Increased Body Fat Mass Research Articles

Progestin-only contraceptives: effects on weight.

Progestin-only contraceptives (POCs) are appropriate for many women who cannot or should not take estrogen. POCs include injectables, intrauterine contraception, implants, and oral contraceptives. Many POCs are long-acting, cost-effective methods of preventing pregnancy. However, concern about weight gain can deter the initiation of contraceptives and cause early discontinuation among users. The primary objective was to evaluate the association between progestin-only contraceptive use and changes in body weight. Until 4 August 2016, we searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, POPLINE, LILACS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and ICTRP. For the initial review, we contacted investigators to identify other trials. We considered comparative studies that examined a POC versus another contraceptive method or no contraceptive. The primary outcome was mean change in body weight or mean change in body composition. We also considered the dichotomous outcome of loss or gain of a specified amount of weight. Two authors extracted the data. Non-randomized studies (NRS) need to control for confounding factors. We used adjusted measures for the primary effects in NRS or the results of matched analysis from paired samples. If the report did not provide adjusted measures for the primary analysis, we used unadjusted outcomes. For RCTs and NRS without adjusted measures, we computed the mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for continuous variables. For dichotomous outcomes, we calculated the Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI. We found 22 eligible studies that included a total of 11,450 women. With 6 NRS added to this update, the review includes 17 NRS and 5 RCTs. By contraceptive method, the review has 16 studies of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), 4 of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraception (LNG-IUC), 5 for implants, and 2 for progestin-only pills.Comparison groups did not differ significantly for weight change or other body composition measure in 15 studies. Five studies with moderate or low quality evidence showed differences between study arms. Two studies of a six-rod implant also indicated some differences, but the evidence was low quality.Three studies showed differences for DMPA users compared with women not using a hormonal method. In a retrospective study, weight gain (kg) was greater for DMPA versus copper (Cu) IUC in years one (MD 2.28, 95% CI 1.79 to 2.77), two (MD 2.71, 95% CI 2.12 to 3.30), and three (MD 3.17, 95% CI 2.51 to 3.83). A prospective study showed adolescents using DMPA had a greater increase in body fat (%) compared with a group not using a hormonal method (MD 11.00, 95% CI 2.64 to 19.36). The DMPA group also had a greater decrease in lean body mass (%) (MD -4.00, 95% CI -6.93 to -1.07). A more recent retrospective study reported greater mean increases with use of DMPA versus Cu IUC for weight (kg) at years 1 (1.3 vs 0.2), 4 (3.5 vs 1.9), and 10 (6.6 vs 4.9).Two studies reported a greater mean increase in body fat mass (%) for POC users versus women not using a hormonal method. The method was LNG-IUC in two studies (reported means 2.5 versus -1.3; P = 0.029); (MD 1.60, 95% CI 0.45 to 2.75). One also studied a desogestrel-containing pill (MD 3.30, 95% CI 2.08 to 4.52). Both studies showed a greater decrease in lean body mass among POC users. We considered the overall quality of evidence to be low; more than half of the studies had low quality evidence. The main reasons for downgrading were lack of randomizations (NRS) and high loss to follow-up or early discontinuation.These 22 studies showed limited evidence of change in weight or body composition with use of POCs. Mean weight gain at 6 or 12 months was less than 2 kg (4.4 lb) for most studies. Those with multiyear data showed mean weight change was approximately twice as much at two to four years than at one year, but generally the study groups did not differ significantly. Appropriate counseling about typical weight gain may help reduce discontinuation of contraceptives due to perceptions of weight gain.

Low birth weight may increase body fat mass in adult women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

Women engaged with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), as the commonest endocrine disorder, are known to have a specific type of adiposity. Birth weight is among different contributors reported to be responsible for this diversity. We aimed to compare the relation between birth weight and body fat mass (BFM)/ body lean mass (BLM) in PCOS and their age and body mass index (BMI) matched normal controls. In this case-control study, a total number of 70 reproductive aged women, diagnosed with PCOS and 70 age- BMI matched healthy women without hirsutism and/or ovulatory dysfunction were recruited., control group had no polycystic ovaries in ultrasonographic scans. A detailed history of birth weight was taken and was divided into the following categories: <2,500 (low birth weight, LBW) and 2,500-4,000 (normal birth weight; NBW). Results showed that LBW prevalence was higher in women with PCOS than in controls (19.3% (27) vs. 15.7% (22)). Also body fat and lean mass (BFM, BLM) have increased in adult women with PCOS who were born underweight compared to their normal (19.8±9.05 vs. 12.9±4.5, p=0.001 and 48.9±6.9 vs. 43.2±5.8, p=0.004 respectively). Fetal birth weight influences on the adulthood obesity, BFM and BLM. This impact is different among women with and without PCOS.

FNDC5 is produced in the stomach and associated to body composition.

The fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) discovered in 2002 has recently gained attention due to its potential role in protecting against obesity. In rat, no data exist regarding FNDC5 production and regulation in the stomach. The aim of the present work was to determine the expression of FNDC5 in the rat stomach and its potential regulation by body composition. The present data shows FNDC5 gene expression in the gastric mucosa. Immunohistochemical studies found FNDC5 immunopositivity in chief cells of gastric tissue. By the use of three different antibodies FNDC5 was found expressed in gastric mucosa and secreted by the stomach. The rate of gastric FNDC5 secretion parallels the circulating levels of FNDC5. The body fat mass increase after intervention with high fat diet coincided with a decrease in the secretion of FNDC5 from the stomach and a diminution in the FNDC5 circulating levels. In summary, the present data shows, for the first time, the expression of FNDC5 in the stomach of rats and its regulation by body composition, suggesting a potential role of gastric FNDC5 in energy homeostasis.

Changes in body composition and growth pattern after adenotonsillectomy in prepubertal children

ObjectiveAdenotonsillar hypertrophy and chronic tonsillitis are associated with growth interruption during childhood, while adenotonsillectomy has been associated with growth improvement and increased body mass index (BMI). However, no reported study has investigated the effect of adenotonsillectomy on the proportion of body muscle and fat mass. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the effect of adenoidectomy and adenotonsillectomy on body muscle and fat composition in prepubertal children. MethodsThirty prepubertal children (22 boys, 8 girls; 3–9 years of age) were followed up for 6 months after adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy. Twenty-eight age-matched healthy children (12 boys, 16 girls) were followed for the same period, as controls. Data on dietary habits and physical activity were obtained from parent-completed questionnaires at baseline and 6 months. Height and weight z-scores, the amount and percentage of body fat and muscle mass, BMI z-scores, relative BMI and basal metabolic rate were evaluated before and 6 months after surgery with bioelectrical impedance analysis. ResultsAfter 6 months, body muscle mass and basal metabolic rate scores were significantly higher than at baseline in both groups (P<0.05). The rate of increase was not different between the groups. In the study group, the relative BMI scores improved significantly (P<0.05). Increases in body fat mass, body fat percentage, height z-scores, weight z-scores and BMI z-scores were not significantly different between the groups at 6 months (P>0.05). The number of overweight and obese children did not change significantly in either group (P<0.05). ConclusionsAdenotonsillectomy led to improvement in relative BMI and promoted healthy weight gain without increased body fat percentage in prepubertal children.

High-Fat Diets Containing Different Amounts of n3 and n6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Mice.

Dysregulation of adipokines is a hallmark of obesity. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oil may exert anti-inflammatory effects on adipose tissue mitigating the dysregulation of adipokines thereby preventing obesity. This study investigated the effects of high-fat diets containing different amounts of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on adiposity and adipokine production in mice. Mice were fed a low-fat or a high-fat diet with 16 or 45% of energy from corn oil (low n3 PUFA) in comparison with a high-fat diet containing soybean or high-oleic sunflower oil (adequate n3 PUFA) or flaxseed or fish oil (high n3 PUFA) for 11weeks. High-fat diets, regardless of types of oils, significantly increased body fat mass and body weights compared to the low-fat diet. Adipose fatty acid composition and contents reflected dietary fatty acid profiles. The high-fat fish oil diet significantly increased adiponectin and reduced leptin concentrations in both plasma and adipose tissue; it did not elevate plasma insulin concentration compared to the high-fat corn oil diet. All high-fat diets elevated concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) but lowered resistin concentrations in both plasma and adipose tissue. In conclusion, fish oil may be beneficial in improving insulin sensitivity by upregulation of adiponectin and downregulation of leptin production; n3 and n6 PUFA do not play a role at the dietary levels tested in reducing adiposity and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (leptin, PAI-1, MCP-1 and resistin) and anti-inflammatory cytokine adiponectin.

Abstract 13427: Treatment With a Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Interrupts the Progression of Obesity-Associated Pathologies in Mice Fed a High Fat Diet (Best of Basic Science Abstract)

Obesity is accompanied by activation of the coagulation cascade in humans and in experimental settings of diet-induced obesity. Genetic and pharmacologic interference with thrombin proteolytic activity has previously been shown to attenuate obesity-associated pathologies, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study we sought to determine if intervention with the thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate (DE), can slow the progression of NAFLD and obesity when administered after onset of disease. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet (AIN-93M, 10% calories from soybean oil) or a high fat diet (HFD, 60% calories from lard and soybean oil) for 3 months and then switched to identical diets containing 7.5 mg/g DE (AIN-93M+DE and HFD+DE) for an additional 2 months (intervention groups). Additional groups of mice were fed DE-containing diets for all 5 months (prophylactic groups). Terminal plasma DE levels were comparable (~330 ng/ml) in mice fed AIN-93M+DE and HFD+DE. Therapeutic intervention with DE prevented excess body weight gain, marked by no further increase in body fat mass, in HFD-fed mice. DE treatment elicited a selective reduction in micro-, but not macro-vesicular, hepatocellular steatosis in mice with established HFD-induced obesity. In addition, DE treatment prevented progression of liver injury (i.e., serum alanine aminotransferase levels) in HFD-fed mice. HFD-induced hyperglycemia was significantly attenuated in DE-treated mice, suggesting improved insulin sensitivity. DE treatment did not significantly affect these parameters in AIN-93M-fed mice. Analysis of inflammatory cytokines linked to metabolic inflammation revealed a robust increase in plasma KC/Gro, a neutrophil chemokine related to adiposity and insulin resistance, in HFD-fed mice. Notably, both prophylaxis and intervention with DE dramatically reduced plasma KC/Gro levels. Overall, the data suggest that DE can halt the progression of diet-induced obesity and NAFLD in mice fed a HFD. Moreover, the results suggest that thrombin-mediated chemokine induction contributes to HFD induction of obesity and liver disease in mice.

In vivo evidence for unidentified leptin-induced circulating factors that control white fat mass.

Fat transplants increase body fat mass without changing the energy status of an animal and provide a tool for investigating control of total body fat. Early transplant studies found that small pieces of transplanted fat took on the morphology of the transplant recipient. Experiments described here tested whether this response was dependent upon expression of leptin receptors in either transplanted fat or the recipient mouse. Fat from leptin receptor deficient db/db mice or wild-type mice was placed subcutaneously in db/db mice. After 12 wk, cell size distribution in the transplant was the same as in endogenous fat of the recipient. Thus, wild-type fat cells, which express leptin receptors, were enlarged in a hyperleptinemic environment, indicating that leptin does not directly control adipocyte size. By contrast, db/db or wild-type fat transplanted into wild-type mice decreased in size, suggesting that a functional leptin system in the recipient is required for body fat mass to be controlled. In the final experiment, wild-type fat was transplanted into a db/db mouse parabiosed to either another db/db mouse to an ob/ob mouse or in control pairs in which both parabionts were ob/ob mice. Transplants increased in size in db/db-db/db pairs, decreased in db/db-ob/ob pairs and did not change in ob/ob-ob/ob pairs. We propose that leptin from db/db parabionts activated leptin receptors in their ob/ob partners. This, in turn, stimulated release of unidentified circulating factors, which travelled back to the db/db partner and acted on the transplant to reduce fat cell size.

A sustained high fat diet for two years decreases IgM and IL-1 beta in ageing Wistar rats.

BackgroundThe immune system undergoes several alterations of innate and adaptive immunity during ageing. The main features of the aged immune system are a reduced diversity of T cell receptors and a reduced activity of innate immune cells with subsequent changes in adaptive immunity resulting in a less effective, less specific, and dys-regulated immune response and in an increased susceptibility towards infection, malignancy, and autoimmunity. The process is referred to as immunosenescence and is also modulated by environmental modifiers, such as dietary factors. High fat diet (HFD), via direct modulation of immune cell function by fatty acids and/or increased body fat mass, influences immune function. However, it is not clear whether HFD is beneficial or detrimental for the functioning of the ageing immune system.MethodsMale Wistar rats fed with either a high fat diet (HFD 43 en% of fat) or control diet (SD, 25 en% of fat) over up to 24 month and were analyzed for plasma IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IgM, IgG1, IgA, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG2c, light chains lambda and kappa, testosterone, prolactin and percentage of splenic B cells and apoptosis rate, respectively.ResultsIn general, all analyzed immunoglobuline isotypes increased with age, except for IgA. This increase was attenuated by HFD. In HFD and SD rats the percentage of B cells in the spleen and also their apoptotic rate was lower in aged as compared to young animals with no additional diet-induced effect. Testosterone and prolactin levels were lower in old animals, as expected. There was a statistical trend towards an increased prolactin/testosterone ratio in middle aged (6–12 monthsnth) HFD rats as compared to SD. IL-6 was neither affected by HFD nor age. On the other hand, HFD rats showed a decrease in IL-1β as compared to SD, which correlated with the above-mentioned suppressive effect on immunoglobulin isotypes, especially IgM.ConclusionIn Wistar rats, HFD reveals an immunosuppressive effect in ageing animals by decreasing immunoglobulins, especially IgM, and IL-1β when compared to SD.

Massa livre de gordura em idosas com sobrepeso e obesidade: análise da validade concorrente de equações de impedância bioelétrica

Older adults, especially women, show a higher level of functional dependence and disability because of muscle and bone mass loss and of a progressive increase in body fat mass. These changes in body composition components have been observed by different techniques. The aim of this study was to analyze the concurrent validity of bioelectrical impedance equations obtained with the Valhalla device7 and those proposed by Gray et al.8 for the estimation of fat-free mass (FFM) in Brazilian elderly women. The sample (n=34; 60-71 years old, height of 140-162 cm) was divided into two groups (n=17) according to relative body fat (%BF) obtained by DXA: %BF ≤41 and %BF >41. DXA was used as the gold standard. All correlation coefficients were satisfactory (r>0.79). FFMValhalla (%BF≤41: 36.1±3.4 kg; %BF >41: 39.3±3.2 kg) did not differ (p>0.01) from FFMDXA (38.7±3.7 kg) in either group. However, the standard error of the estimate (SEE) was slightly higher (2.114 kg) than the recommended one in the %BF >41 group. FFMGray differed (p<0.01) from FFMDXA in the two groups, although the SEE was satisfactory (<1.8 kg) in the %BF ≤41 group. The residual scores indicated the absence of agreement between FFMGray and FFMDXA, reaching 7.08 kg. Only 9% of the subjects had FFM estimated within an acceptable error when the equation of Gray et al.8 was used, while this percentage was 82% when the Valhalla equation was used. The latter equation showed concurrent validity for overweight and obese older women.

Vitellogenin-RNAi and ovariectomy each increase lifespan, increase protein storage, and decrease feeding, but are not additive in grasshoppers.

Reduced reproduction has been shown to increase lifespan in many animals, yet the mechanisms behind this trade-off are unclear. We addressed this question by combining two distinct, direct means of life-extension via reduced reproduction, to test whether they were additive. In the lubber grasshopper, Romalea microptera, ovariectomized (OVX) individuals had a ~20% increase in lifespan and a doubling of storage relative to controls (Sham operated). Similarly, young female grasshoppers treated with RNAi against vitellogenin (the precursor to egg yolk protein) had increased fat body mass and halted ovarian growth. In this study, we compared VgRNAi to two control groups that do not reduce reproduction, namely buffer injection (Buffer) and injection with RNAi against a hexameric storage protein (Hex90RNAi). Each injection treatment was tested with and without ovariectomy. Hence, we tested feeding, storage, and lifespans in six groups: OVX and Buffer, OVX and Hex90RNAi, OVX and VgRNAi, Sham and Buffer, Sham and Hex90RNAi, and Sham and VgRNAi. Ovariectomized grasshoppers and VgRNAi grasshoppers each had similar reductions in feeding (~40%), increases in protein storage in the hemolymph (150-300%), and extensions in lifespan (13-21%). Ovariectomized grasshoppers had higher vitellogenin protein levels than did VgRNAi grasshoppers. Last but not least, when ovariectomy and VgRNAi were applied together, there was no greater effect on feeding, protein storage, or longevity. Hence, feeding regulation, and protein storage in insects, may be conserved components of life-extension via reduced reproduction.

Increasing body fat mass reverses bone loss in osteopenia as detected by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans.

Low body mass index (BMI) is a known risk factor for osteoporosis and is part of the FRAX™ 10-year fracture risk stratification tool for predicting fragility fractures. Little is known regarding the effects of changing body composition on bone mineral density (BMD). However, increasing fat mass (FM) improves BMD in young women with anorexia nervosa. This study aimed to assess whether changes in FM over time affected BMD in the general population. Data was collected from patients who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) assessment between 2004 and 2011. Patients were included if they had multiple scans, including FM measurements. Our scanners limited these to scans of the lumbar spine. Linear regression analysis was performed to identify the relationship between changes in FM and BMD. Backwards stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to identify confounding factors, including sex, risk factors, previous fractures, and baseline BMI. In this study, 23,239 patients were included, of which 702 met the inclusion criteria. There were 609 (86%) females and 93 (13%) males with a mean age of 64.5 (SD 11.2) years at first scan. We identified a strong positive correlation between increasing FM and BMD between scans (coefficient 28.4; p<0.01; 95% CI, 26.6-30.1). Previous pelvic and femur fractures and a history of inflammatory diseases were also associated with increasing FM (p<0.05). This relationship was true regardless of patients BMI at their first scan. These findings suggest that patients at high risk of fragility fractures should be encouraged to increase their FM as long as they are at a low risk for disease states related to high FM.

Rheumatoid Cachexia and Other Nutritional Alterations in Rheumatologic Diseases

The prevalence of nutritional alterations in rheumatologic diseases ranges from 4 to 95%, depending on the detection method used. Formerly described as the single term rheumatoid cachexia, nutritional alterations can currently be grouped and subdivided based on the physiopathological mechanisms involved: chronic disease-related inflammatory conditions (cachexia), malnutrition associated to acute malnutrition inflammatory conditions (protein-caloric malnutrition) and starvation-related malnutrition. Clinical manifestations of malnutrition associated to rheumatic diseases vary from the patient with low weight or overweight and obesity; with lean body mass depletion as well as functional repercussions, and impact of quality of life as a common denominator. Additionally, the associated increase in body fat mass increases the risk for cardiovascular morbidity. A multidisciplinary approach towards rheumatic diseases should include aspects oriented towards prevention, early identification, diagnosis and correction of nutritional alterations.

IMPACT OF IMPROVED FAT-MEAT PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION ON ANTHROPOMETRIC MARKERS AND NUTRIENT INTAKES OF MALE VOLUNTEERS AT INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK.

meat products have been recognized to be adequate matrix for incorporating functional ingredients. The impact of meat products formulated by replacing animal fat with a combination of olive, linseed and fish oils on energy and nutrient intakes and anthropometric measurements were tested in a non-randomized-controlled- sequential study. eighteen male volunteers at high-CVD risk consumed weekly 200 g frankfurters and 250 g pâtés during three 4-wk periods (reduced fat (RF); n3-enriched- RF (n-3RF), and normal fat (NF)), separated by 4-wk washout. Energy and nutrient intakes, healthy eating index (HEI), and anthropometric changes were evaluated. body fat mass rate-of-change and the waist/ hip ratio significantly differs (p = 0.018 and p = 0.031, respectively) between periods, decreasing body fat mass, waist circumference and waist/hip ratio in RF period and increasing body fat mass in NF one (all p = 0.05). Significant inverse correlations were observed between rate- of-change of BMI and ideal body weight with dietary carbohydrate/SFA ratio in n-3RF period (p = 0.003 and p = 0.006, respectively). Initial diets presented low HEIs (means < 60). Carbohydrate, fat and protein energy contribution was 40%, 41%, and 16%, respectively. More than 33% of volunteers did not initially cover 70% of several minerals and vitamins RDAs. Product consumption improved dietary Zn, Ca, retinol equivalent, folate and vitamin B12 contents in all periods, and ameliorated n-3 PUFA contents and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio over the n-3RF period. improved-fat meat products appear as functional foods for overweight/obeses since their consumption improved selected body-fat markers, without affecting HEI, macronutrient and energy but their n-3 PUFA and n6/n3 ratio intakes.

Caquexia reumatológica y otras alteraciones nutricionales en las enfermedades reumatológicas

The prevalence of nutritional alterations in rheumatologic diseases ranges from 4 to 95%, depending on the detection method used. Formerly described as the single term rheumatoid cachexia, nutritional alterations can currently be grouped and subdivided based on the physiopathological mechanisms involved: chronic disease-related inflammatory conditions (cachexia), malnutrition associated to acute malnutrition inflammatory conditions (protein-caloric malnutrition) and starvation-related malnutrition. Clinical manifestations of malnutrition associated to rheumatic diseases vary from the patient with low weight or overweight and obesity; with lean body mass depletion as well as functional repercussions, and impact of quality of life as a common denominator. Additionally, the associated increase in body fat mass increases the risk for cardiovascular morbidity. A multidisciplinary approach towards rheumatic diseases should include aspects oriented towards prevention, early identification, diagnosis and correction of nutritional alterations.

Prolonged daily light exposure increases body fat mass through attenuation of brown adipose tissue activity

Disruption of circadian rhythmicity is associated with obesity and related disorders, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Specifically, prolonged artificial light exposure associates with obesity in humans, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we report that increasing the daily hours of light exposure increases body adiposity through attenuation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity, a major contributor of energy expenditure. Mice exposed to a prolonged day length of 16- and 24-h light, compared with regular 12-h light, showed increased adiposity without affecting food intake or locomotor activity. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that prolonged day length decreases sympathetic input into BAT and reduces β3-adrenergic intracellular signaling. Concomitantly, prolonging day length decreased the uptake of fatty acids from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, as well as of glucose from plasma selectively by BAT. We conclude that impaired BAT activity is an important mediator in the association between disturbed circadian rhythm and adiposity, and anticipate that activation of BAT may overcome the adverse metabolic consequences of disturbed circadian rhythmicity.

Association between hyperleptinemia and oxidative stress in obese diabetic subjects.

BackgroundObesity is a worldwide metabolic disorder affecting all types of people. The mechanism by which increased body fat mass that leads to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes is not yet clearly known. There is a possible crosstalk between leptin, an adipokine and insulin signaling. Leptin mediates insulin sensitivity in hepatocytes; however, its concentration has found to be increased in obese and diabetic subjects. These subjects also have high incidence of oxidative stress status. Therefore, knowing the level of leptin present in obese diabetic subjects will be informative along with its relation to oxidative stress.MethodsA small population study was performed to explore the association between leptin concentration and oxidative stress status in control and obese type 2 diabetic subjects. Oxidative stress status parameters like malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px), and protein carbonyl (PCO) groups content was measured spectrophotometrically in serum of 43 subjects. Serum Leptin concentration was measured by quantikine sandwich ELISA assay.ResultsThe strong positive correlation between MDA (malondialdehyde) and leptin in obese diabetic patients (ρ = 0.787, P < 0.05) suggests close association between lipid peroxidation and hyperleptinemia. In addition, observed positive correlation between protein carbonyl groups and leptin level in obese diabetic subjects (ρ = 0.599, P = 0.001) suggest that hyperleptinemia might also be associated with increased protein oxidation. In multiple logistic regression analysis, leptin has shown a significant association with obese type 2 diabetes [odds ratio (OR): 1.161, 95% confidence interval (Cl): 1.027-1.312, P < 0.05], but the significance is lost after adjusting for Age, BMI, MDA and anti-oxidant parameters.ConclusionsIn the subjects with both obesity and diabetes, there is a significant degree of association between hyperleptinemia and oxidative stress. This association reinforces the existing understanding that obese subjects who also have diabetes are vulnerable to cardiovascular complications driven by increased oxidative stress and hyperleptinemia.

High-fat diet feeding affects osteoarthritis progression in a surgical mouse model with established and developing metabolic syndrome

High-fat diet feeding affects osteoarthritis progression in a surgical mouse model with established and developing metabolic syndrome

The relationships of high-fat diet and metabolism of lipophilic vitamins

Obesity has become a worldwide problem. One dietary style contributing to this epidemic is the Western diet or high-fat diet (HFD), which is marked by its high-fat content. The effects of HFD on the development of chronic metabolic diseases, such as obesity, have been observed in both human and animal studies. Consumption of HFD generally causes increase of body fat mass with development of symptoms of metabolic diseases such as hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. Micronutrients are essential for the general health of an individual. Their needs are satisfied by dietary intake. Digestion, absorption and transport of dietary lipophilic vitamins share similar pathways as that of dietary fats. It is still unclear how amounts and compositions of dietary fats affect digestion, absorption and function of lipophilic vitamins and vice versa. A better understanding of the impacts of HFD on homeostasis and functions of lipophilic vitamins may shed light on the development mechanisms of obesity and other metabolic diseases. This review aims to investigate the impact of high-fat feeding on functions of lipophilic vitamins. Research included in this review ranges in publication year 1995 to 2014. It seems that the link between fat metabolism and lipophilic vitamin metabolism has started to be recognized. Additional research projects are warranted.

Increased body fat mass and tissue lipotoxicity associated with ovariectomy or high-fat diet differentially affects bone and skeletal muscle metabolism in rats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the musculoskeletal effects induced by ovariectomy-related fat mass deposition against the musculoskeletal effects caused by a high-fat diet. A group of adult female rats was ovariectomized and fed a control diet. Two additional groups were sham-operated and fed a control or a high-fat diet for 19 weeks. Distal femur and serum bone parameters were measured to assess bone metabolism. Muscle protein metabolism, mitochondrial markers and triglyceride content were evaluated in tibialis anterior. Triglyceride content was evaluated in liver. Circulating inflammatory and metabolic markers were determined. The high-fat diet and ovariectomy led to similar increases in fat mass (+36.6-56.7%; p < 0.05) but had different impacts on bone and muscle tissues and inflammatory markers. Consumption of the high-fat diet led to decreased bone formation (-38.4%; p < 0.05), impaired muscle mitochondrial metabolism, muscle lipotoxicity and a 20.9% increase in tibialis anterior protein synthesis rate (p < 0.05). Ovariectomy was associated with higher bone turnover as bone formation increased +72.7% (p < 0.05) and bone resorption increased +76.4% (p < 0.05), leading to bone loss, a 17.9% decrease in muscle protein synthesis rate (p < 0.05) and liver lipotoxicity. In female rats, high-fat diet and ovariectomy triggered similar gains in fat mass but had different impacts on bone and muscle metabolism. The ovariectomy-induced mechanisms affecting the musculoskeletal system are mainly caused by estrogen depletion, which surpasses the potential-independent effect of adiposity.

Adipocyte dysfunction, inflammation and metabolic syndrome.

Obesity is frequently associated with chronic inflammation, metabolic and vascular alterations which predispose to the development of the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). However, the individual obesity-related risk for the MetS is not determined by increased fat mass alone. Heterogeneity of body composition, fat distribution and adipose tissue (AT) function may underly the variable risk to develop metabolic and cardiovascular diseases associated with increased body fat mass. Importantly, an inability to increase AT mass by adipocyte hyperplasia may lead to adipocyte hypertrophy and could induce dysfunction of adipose tissue characterized by decreased insulin sensitivity, hypoxia, increased parameters of intracellular stress, increased autophagy and apoptosis and tissue inflammation. As a result, adipocytes and other AT cells release signals (e.g. adipokines, cells, metabolites) resulting in a proinflammatory, diabetogenic and atherogenic serum profile. These adverse signals may contribute to further AT inflammation and secondary organ damage in target tissues such as liver, brain, endothelium, vasculature, endocrine organs and skeletal muscle. Recently, a specific adipocyte volume threshold has been shown to predict the risk for obesity-associated type 2 diabetes. Most likely, impaired adipocyte function is caused by genetic, behavioural and environmental factors which are not entirely understood. Elucidating the mechanisms of adipocyte dysfunction may lead to the identification of novel treatment targets for obesity and the MetS.