV, coastal areas had the most frequent occurrence of LUCC and contributed the most to the ESV. The multi-scenario simulation results showed that there was a significant improvement in the ESV of the ecological priority scenario (2.01% and 4.06% higher than the benchmark scenario and development priority scenario, respectively). In addition, several policy recommendations for the development and utilization of land in coastal cities are proposed, and the significant contribution of coastal areas to the ecological benefits of coastal cities is empirically demonstrated. These results can provide a theoretical basis and decision support for sustainable land management in coastal cities.

Analysis of Landscape Patterns Changes and Driving Factors of the Guangdong Chaoan Fenghuangdancong Tea Cultural System in China

Guangdong Chaoan Fenghuangdancong Tea (GCFT) Cultural System is the second batch of China’s Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS), identified by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2014 as having rich biodiversity, valuable knowledge of indigenous technology, and unique ecological and cultural landscape. Under the dual background of rapid urbanization and agricultural industry structure transformation, China-NIAHS-GCFT is facing the reality of structural changes in land use/cover and landscape patterns. Therefore, it is important to systematically portray land use/land cover (LULC) changes in China-NIAHS-GCFT sites and clarify the spatial pattern differences due to the impact of China-NIAHS-GCFT recognition on tea garden areas and the tea industry. This study was conducted in Chaozhou City, Guangdong Province, where GCFT is located, to compare and analyze the LULC characteristics of the core area of the heritage site (Chaoan, Chaozhou) and the control area (Raoping, Chaozhou) before and after recognition. We assessed the spatial variation in tea garden area and the intrinsic driving mechanisms of the change by integrating social factors, such as China-NIAHS-GCFT recognition, and natural factors, such as elevation, precipitation, and temperature. The results show that: (1) Around 2010, the change in LULC of the core and control areas progressed from slight changes to dramatic changes, mainly shifting from natural to anthropogenic landscapes. The decrease in the cropland and grassland and the increase in built-up land in the core area were obviously larger than those in the control area. (2) Before and after GCFT was recognized as China-NIAHS in 2014, the changing pattern of tea garden shifts from “basically stable and small growth” to a trend of “substantial expansion”. Specifically, the recognition brought about tea garden area expansion and tea industry development in the core area, especially Fenghuang. Meanwhile, a radiating effect extends to the control area, especially the townships adjacent to Fenghuang. (3) Similar natural climatic conditions of temperature and precipitation in the two regions provide a basic growing environment for tea trees; however, elevation was the key natural resource condition affecting the distribution of tea gardens. The elevation conditions of the core area are more suitable for growth of tea trees compared to the control area.

Changes in Land Use Pattern and Structure under the Rapid Urbanization of the Tarim River Basin

Urbanization not only affects a region’s economic development but also impacts its land use structure. As the largest inland river basin in China, the Tarim River Basin has experienced rapid economic growth and urbanization in recent years, posing a serious threat to its soil and water resources and ecological sustainability. In this study, four remote sensing data products from 1990–2020 are selected to explore the distribution of land use types and their land structure changes in the basin in the context of rapid urbanization. The results show that the built-up land area increased by 2855.74 km2 during 1990–2020, mainly from the transfer of grassland and barren land. Furthermore, the migration of the center of gravity of built-up land moved from the desert to oasis areas, indicating that the urbanization process intensified during the study period. The overall trend is toward a continuous increase in arable and built-up land area and a continuous decrease in barren land. Future trends in the Tarim River Basin predict that arable land will decrease and that built-up land will continue to increase. However, the increase in built-up land will level off, mainly due to the transfer of arable land and grassland, which accounts for 37.94% and 20.40%, respectively. The migration characteristics of the center of gravity of each land type in the basin varied widely during 1990–2020, but the land structure will tend toward a gradual balance in the future. Therefore, in the context of increasing urbanization, focusing on the sustainable development of regional soil and water resources and ecology is crucial for the coordinated development of regional resources and economy.

IDENTIFIKASI DAMPAK AKSES JALAN TOL TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN LAHAN PERMUKIMAN DI KECAMATAN TEMBALANG

Construction of toll roads can be a generator in the development of Semarang City. It can be seen from the indications of an increase in population, and an increase in built-up land. A significant increase in the number of residents was in Tembalang District, namely 76,856 people. The expansion of built-up land is starting to be seen clearly in the city of Semarang, one of which is Bulusan Village and Tembalang Village which are located in Tembalang District. The development that took place in the Kelurahan was in the form of settlements (clean and slums) and trade and services and began to move rapidly since there was access to the Tembalang toll gate in the Tembalang Sub-District. In addition, there is a main driving factor for this increase, namely the difference between the Undip campus which is in the Tembalang Village. This study aims to identify how far the impact caused by the existence of toll gates in Tembalang Village from the spatial aspect in the form of residential land use (clean and slum). In achieving this goal, a spatial analysis of changes in land use was carried out from 1998 to 2018. Spatial urban development can be identified using land use data extracted from multitemporal Landsat imagery (Landsat 5 TM 1998, Landsat 7 ETM+ years, Landsat 7 ETM+ years 2003, Landsat 7 ETM+ in 2008, Landsat 7 ETM+ in 2013, Landsat 8 OLI in 2018). The results of the classification of land use show that the overall development of the city of Semarang leads to the east and south, the sub-districts with the number of built-up land growth are Tembalang, Banyumanik, Ngaliyan, Genuk, and Pedurungan. Then it was lowered again until the sub-district unit in Tembalang District saw an increase in built-up land in Tembalang and Bulusan Districts, both of which are the main gates using toll road access from the Tembalang Toll Gate.

Dynamical changes of land use/land cover and their impacts on ecological quality during China's reform periods: A case study of Quanzhou city, China.

The rapid growth of China's economy has greatly accelerated the process of urbanization during China's reform periods. Urbanization has significantly caused land use and land cover (LULC) changes and thus has impacts on the local climate and ecosystem. This study chooses Quanzhou, a fast-developing city of southeast China, as an example to detect and quantify the LULC and ecological changes from 1989 to 2018 by using the remotely sensed technique. The LULC of Quanzhou was derived from the four Landsat images taken in 1989, 1999, 2007 and 2018, and the land-use-degree ratio index and land-use-change method were used to estimate the change of land use. The remote sensing based ecological index (RSEI) was used to detect the ecological changes of the city. The built-up land expansion intensity and annual built-up land expansion rate were carried out for seven districts of Quanzhou. The results show that the urban area of Quanzhou has drastically grown by 192.99 km2 at the expense of forest, water, and cropland land during the 1989~2018 period. Moreover, the built-up land of seven districts had expanded at the average rate of 0.027~0.154 per year and the built-up expansion intensity was higher than 0.59. The average RSEI value of Quanzhou city dropped from 0.78 in 1989 to 0.34 in 2018, which suggested an overall decline in ecological quality. The proportion of areas with an RSEI rating good decreased from 30.84% to 11.52% while the proportion of areas with rating bad increased from 4.73% to 19.11% during the past 29 years. This study has shown the built-up land expansion intensity is negatively correlated with the ecological quality change, and the increase in built-up land can greatly accelerate the decline of the ecological quality. Government policies play a profound impact on land use changes, urbanization and eco-environment changes. Therefore, the policy decision-makers should take enough action and consider integrating the concept of ecology to enable the healthy and sustainable development of the city.

Predicting the impacts of urban development on seasonal urban thermal environment in Guwahati city, northeast India

The formation and intensification of the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon over an urban area largely depend on its land surface properties, which alters the urban thermal environment. So, assessing and predicting the effect of land use land cover (LULC) change on thermal environment of urban area is crucial. In this context, the present study aims to analyze the LULC change and its effect on land surface temperature (LST) and the UHI phenomenon over Guwahati city, northeast India, from 1995 to 2020 using Landsat data. A significant increase in built-up land of about 147.5% is seen during 1995–2020, while vegetation and cropland show decreasing trend of about 47% and 27%, respectively. Moreover, the future simulation of LULC using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based Cellular Automata (CA) model suggests a continuous increase in urban built-up land to about 10.18% during 2020–2030. The future prediction result of seasonal LST using XGB (Extreme Gradient Boosting) regression suggests that around 86.73% in 2025 and 94.53% in 2030 will have to face higher LST of 15 °C-<20 °C in the summer season and 82.58% in 2025 and 97.16% in 2030 of 25 °C-<30 °C zone in the winter season. The distribution of urban thermal field variance index (UTFVI) maps suggest the occurrence of the strongest UTFVI zones over the built-up land while none UTFVI over the surrounding rural region, suggesting a positive UHI phenomenon. Over the predicted years, a notable increase in the strongest UTFVI zone in the built-up region is seen, more significantly in summer than in winter.

Multi-Scenario Simulation of Ecosystem Service Value in Wuhan Metropolitan Area Based on PLUS-GMOP Model

Rapid construction and development activities in large urban areas have significantly impacted land use and land cover (LULC). They have brought great pressure to urban sustainable development. Current studies have shown that changes in LULC structure significantly affect regional ecosystem service functions but lack the sufficient scientific basis to provide reasonable strategies for the future development of urban areas. Based on land use and related data for the Wuhan metropolitan area (WMA) in 2000, 2010, and 2020, in this study, we construct a land use and ecosystem service value (ESV) simulation method based on a coupled PLUS-GMOP (patch generation land use simulation and grey multi-objective optimization) model and find that the changes in LULC structure from 2000 to 2020 are mainly reflected in the decrease in farmland and water area and the increase in built-up land, which are spatially reflected in Wuhan city center and other surrounding urban centers. The ESV also exhibits a slight increase and then a significant decrease, and a consistent overall pattern of high in the west and low in the east. By presupposing three scenarios for 2030 (ND, natural development; EFD, ecological first development; EECD, ecological and economic coordinated development), the analysis shows that although the ecological service value is still decreasing, the EECD scenario achieves a relatively high economic value (+90.134 billion yuan) by losing less ecological service value (0.27 million yuan) than EFD, which is the development model advocated in this study. The PLUS-GMOP coupling model proposed in this study provides a scientific reference for coordinating regional economic development and ecological protection in large cities, and provides a new technical path for metropolitan area sustainable development and planning.

Assessing Spatiotemporal Changes of SDG Indicators at the Neighborhood Level in Guilin, China: A Geospatial Big Data Approach

Due to the challenges in data acquisition, especially for developing countries and at local levels, spatiotemporal evaluation for SDG11 indicators was still lacking. The availability of big data and earth observation technology can play an important role to facilitate the monitoring of urban sustainable development. Taking Guilin, a sustainable development agenda innovation demonstration area in China as a case study, we developed an assessment framework for SDG indicators 11.2.1, 11.3.1, and 11.7.1 at the neighborhood level using high-resolution (HR) satellite images, gridded population data, and other geospatial big data (e.g., road network and point of interest data). The findings showed that the proportion of the population with convenient access to public transport in the functional urban area gradually improved from 42% in 2013 to 52% in 2020. The increase in built-up land was much faster than the increase in population. The areal proportion of public open space decreased from 56% in 2013 to 24% in 2020, and the proportion of the population within the 400 m service areas of open public space decreased from 73% to 59%. The township-level results indicated that low-density land sprawling should be strictly managed, and open space and transportation facilities should be improved in the three fast-growing towns, Lingui, Lingchuan, and Dingjiang. The evaluation results of this study confirmed the applicability of SDG11 indicators to neighborhood-level assessment and local urban governance and planning practices. The evaluation framework of the SDG11 indicators based on HR satellite images and geospatial big data showed great promise to apply to other cities for targeted planning and assessment.

The Relationships between Urbanization, Altitude Variability and Disaster Risk Management, Evidence from Jordan

This study was conducted in Jordan to assess the relationships between built environment (population growth, green surfaces, and built-up land), altitude variability, and landslide events during the period 1994 to 2020 through the application of a multi-approach investigation using statistical analyses, GIS, and remote sensing techniques. The results showed that the population densities in the study area have substantially increased. The population in the northern parts is distributed along an east–west direction that moves anticlockwise toward the south, while the southern parts population distribution is along a north–south direction that moves clockwise and to the south. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) results showed that the green surfaces in the study area have decreased by 4.6%, while the built-up land density has increased. The landslide events increased from four events in 1994 to more than 20 events in 2020. There is a synchronous pattern in which the decrease in vegetation is associated with an increase in built-up land, population size, and landslide events at different altitudes, suggesting that a relationship between these factors might be present. If the current built environment practices persist, the population distribution and concentration will spread in a north-south direction along the same axis where landslide events are concentrated, posing serious future potential hazards on the population and on facilities.

Monitoring the Impact of Rapid Urbanization on Land Surface Temperature and Assessment of Surface Urban Heat Island Using Landsat in Megacity (Lahore) of Pakistan

The present study focused on rapid urbanization due to the change in the existing landforms which has caused substantial adverse impacts on Urban Thermal Environment. In the present study, we have acquired the Landsat data (TM and OLI) for the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 to observe the land use changes (vegetation cover, built up land, barren land, and water) in Lahore using the supervised image classification method. Later, the impact of urbanization has been examined with Land Surface Temperature (LST) and eventually the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) has been calculated. Accuracy of the classified images revealed an overall accuracy (Kappa co-efficient) of 95.3% (0.929%), 92.05% (0.870%), 89.7% (0.891%), and 85.8% (0.915%) for the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively. It was found that vegetation cover decreased from 60.5% in 1990 to 47.7% in 2020 at the cost of urbanization. The overall built-up land increased by 23.52% from 1990 to 2020. Urbanization has influenced the LST, and it was examined that maximum LST consistently increased with increase in built-up land. The difference between urban and rural buffer reveals that SUHI has also been increasing over the years. SUHI has been raised from 1.72 C in 1990 to 2.41 C in 2020, and about 0.69 C relative change has been observed. It has also been observed that the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and LST have an inverse relationship. The research outcomes of this study are useful for urban climatologists, urban planners, architects, and policymakers to devise climate resilient policies, structure, and decisions to balance the urban green spaces for a healthy urban environment.

Impact of Expanding Coal Industry on the Regional Environment in an Indian Coal-Belt - A Case Study from Jharkhand, India

Environmental sustainability of coal industry is a major concern considering the trends of its exponential effect on the region and towards climate change. The study examines the land use/land cover changes using spatio temporal datasets of the years 2000 and 2020 in Dhanbad district which comes under the major coal-belt of India. The study shows the impact of expanding industries on the environment depicting a remarkable decrease in vegetation (18.89%), increase in built-up land (14.32%) and coalfields (0.9%) exhibiting massive deforestation activities. The study focuses on the increase in emissions from coal mining activities including GHGs, SOx, PMs, etc. over the years and their harmful impacts on the region. The sustainability evaluation of the coalfields of the study area is done through 15 predetermined indicators, suggesting the urgency and need of actions for sustainable functioning of coal mining industry in order to limit global warming to below 2 °C as suggested in the Paris Agreement-2016. The study also lays stress on the changing economic pattern of the region as an effect of increasing industrialization and changes in the land use.

PENGARUH INFRASTRUKTUR JALAN TOL TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN LAHAN TERBANGUN DAN KONDISI SOSIAL EKONOMI DI KAWASAN METROPOLITAN PATUNGRAYA AGUNG

The development of the metropolitan area is in line with the development of toll road infrastructure. This has implications for changes in the use of built-up land, population and economy. The areas most affected by the construction are located around the entrances and exits of the toll gates. However, along with changes in the use of built-up land that continues to grow, the amount of land available is limited. So that it can cause a mismatch of land use designation with the designation plan. Based on these problems, it is necessary to study the effect of toll road infrastructure development on changes in built-up land use, population and economy. The results showed that there was an increase in built-up land covering an area of ​​3,148.31 Ha, population of 273,997 people and in several PDRB sectors. Meanwhile, based on the results of changes in built-up land against the suitability of the South Sumatra Province Spatial Planning there are only 75.69% of the area of ​​built-up land that is in accordance with its designation. It is necessary to evaluate changes in built up land in Patungraya Agung Metropolitan Area so that land changes are built in accordance with efficient spatial planning.

Urban spatial temporal analysis and the urban heat island potential

The rate of urbanization has in changes in the urban spatial development, including in the city of Kediri. This study aims to analyze the distribution of urban spatial development in Kediri Regency/City, 2) Analyze the factors the factors that influence the spatial development, and 3) Analyze the UHI phenomenon and its relationship with urban spatial development. This study used Landsat 5 (1996) and 8 (2016, 2021) OLI to analyze Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and land surface temperature (LST). Ndbi and ndvi are used to determine the urban spatial development, meanwhile lst and ndvi are to analyse surface temperature. The analysis was conducted from 1996 to 2021. Urban spatial development in study area has a linear type along with the development of roads. Built-up land in the study area has increased rapidly in the last 5 years (2016 – 2021) by 83.8% compared to changes that occurred in 20 years (1996 – 2016). This is in line with the increase in urbanization, especially since the advent of the shopping centers. Temperature is increasing in line with the increase in built-up land. There is a potential UHI phenomenon in the study area as indicated by a significant temperature difference between urban and sub-urban. This makes it a challenge for urban spatial planning so that the study area remains a comfortable place to live.

Monitoring of land use land cover change using google earth engine in urban area: Kendari city 2000-2021

The physical development of an area causes Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes due to land requirement increases. Kendari City is the capital city of Southeast Sulawesi Province with extensive urbanization and extensive LULC changes. This study aims to analyze LULC changes in Kendari City (2000-2021) using multi-temporal Landsat imageries data. Landsat-5, Landsat -7, and Landsat-8 imageries spanning 20 years obtained from the Google Earth Engine (GEE) database. LULC classification based on machine learning using random forest method. The pattern of LULC of 2000 - 2010 spread to the west and increased the settlements in Kadia District. In 2010 - 2021 settlement developments to the west and south, namely in Kadia and Wua-wua Districts. An increase in built-up land or settlements in Kendari City has occurred about two times over the last 20 years has led to agricultural land. The increase in built-up land or settlements in Kendari City reached 1,920.44 Ha, and at the same time, there was a decrease in agricultural land in rice fields by 1,866.86 ha in the last 20 years.

Watershed Health Changes based on Vegetated Land Cover in the Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java, Province, Indonesia

The increase in built-up land and the decrease in vegetated land due to human activities have worsened watershed health from time to time. This study aims to assess the watershed’s health and changes every ten years based on the percentage of vegetated land cover except agricultural land in the Upper Citarum watershed, West Java. Land cover information was obtained from the processing of Landsat imagery in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 based on remote sensing using the supervised classification method. The watershed health level is determined by calculating the percentage of vegetated land cover of 173 catchments. The results show that the area of the vegetated land cover decreased from 1990 to 2000, then increased from 2000 to 2010, and decreased again from 2010 to 2020. Changes in the area of vegetated land in each period of the year affect the health level of the watershed in a spatiotemporal manner. Although these changes occur in a fluctuating manner, the number of unhealthy catchments in the Upper Citarum watershed is increasing, especially in the Ci Kapundung sub-watershed in the north and Ci Sangkuy in the south.

Global trends and local variations in land take per person

Globally, urban areas are growing at a faster rate than their population, potentially reducing environmental sustainability due to undesirable land take in (semi)natural and agricultural lands. However, it is unclear to what extent this trend varies locally, which may hamper the formulation and implementation of local-scale policies in the context of the global competition for land. Here, we attribute built-up land change to population dynamics and changes in land take per person, for >75,000 administrative regions worldwide, typically representing municipalities or counties. Results show that changes in land take per person, expressed as the area of built-up land per capita, relate to 38.3%, 49.6%, and 37.5% of the total increase in built-up land during the periods 1975–1990, 1990–2000, and 2000–2015, respectively, but with large local variations. Interestingly, we find that centres of large cities densify in all three periods, while their rural areas show an opposite development, suggesting an urban polarization effect. We also find densification in many regions in the Global South that already have a high population density, leading to potential trade-offs in terms of human wellbeing. Therefore, our work provides novel insights into the debate on sustainable urban development at a global scale.

Understanding Spatial Planning Policies in Responding to Urban Heat Island Using GIS Analysis in The Kendal Industrial Area

The formulation of spatial planning strategies in an area is strongly influenced by the development of issues and problems in the area. Spatial planning policies contained in a regional regulation must be able to be aware of and deal with all current and future problems. Urban Heat Island) is currently a very growing issue in various regions in Indonesia which is influenced by many factors, one of which is the increase in built-up land. The issue of the Urban Heat Island is important because its effects are starting to be felt, including natural degradation, health, economic losses to excessive energy use. One of the most dominant areas in contributing to hot temperatures in urban areas is the industrial area. Kendal Regency is one of the regions in Indonesia with a fairly dominant industrial estate development. Industrial areas that are synonymous with built-up land, air pollution and the lack of green open spaces are one of the triggers for an increase in temperature. In contrast to the negative effects caused, the development of industrial estates in Kendal Regency is one of the drivers of the regional economy so that its existence is considered important. This study aims to understand spatial planning policies in response to the Urban Heat Island in the Kendal Regency industrial area. The research method used is spatial analysis using Landsat 8 imagery with supervised classification to see the UHI phenomenon in the Kendal industrial area, the results of which are used as a basis for evaluating spatial policies in response to UHI. The spatial policy of Kendal Regency in the designation of industrial areas has not fully responded to the UHI phenomenon in industrial areas, although 13 of the 14 clauses indicate the potential for an increase in surface temperature. UHI in the Kendal Regency spatial policy has not been seen as a threat to urban areas. Mitigation efforts against UHI mentioned are only in the form of providing green open space and waste management. It is hoped that this research can be input in improving spatial planning policies in the Kendal Regency industrial area, especially to suppress the increase in temperature.

Spatial-Temporal Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Urban Areas Using Remote Sensing Images and GIS Analysis: The Case Study of Opole, Poland

Urban expansion is a dynamic and complex phenomenon, often involving adverse changes in land use and land cover (LULC). This paper uses satellite imagery from Landsat-5 TM, Landsat-8 OLI, Sentinel-2 MSI, and GIS technology to analyse LULC changes in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. The research was carried out in Opole, the capital of the Opole Agglomeration (south-western Poland). Maps produced from supervised spectral classification of remote sensing data revealed that in 20 years, built-up areas have increased about 40%, mainly at the expense of agricultural land. Detection of changes in the spatial pattern of LULC showed that the highest average rate of increase in built-up areas occurred in the zone 3–6 km (11.7%) and above 6 km (10.4%) from the centre of Opole. The analysis of the increase of built-up land in relation to the decreasing population (SDG 11.3.1) has confirmed the ongoing process of demographic suburbanisation. The paper shows that satellite imagery and GIS can be a valuable tool for local authorities and planners to monitor the scale of urbanisation processes for the purpose of adapting space management procedures to the changing environment.

Identifikasi Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan dan Karakteristik Hidrologi DAS Citarum Hulu

The Citarum watershed is one of the priority watersheds due to problems of critical land, flooding, erosion, and sedimentation which continue to increase every year. As the main catchment area that contributes to maintaining the availability of water resources, the upstream Citarum watershed continues to experience a reduction in forest and an increase in built-up land. A research aimed to analyze land use changes to the hydrological characteristics was carried out at the Watershed. The methods used include interpretation of SPOT image data, analysis of land use changes, and determining the values of KRA and KAT. The results of the analysis of land use change conditions in 2009-2018 saw a reduction in forest area (-5.5%), rice fields (-17.4%), and shrubs (-60.8%). Land use increased in built up land (39.7%), dry land agriculture (13%), plantations (6.4%), and open land (95.5%). The highest discharge occurred in 2010 at 606,3 m3/second and the lowest discharge in 2012 was 4,3 m3/second. The KRA and KAT values of the Upper Citarum watershed were moderate and very high. The multiple linear regression model of the relationship between land use changes that affect river flow fluctuations is Y = 2380.5 + 0.9 rainfall -206.5 forest + 6.1 build-up area -31.8 dryland agriculture + e. Other factors that influence the increase in river discharge are the slope of land slopes, rainfall patterns, and inadequate land use methods.&#x0D; Keywords: hydrological characteristics, landuse change, Upper Citarum watershed

Land use and land cover change-induced landscape dynamics: a geospatial study of Durgapur Sub-Division, West Bengal (India)

This article examines the factors and process of change in the land use and land cover change-induced landscape dynamics in the Durgapur Sub-Division region of West Bengal in 1989, 2003, and 2018 by employing the satellite imageries of Landsat 5 (1989 and 2003) and Landsat 8 (2018). The images of the study area were categorized into seven specific land use classes with the help of Google Earth Pro. Based on the supervised classification methodology, the change detection analysis identified a significant increase in built-up land from 11% to 23% between 1989 and 2003 and from 23% to 29% in 2003 and 2018. The areas under fallow land and vegetation cover have mainly decreased, while the areas of industrial activities and urbanization expanded during the study period.