Increase In Bending Strength Research Articles

Effects of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni-based alloy

Ni-based alloys were prepared at different sintering temperatures in this study. The effects of sintering temperature on the volume fraction, morphology, and distribution of precipitates in Ni-based alloys, and its impact on mechanical properties were studied. The results show that the microstructure contains γ-Ni, Ni3Si, M7(B, C)3, M23(B, C)6, and a Si-rich multi element phase. The morphology of M7(B, C)3 particles undergoes an evolution of small particles → mainly strip shape → mainly small block shape and nearly spherical shape, accompanying with the dissolution-reprecipitation process of M7(B, C)3 particles caused by the diffusion of Cr element with the increasing of sintering temperature. Meanwhile, the M23(B, C)6 particle is keeping aggregating and growing. The relative density, microhardness, and bending strength of Ni-based alloys also increase. Especially these properties are found to be increase quickly between 1025 °C and 1050 °C. The increase in microhardness and bending strength is attributed to the reduction in the number of residual sintering pores and the increase in the volume fraction and size of precipitates. In addition, the transition of fracture morphology from intergranular fracture mode to a combination of intergranular and partially transgranular fracture mode also contributes to the rise in bending strength.

The effects of 3D printing designs on PLA polymer flexural and fatigue strength

This study assessed the comprehensive assessment of flexural and fatigue strength of the three-dimensional (3D)-printed polylactic acid (PLA) samples across diverse printing designs and parameters. The experiment framework included a diverse array of printing parameters: layer heights, first layer thicknesses, infill densities, top/bottom infill patterns, extruder temperatures, perimeters, and types of solid layer top and bottom. Our findings suggest that there is an interplay between these parameters and the mechanical properties of PLA specimens. Notably, the fatigue strength of PLA printing specimens is more significantly influenced (0.44%) by an increase in the thickness of the first layer compared to flexural strength (87%). The rate of increase in bending strength is lower in cases of layer height (3.55%) and initial layer height (0.44%) in contrast with other factors. Specimens with an initial layer thickness of 0.4 mm reached the highest number of cycles until failure, recording 21 022 cycles. Furthermore, the study identifies the infill pattern’s impact on strength, highlighting that the line infill pattern type case has the highest bending strength of 75.97 MPa and surpasses the honeycomb pattern in bending strength. Compared to the Honeycomb pattern, the rectilinear design has 2.1% higher bending strength. The number of cycles to failure of the rectilinear pattern is greater than those of the honeycomb pattern. In comparison to other patterns, the Rectilinear Top/Bottom infill pattern has a higher interest rate of 27.5% for bending strength and 200.83% for fatigue strength. Additionally, greater bending and flexural strength are obtained by raising the solid layer top, bottom, and perimeter values, respectively. In comparison to the other temperatures, the bending strength and fatigue strength are highest at 200 °C. Therefore, the first layer height of 0.4 mm, the top/bottom rectilinear infill pattern, the extruder temperature of 200 °C, the perimeter value of 3, the solid layer/top value of 3, and the solid layer/bottom value of 3 are the optimal values for the part subjected to at the same time bending strength combined with fatigue strength. This comprehensive study may provide a broader and deeper understanding of individual and combined effects on an overview of the bending and fatigue strength in connection to printing design and printing parameters, as well as the ideal optimal parameters for 3D printing with the PLA material. Manufacturers and designers can use the recommended parameters to optimize the strength of their printed parts, considering both bending and fatigue performance.

Romosozumab rescues impaired bone mass and strength in a murine model of diabetic kidney disease

As international incidence of diabetes and diabetes-driven comorbidities such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) continue to climb, interventions are needed that address the high-risk skeletal fragility of what is a complex disease state. Romosozumab (Romo) is an FDA-approved sclerostin inhibitor that has been shown to increase bone mineral density and decrease fracture rates in osteoporotic patients with mild to severe CKD, but its effect on diabetes-weakened bone is unknown. We aimed to test Romo's performance in a model of combined diabetes and CKD. 6-week old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control (CON) and disease model (STZ-Ad) groups, using a previously established streptozotocin- and adenine-diet-induced model. After 16 weeks of disease induction, both CON and STZ-Ad groups were subdivided into two treatment groups and given weekly subcutaneous injections of 100 μL vehicle (phosphorus buffered saline, PBS) or 10 mg/kg Romo. Mice were euthanized after 4 weeks of treatment via cardiac exsanguination and cervical dislocation. Hindlimb bones and L4 vertebrae were cleaned of soft tissue, wrapped in PBS-soaked gauze and stored at 20C. Right tibiae, femora, and L4s were scanned via microcomputed tomography; tibiae were then tested to failure in 4-pt bending while L4s were compression tested. Romo treatment significantly increased cortical and trabecular bone mass in both STZ-Ad and CON animals. These morphological improvements created corresponding increases in cortical bending strength and trabecular compression strength, with STZ-Ad treated mice surpassing vehicle CON mice in all trabecular mechanics measures. These results suggest that Romo retains its efficacy at increasing bone mass and strength in diabetic kidney disease.

A study on the effect of the geometric properties and surface defects on silicon chip flexibility for wearable electronics

A study on the effect of the geometric properties and surface defects on silicon chip flexibility for wearable electronics

Tunable electrical and mechanical properties of anode foils for aluminum electrolytic capacitors prepared by additive manufacturing technology

An additive manufacturing technology was used to produce anode foils with different polystyrene microsphere (PSM). The effect of PSM addition in the range of 0–20 vol% on the specific capacitance and bending strength of the anode foils was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirms the presence of pores in the anode foils, which is attributed to the addition of PSM. The porosity and pore diameter of the anode foils increase with increasing PSM content, resulting in an initial increase and then a decrease in specific capacitance, as well as a gradual increase in bending strength. At a PSM addition of 12.5 vol%, the anode foils exhibit a high specific capacitance of 0.927 μF/cm2 and a bending strength of over 120 times greater, meeting the specific capacitance and bending strength requirements for anode foils in aluminum electrolytic capacitors. These findings suggest that incorporating PSM into anode foils is an effective method for adjusting their specific capacitance and bending strength.

Structure and Properties of Polylactide Composites with TiO2-Lignin Hybrid Fillers.

The research presented in this article focuses on the use of inorganic-organic material, based on titanium dioxide and lignin, as a filler for polylactide (PLA) biocomposites. To date, no research has been conducted to understand the impact of hybrid fillers consisting of TiO2 and lignin on the supermolecular structure and crystallization abilities of polylactide. Polymer composites containing 1, 3 or 5 wt.% of hybrid filler or TiO2 were assessed in terms of their structure, morphology, and thermal properties. Mechanical properties, including tensile testing, bending, impact strength, and hardness, were discussed. The hybrid filler is characterized by a very good electrokinetic stability at pH greater than 3-4. The addition of all fillers led to a small decrease in the glass transition temperature but, most importantly, the addition of 1% of the hybrid filler to the PLA matrix increased the degree of crystallinity of the material by up to 20%. Microscopic studies revealed differences in the crystallization behavior and nucleation ability of fillers. The use of hybrid filler resulted in higher nucleation density and shorter induction time than in unfilled PLA or PLA with only TiO2. The introduction of small amounts of hybrid filler also affected the mechanical properties of the composites, causing an increase in bending strength and hardness. This information may be useful from a technological process standpoint and may also help to increase the range of applicability of biobased materials.

Bending performance changes during prolonged canine eruption in saber-toothed carnivores: A case study of Smilodon fatalis.

The canine of saber-toothed predators represents one of the most specialized dental structures known. Hypotheses about the function of hypertrophied canines range from display and conspecific interaction, soft food processing, to active prey acquisition. Recent research on the ontogenetic timing of skull traits indicates the adult canine can take years to fully erupt, but the consequences of prolonged eruption on inferences of canine functional morphology are missing from current discourse and have not been quantified. Here I evaluate hypotheses about adult canine bending strength and stiffness, respectively, during eruption in the felid Smilodon fatalis. Simulated eruption sequences of three adult canines were generated from specimen models to assess shifting cross-sectional geometry properties, and bending strength and stiffness under laterally directed loads were estimated using finite element analysis. Consistent with beam theory expectations, S. fatalis canine cross-sectional geometry is optimized for increased bending strength with increased erupted height. However, canine cross-sectional geometry changes through eruption exaggerate rather than minimize lateral deflection. Spatial constraint for maximum root length from adjacent sensory structures in the maxilla and the recently identified universal power law are hypothesized to limit the growth capacity of canine anteroposterior length and, consequently, maintenance of bending stiffness through eruption. Instead, the joint presence of the deciduous and adult canines for >50% of the adult canine eruption period effectively increases canine mediolateral width and brings bending strength and stiffness estimates closer to theoretical optima. Similarly prolonged retention of deciduous canines in other sabertooths suggests dual-canine buttressing is a convergently evolved strategy to maximize bending strength and stiffness.

Low temperature and high efficiency synthesis of boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) and its application in SiO2 microwave-transparent composites

In this study, Zn8B3H3O14 nanosheets were synthesized through a one-step coprecipitation process and employed as both a boron source and substrate templates for the fabrication of boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs), which were synthesized efficiently at low temperatures by the borate nitration method using ammonia as the nitrogen source. The thickness of the synthesized BNNSs ranged from 3 to 10 nm with a flake dimension of about 2.56 μm. The prepared BNNSs using this method realized 98.8% boron source utilization and single batch yields up to gram level. In addition, BNNSs/SiO2 microwave-transparent composites were prepared to investigate the potential for large-scale applications of the BNNSs produced by using this method. The composites demonstrated a remarkable increase in bending strength and fracture toughness, reaching 122.02 MPa and 2.31 MPa·m1/2, respectively, with the addition of only 0.5 wt% BNNSs. Compared with SiO2 without BNNSs, the fracture toughness of the composites is increased by 106%. A novel crack plugging strong toughening mechanism of BNNSs is proposed. Simultaneously, the composites exhibit exceptional microwave-transparent properties, with dielectric constants below 4 in the real part and below 0.03 in the imaginary part. Therefore, this study has successfully achieved the low-temperature and efficient synthesis of micron-scale BNNSs, laying the groundwork for their large-scale application.

The Design of a Piecewise-Integrated Composite Bumper Beam with Machine-Learning Algorithms.

In the present study, a piecewise-integrated composite bumper beam for passenger cars is proposed, and the design innovation process for a composite bumper beam regarding a bumper test protocol suggested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety is carried out with the help of machine learning models. Several elements in the bumper FE model have been assigned to be references in order to collect training data, which allow the machine learning model to study the method of predicting loading types for each finite element. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional implementations are provided by machine learning models, which determine the stacking sequences of each finite element in the piecewise-integrated composite bumper beam. It was found that the piecewise-integrated composite bumper beam, which is designed by a machine learning model, is more effective for reducing the possibility of structural failure as well as increasing bending strength compared to the conventional composite bumper beam. Moreover, the three-dimensional implementation produces better results compared with results from the two-dimensional implementation since it is preferable to choose loading-type information, which is achieved from surroundings when the target elements are located either at corners or junctions of planes, instead of using information that comes from the identical plane of target elements.

Correlation between the part quality, strength and surface roughness of material extrusion process

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to develop a correlation between the properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene parts 3D printed by material extrusion (MEX) process.Design/methodology/approachThe two MEX parameters and their values have been selected by design of experiment method. Three properties of MEX parts, i.e. strength (tensile and three-point bending), surface roughness and the dimensional accuracy, are studied at different build speeds (35 mm/s, 45 mm/s and 55 mm/s) and the layer heights (0.06 mm, 0.10 mm and 0.15 mm).FindingsThe results show that tensile strength and three-point bending strength both increase with the decrease in build speed and the layer height. The artifact selected for dimensional accuracy test shows higher accuracy of the features when 3D printed with 0.06 mm layer height at 35 mm/s build speed as compared to those of higher layer heights and build speeds. The optical images of the 3D-printed specimen reveal that lower build speed and the layer height promote higher inter-layer diffusion that has the effect of strong bonding between the layers and, as a result, higher strength of the specimen. The surface roughness values also have direct relation with the build speed and the layer height.Originality/valueThe whole experiments demonstrate that the part quality, surface roughness and the mechanical strength are correlated and depend on the build speed and the layer height.

Analysis and Mechanism Study of Residual Stress during the Spontaneous Crystallisation Process of Molten Titanium-Containing Blast Furnace Slag

Molten titanium-containing blast furnace slag can be used to obtain cast stone materials by controlling a reasonable heat treatment system. The material acquired during this process showcases residual stress, which additionally impacts the macroscopic characteristics of the material. This article simulates the process of manufacturing microcrystalline cast stones based on the self-crystallisation ability of titanium-containing products. This research employs X-ray diffraction to precisely and conveniently assess the residual stress of microcrystalline cast stones and investigates how viscosity and the thermal expansion coefficient influence the residual stress level. The study provides a theoretical foundation for explaining titanium-containing blast furnace slag and combines characterisation methods such as XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (Scanning electron microscope), DTA (Differential thermal analysis), and theoretical calculations such as Factpage and Fullprop to study the effect of the TiO2 content on the microstructure of self-crystallised mechanical characteristics of microcrystalline cast stones through residual stress. The results of the experiment indicate that as the TiO2 content in the system increases, the glass phase is reduced, the crystallinity improves, and the main crystal phase changes from a feldspar phase to a diopside phase. Furthermore, its viscosity, thermal expansion coefficient, and residual stress decrease while its corresponding compressive strength and bending strength increase.

Interlayer bonding improvement of PEEK and CF-PEEK composites with laser-assisted fused deposition modeling

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a cost-effective additive manufacturing technique used to fabricate industrial-grade products with intricate designs using high-performance engineering plastics like Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and their carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced composites. However, the inherent weak interlayer bonding in the FDM results in anisotropic properties, limiting the mechanical strength and hindering widespread applications. In this study, a layer-wise, in-process laser treatment is proposed to enhance the interlayer bonding in the FDM process of both PEEK and CF-PEEK composites. The laser-assisted process selectively treats previously deposited layers, significantly improving the interlayer bonding by enlarging surface contact, reducing voids, and increasing crystallinity. To validate the effectiveness of this method, tensile and bending tests are conducted, accompanied by observations of surface morphology, roughness analysis, and crystallinity measurements. The results demonstrate significant enhancements with over a 20 % increase in tensile strength and 10–20 % increase in bending strength for both materials. This hybrid additive manufacturing method revolutionizes the mechanical properties of printed parts and opens up new possibilities for processing PEEK and CF-PEEK composites.

Влияние полипропиленового волокна на цементный закладочный композит на основе хвостов обогащения

Introduction. The advantages of technology with backfill in minerals extraction predetermined their widespread use despite the high cost of production. One of the ways to reduce the backfilling cost is the use of tailings. However, earlier studies did not consider the inhomogeneity of shapes, sizes and internal mutual arrangement of particles, as well as the inhomogeneity of phases and density, which is characterized by the presence of pores. Materials and methods. Comparative analysis of samples with different recipes was used to investigate the bending strength of polypropylene fiber-reinforced backfill. A high-frequency automatic laboratory setup with strength transducers (load cells) was used to measure the bending characteristics. Optical moving digital image correlation (3D-DIC) method was used to track and automatically store the obtained results. Microstructure of the prepared and cured backfill was studied to correlate the obtained values. Results. 1. Maximum bending strength was demonstrated by unreinforced samples with 1:4 cement/tailings combination compared to the rest of samples regardless of the presence or absence of reinforcing fiber in the composition; 2. Directly proportional dependence between the increase in bending strength of samples and increase in the cement/ tailings ratio in backfill was established; 3. Increase in bending strength of the samples is maximum at low cement/tailings ratio in backfill composite; 4. There is a linear increase in peak strength and deflection values as the cement/tailings ratio in reinforced backfill increases. Discussion. Compaction of the internal structure is observed when reinforcing the composite with polypropylene fiber. It is noticeable that the compaction occurs due to fiber bonding, which allows improving the bending characteristics of samples. Such compaction is observed in all the investigated reinforced composites with ratios of 1:4, 1:6, 1:8. In some cases a decrease in fiber diameter is observed, which can be explained by the factor of occurrence of yanking or torsional forces at the moment of fracture. All the changes in reinforcing fibers confirm the fact that they are prone to deformations. Conclusion. The following conclusions can be drawn from the research conducted: 1. Unreinforced samples with a cement/tailings combination of 1:4 have the maximum bending strength in comparison with other samples, regardless of the presence or absence of reinforcing fiber in the composition; 2. Reinforcement of backfill with polypropylene fiber changes the fracture behavior of samples and passes from brittle to ductile at maximum strain rate; 3. Reinforcing fibers in the cement backfill have an overlapping effect, which significantly slows the development of cracks and increases the ductility of the material. Resume. The results of the research can be useful in the creation of high-strength and resistant to increased bending stresses artificial mass where tailings are used as an aggregate. In the future there is a need to study the cement backfill with different types of reinforcing fibers.

A Study of Annealing Effects on the Joints of a Rotary Friction Welds of AISI 1030 Steel

This study is concerned with the post-heat treatment of rotational friction welds. AISI 1030 carbon steel parts are welded by rotational friction welding (RFW). The welding process parameters include friction pressure (P1), friction time (T1); Forging pressure (P2), forging time (T2). During the friction phase, the rotational speed is 1450 rpm; after that, the welding parts is stopped immediately and pressed together. The weld samples will be annealed at 650 °C for 4 hours. The change in the properties of the material of a RFW weld joint such as hardness, tensile strength, bending strength as well as grain size when undergone a heat treatment process was investigated. The obtained results show that the annealing process strongly changes the mechanical properties through altering the microstructure of the weld. Particularly, the weld hardness and tensile strength decrease significantly while the bending strength and elongation increase as a result of the increase in grain size and uniformity of the phase distribution. The annealed weld has a hardness reduction of nearly 20% and a tensile strength reduction of about 24% compared to the original weld. The elongation in the tensile test increases from 1.1% for weld specimens to 2.54% for post-heat-treated welds. In the bending test, the maximum load before the appearance of cracks on the specimen increased by about 42% when comparing the post-heat and original weld specimens.

Digital light processing of multi-walled carbon nanotubes-reinforced photosensitive resin composites: Effects on microstructures and mechanical properties

Owing to their great potential to enhance the structural, mechanical, and electrical properties of materials, numerous researchers have dedicated their efforts to manufacturing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-reinforced composites via additive manufacturing (AM) to leverage AM's ability to fabricate intricate structural components. However, there is currently limited research on MWCNTs in photosensitive resin (PR) systems processed via a type of vat photopolymerization AM technique - digital light processing (DLP). Additionally, the distribution pattern of MWCNTs in PR systems is still unknown. To address these research gaps, this investigation focuses on fabricating MWCNTs-reinforced PR (MWCNTs-PR) via DLP and studying the effects of MWCNTs content on microstructure characterizations and mechanical properties of MWCNTs-PR. These results show that PR with 0.05 wt% MWCNTs addition exhibits a 25 % increase in elastic modulus and a 2 % increase in bending strength compared to pure PR. To achieve a more uniform distribution of MWCNTs in the PR, a combination of an ultrasonic bath and mechanical stirring was adopted. To further investigate the mechanism behind MWCNTs-enhanced bending resistance, a multi-material layered 3D printing structure was developed. The experimental findings reveal that the 10001 structure yields the highest bending modulus, surpassing the control group by 14.9 %. To validate the bending resistance mechanism attributed to MWCNTs-PR, finite element analysis was conducted.

Increasing Bending Strength of Polycarbonate Reinforced by Carbon Fiber Irradiated by Electron Beam.

In an interlayered carbon fiber-reinforced polycarbonate polymer (CFRPC) composite composed of three sized of CF plies, alternating between four PC sheets, designated [PC]4[CF]3, and a new process of activating CF cross-weave cloth plies directly on both sides with homogeneous low-energy electron beam irradiation (HLEBI) before lamination assembly and hot pressing at 6.0 MPa and 537 K for 8 min was produced. Experimental results show that a dose of 215 kGy of HLEBI raised the bending strength, σb, at each experimental accumulative probability, Pa, with the σb at a median Pa of 0.50, increasing by 25% over that of the untreated sample. Three-parameter Weibull analysis showed that when quality can be controlled, a dose of 215 kGy of HLEBI can raise the statistically lowest bending strength, σs, at Pa = 0 (94.3 Mpa), with a high correlation coefficient. This is because, although it had a higher bending strength than that in the other experimental conditions, the weakest sample of the 215 kGy data set had a much lower σb value than that of the others. Electron spin resonance (ESR) of the CF showed that naturally occurring dangling bonds in CF were increased at 215 kGy. Charge transfer to the PC occurs, apparently generating stronger bonds, which are possibly covalent, resulting in enhanced adhesion at the CF-PC interface.

Process Analysis of DLP Photocuring 3D Printing with Modified High-strength Resin

The excellent properties of graphene oxide, along with its dispersibility and hydrophilicity, make it suitable for blending with other substrates to obtain reinforcements. In this paper, high-strength photosensitive resin is mixed with graphene oxide to obtain reinforced photosensitive resin. The impact of different mass fractions of graphene oxide on the appearance, dimensional accuracy, bending strength, tensile strength, and fracture morphology of printed samples is investigated using DLP surface molding 3D printing technology. As the mass fraction of graphene oxide increases, the size error of the printed sample decreases, while the bending strength and tensile strength increase, indicating a favorable bonding effect. However, when the mass fraction of graphene oxide exceeds 0.6%, the bonding between the two materials becomes poorer, leading to the opposite outcome. The hierarchical influence of different parameters on the tensile strength of mixed-material DLP printed samples can be summarized as follows: graphene oxide content exhibits the strongest influence, followed by layer thickness, exposure time, and exposure intensity.

Toughening, reinforcement and repair mechanisms of TiSi2 in Al2O3/TiN/TiSi2 ceramics

The short sintering time of discharge plasma sintering (SPS) can effectively improve the research efficiency. Through the self-repair phenomenon, ceramic materials can repair surface cracks and improve their reliability. In this study, self-repairing ceramic materials—Al2O3/TiN and Al2O3/TiN/TiSi2—are prepared through SPS and surface crack-repair experiments are performed under different heat-treatment conditions to determine the optimum sintering parameters and analyse the surface crack repair effects. The effects of TiSi2 on the toughening, strengthening, and repair mechanisms of Al2O3/TiN ceramics are analysed. The results show that the bending strength and fracture toughness increase by 25.20 and 4.42 %, respectively, with the addition of TiSi2. The increase in the bending strength is due to the decrease in the sintering temperature and grain refinement. The fracture toughness increases because the addition of TiSi2 increases the crack deflection and bridging. TiSi2 forms an oxide layer on the ceramic surface, which prevents the contact between oxygen and cracks, thereby reducing the porosity of the repaired surface of the Al2O3/TiN ceramic material.

БАЗАЛЬТ ТАЛШЫҚТЫ КӨБІК БЕТОН

The performance characteristics of foam concrete can be improved by its dispersed reinforcement, including the use of basalt fiber. The results of the study of changes in the mobility of dispersed-reinforced foam concrete mixtures from the mixing time and the water-cement ratio are presented. Increased bending strength of dispersed reinforced foam concrete (up to 1.3 MPa) at a density of 600 kg/m3 has been achieved

Fabrication of a 3D Printed Continuous Carbon Fiber Composite Grid Stiffened Structure Using Induction Heating.

In aerospace applications, composite grids have been widely utilized to enhance the strength of large thin-shell components. Recently, a growing focus has been on the research of 3D printing continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites. The 3D printing method offers various advantages over traditional molding processes, including a simpler process, higher material utilization, and lower manufacturing costs. However, the use of 3D printing for manufacturing continuous fiber-reinforced composite structures presents challenges, such as a high occurrence of defects within the structure and insufficient mechanical properties. These limitations hinder its widespread application. To address these issues, this study proposes a method for treating 3D-printed composite grid structures using induction heating. Initially, the induction heating mechanism of 3D-printed composite grids was analyzed by studying the impedance at the junction, including direct contact resistance and dielectric hysteresis loss. Subsequently, the impact of induction heating treatment on internal defects was explored by observing micro morphologies. The results show that the combination of induction heating and vacuum pressure effectively reduces porosities within the 3D-printed carbon fiber composite grids. Additionally, 3D-printed composite grid-stiffened PLA structures were fabricated with induction heating, and the bending and impact tests were conducted to evaluate their mechanical properties. The results indicate that using a grid-unit size of 4 mm leads to significant increases in bending strength and modulus of the grid-stiffened structure, with improvements of 137.6% and 217.8%, respectively, compared to the neat PLA panel. This demonstrates the exceptional mechanical enhancement efficiency of the 3D-printed lightweight composite grids.