Increase In Basal Metabolism Research Articles

Dietary-fat supplementation alleviates cold temperature-induced metabolic dysbiosis and barrier impairment by remodeling gut microbiota.

As important components of the mammalian diet and tissues, fats are involved in a variety of biological processes in addition to providing energy. In general, the increase in basal metabolism and health risks under cold temperature conditions causes the host to need more energy to maintain body temperature and normal biological processes. The intestine and its microbiota are key components in orchestrating host metabolic homeostasis and immunity, and respond rapidly to changing environmental conditions. However, the role of dietary-fat supplementation in regulating host homeostasis of metabolism and barrier functions through gut microbiota at cold temperatures is incompletely understood. Our results showed that dietary-fat supplementation alleviated the negative effects of cold temperatures on the alpha-diversity of both ileal and colonic microbiota. Cold temperatures altered the ileal and colonic microbiota of pigs, and the extent of changes was more pronounced in the colonic microbiota. Translocation of the gut microbiota was restored after supplementation with a high-fat diet. In addition, cold temperatures exacerbated ileal mucosal damage and inflammation, and disrupted barrier function, which may be associated with decreased concentrations of butyrate and isobutyrate. Cold temperature-induced metabolic dysbiosis was manifested by altered hormone levels and upregulation of expression of multiple metabolites involved in metabolism (lipids, amino acids and minerals) and the immune response. Supplementation with a high-fat diet restored metabolic homeostasis and barrier function by improving gut-microbiota composition and increasing SCFAs concentrations in pigs. In conclusion, cold temperatures induced severe translocation of microbiota and barrier damage. These actions increased the risk of metabolic imbalance. Dietary-fat supplementation alleviated the adverse effects of cold temperatures on host metabolism by remodeling the gut microbiota.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ КОМПОЗИЦИОННОГО СОСТАВА ТЕЛА И ОСНОВНОГО ОБМЕНА У ПОДРОСТКОВ С МОРБИДНЫМ ОЖИРЕНИЕМ

Objective of the study: to compare the values of basal metabolic rate and body composition in children with morbid and non-morbid obesity. Materials and methods of research: 87 adolescents with constitutionally exogenous obesity (CEO) were included in a prospective open-label observational single-center selective non-randomized uncontrolled study. The participants were divided into 2 groups: 43 with morbid obesity – mean age 15,7 years [14,9; 16,9], 20 boys (46%) and 23 girls (54%) and 44 with non-morbid obesity – the control group, mean age 15,3 years [10,1; 15,6], 19 boys (43%) and 25 girls (57%). All children underwent an assessment of body composition and basal metabolic rate. Results: adolescents with morbid obesity showed a statistically significantly greater amount of adipose tissue (51,5% [48,3; 56,2] vs 39,5% [35,4; 42,8], p<0,0001) and lean mass (65,8% [56,3; 72,3] vs 51,0% [45,2; 59,8], p<0,0001) compared with the group of non-morbid obesity. When assessing the amount of skeletal muscles, an increase in its absolute values was demonstrated in adolescents with severe obesity compared to the control group. The percentage of skeletal muscle mass in lean mass with severe obesity was statistically significantly higher compared to the group of non-morbid obesity (50,4% [45,1; 53,6] vs 41,8% [40,8; 43,3], p<0,0001). There was a statistically significant increase in basal metabolic rate in the group of morbid obesity compared with the group of non-morbid obesity (2489 [2313; 2802] and 1829 [1525; 2117] kcal/day, respectively, p<0,0001). These differences between the study groups persisted after the introduction of lean mass correction. Conclusion: the development of morbid obesity in adolescents is accompanied by an increase in basal metabolism, an increase in the amount of fat and lean mass. The increase in lean mass occurs mainly due to an increase in skeletal muscle.

Dehydroepiandrosterone-enhanced dual specificity protein phosphatase (DDSP) prevents diet-induced and genetic obesity

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) exerts a wide variety of therapeutic effects against medical disorders, such as diabetes and obesity. However, the molecular basis of DHEA action remains to be clarified. Previously, we reported that DHEA-enhanced dual specificity protein phosphatase, designated DDSP, is one of the target molecules of DHEA. To examine the role of DDSP in DHEA signaling, we generated mice that carry a DDSP transgene in which expression is driven by the CAG promoter (DDSP-Tg). DDSP-Tg mice weighed significantly less than wild-type (WT) control mice when a high fat diet was supplied (p < 0.01). No difference in food-intake or locomotor activity was found between DDSP-Tg and WT mice. Oxygen consumption of DDSP-Tg mice was higher than that of WT mice (p < 0.01), which suggested an increase in basal metabolism in DDSP-Tg mice. To further investigate the role of DDSP in genetic obese mice, DDSP-Tg mice with a db/db background were generated (DDSP-Tg db/db). We observed cancellation of obesity by the db/db mutation and development of a cachexic phenotype in DDSP-Tg db/db mice. In conclusion, our study shows that expression of DDSP leads to prevention of diet-induced and genetic (db/db) obesity. Anti-obese effects of DHEA might be mediated through DDSP, which might be a therapeutic target for intervention of obesity.

Maternal Nutritional Deficiencies and Interventions

Maternal Nutritional Deficiencies and Interventions

Metabolism traits of ‘all-fish’ growth hormone transgenic common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.)

Transgenic animals with improved qualities have the potential to upset the ecological balance of a natural environment. We investigated metabolic rates of ‘all-fish’ growth hormone (GH) transgenic common carp under routine conditions and during starvation periods to determine whether energy stores in transgenic fish would deplete faster than controls during natural periods of starvation. Before the oxygen uptake was measured, the mean daily feed intake of transgenic carp was 2.12 times greater than control fish during 4 days of feeding. The average oxygen uptake of GH transgenic fish was 1.32 times greater than control fish within 96 h of starvation, but was not significantly different from controls between 96 and 144 h of starvation. At the same time, GH transgenic fish did not deplete energy reserves at a faster rate than did the controls, as the carcass energy contents of the two groups following a 60-d starvation period were not significantly different. Consequently, we suggest that increased routine oxygen uptake in GH transgenic common carp over that of control fish may be mainly due to the effects of feeding, and not to an increase in basal metabolism. GH transgenic fish are similar to controls in the regulation of metabolism to normally distribute energy reserves during starvation.

Meat in the human diet: An anthropological perspective

Human ancestral diets changed substantially approximately four to five million years ago with major climatic changes creating open grassland environments. We developed a larger brain balanced by a smaller, simpler gastrointestinal tract requiring higher-quality foods based around meat protein and fat. Anthropological evidence from cranio-dental features and fossil stable isotope analysis indicates a growing reliance on meat consumption during human evolution. Study of hunter-gatherer societies in recent times shows an extreme reliance on hunted and fished animal foods for survival. Optimal foraging theory shows that wild plant foods in general give an inadequate energy return for survival, whereas the top-ranking food items for energy return are large hunted animals. Numerous evolutionary adaptations in humans indicate high reliance on meat consumption, including poor taurine production, lack of ability to chain elongate plant fatty acids and the co-evolution of parasites related to dietary meat.

Effects of metformin on the body composition in subjects with risk factors for type 2 diabetes

To measure the effect of metformin on the body composition, insulin resistance and sensitivity in subjects with risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). Placebo-controlled clinical trial. Twenty-three subjects with risk factors for type 2 DM were randomly assigned to receive 850 mg of metformin or a placebo twice a day for 2 months. Before and after the treatment, the body mass index and waist/hip ratio were calculated, the body composition was measured through bioelectric impedance and the fasting levels of blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides and cholesterol were measured. The level of insulin resistance was calculated by the homeostatic model and the level of sensitivity by the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index method. The Wilcoxon rank test was used. Twenty-one subjects completed the study, 12 of the metformin group and nine of the placebo group. In the metformin group, there was a decrease in fat weight from 25.9 +/- 9.4 to 20.8 +/- 9.2 kg, p < 0.01, an increase in lean weight from 57.05 +/- 13.6 to 61.9 +/- 16.5 kg, p < 0.01, an increase in basal metabolism from 1735 +/- 413 to 1878 +/- 505 calories/day, p < 0.05 and an increase in body water, p < 0.05. There was no significant decrease in insulin resistance. In the placebo group, the blood glucose increased from 84.7 +/- 13 to 96.7 +/- 16 mg/dl, p < 0.05. There were no significant modifications in lipids. The administration of metformin for 2 months improves the parameters of body composition and insulin dynamics in subjects with risk factors for type 2 DM.

Seafood through time: changes in biomass, energetics, and productivity in the marine ecosystem

The biomass of marine consumers increased during the Phanerozoic. This is indicated by the increase in both fleshiness and average size of individuals of dominant organisms, coupled with the conservative estimate that dominant organisms in the Cenozoic are at least as abundant as those in the Paleozoic. As faunal dominants replaced one another during the Phanerozoic the general level of metabolic activity increased due to both increase in basal metabolism and increase in more energetic modes of life. This demonstrates that the expenditure of energy by marine consumers has increased with time as well. There is a time lag in the expansion of more energetic life habits from environmental settings known to have high food supply into regions expected to have lower rates of food supply (e.g., bivalves into offshore carbonate environments or deep burrowing deposit feeders into the full range of shelf environments), and a time lag in diversification of energetic modes of life (e.g., predation or deep burrowing deposit feeding) for long intervals after they first appeared. This suggests that the supply of food increased across the whole spectrum of marine habitats during the Phanerozoic. The great diversification of specialized predators especially suggests that biomass increase took place all the way down the food chain to the level of primary production. The development of plant life on land and the impact of land vegetation on stimulating productivity in coastal marine settings, coupled with the transfer of organic material and nutrients from coastal regions to the open ocean, and the increase through time in diversity and abundance of oceanic phytoplankton all point to increased productivity in the oceans through the Phanerozoic.

The effect of increasing extracellular potassium concentration on the resting heat rate of the isolated rat papillary muscle

The effect of elevating extracellular K+ concentration on the basal metabolism of the isolated rat left ventricular papillary muscle has been investigated. The preparation was mounted on a thermopile and connected to a force transducer, to allow simultaneous measurement of muscle heat production and force. The resting heat rate (RHR) of the quiescent preparation was measured as an index of basal metabolism. Throughout all of the experiments, the muscles were maintained under a resting force of 10 mN and all measurements of RHR were made at times when there was no active force present above this passive level. Elevating the extracellular K+ concentration from 5.9 to 20, 40, then 80 mM produced graded increases in the RHR. The increase in RHR produced by 40 mM K+ was observed to be time-dependent, its effect being significantly greater at 5-7 h than at 2-4 h after cardiectomy. Averaged over all times, the percentage increases in RHR produced by 20, 40, and 80 mM K+ in the presence of 2 mM Ca2+ were 6.4 +/- 2.0%, 28.7 +/- 2.3%, and 51.3 +/- 8.9% (mean +/- SEM) respectively. The high K(+)-induced increase in basal metabolism was also shown to be Ca2(+)-dependent, the increase in RHR produced by 40 mM K+ being greater the higher the extracellular Ca2+ concentration (0.5-8.0 mM). The addition of verapamil was found to partially inhibit the K(+)-induced increase in resting metabolism. These results show that elevation of the extracellular K+ concentration produces a graded increase in the RHR that is Ca2(+)-dependent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Energy requirements of pregnancy in The Netherlands.

57 healthy Dutch women were studied longitudinally from early pregnancy until 2 months post partum. Regular measurements were made of energy intake in food, basal metabolic rate, body weight and body fat mass, and levels of physical activity. Some data were obtained before conception in 23 women. The energy cost of pregnancy calculated as the energy deposited as new tissues plus the associated increase in basal metabolism amounted to 286 MJ (1020 kJ/day), which is only 11% lower than the theoretical estimate of requirements of 323 MJ (1 MJ = 239 kcal). Energy intake throughout the first 10 wk of pregnancy was identical to that before pregnancy. Energy intake was only 200 kJ/day higher in late than in early pregnancy (not significant), and the cumulative increase in energy intake over pregnancy was estimated as 22 MJ (about 80 kJ/day). There is, therefore, an energy gap in pregnancy of about 940 kJ/day. It is proposed that the main mechanisms by which the pregnant body is able to save energy and to bridge the energy gap are by adjustments to physical activity and an increase in work efficiency and an adaptation of the metabolic response to food. Savings on physical activity by behavioural adaptations will not exceed 355 kJ/day.

Nutrition and Feedlot Health

The treatment was successful, but the animal starved. This may be an extreme example but, in ruminants, one cannot divorce nutrition from therapy in sick animals. It might be useful to briefly review the chain of events which are nutritionally related to an infectious disease resulting in fever.&#x0D; Fever can be defined as any condition of positive heat balance not due solely to food, exercise or environment. From a nutritional point of view, the important item is the increase in basal metabolism. Since the velocity of biochemical reactions follows van Hoff’s law, basal metabolism should increase 10 to 20% per 1°C in body temperature. If so, then the use of nutrients for basal metabolism can easily double in a very sick animal. Since high fevers are usually accompanied by a decline or loss of appetite, the rapid decline in body stores is easily understood.

BASAL METABOLISM AND RESPIRATION IN MEN LIVING AT 5,800 M (19,000 FT).

Respiratory determinations were carried out on eight members of the Himalayan Scientific and Mountaineering Expedition 1960—1961 and three Sherpas during a prolonged stay at 5,800 m (19,000 ft). Ventilation and oxygen uptake were similar in both groups, although the Sherpas were smaller men. The Sherpas had lower alveolar ventilation, higher PaCOCO2 and lower PaOO2 values than the scientists. Among six of the scientists mean basal metabolic rate was 10% above the mean value predicted from sea-level standards. There was no increase in the two others, who did not acclimatize. The mean basal metabolic rate in the three Sherpas was +21%. The findings were not explained by the extra O2 cost of increased breathing, changes in body composition, or exposure to cold, although this may have been a factor in the Sherpas. The results were similar to recent South American data on residents at 4,540 m (14,900 ft). It was concluded that acclimatization to great altitudes in man is associated with increase in basal metabolism, but there is insufficient evidence as to whether this is a response to hypoxia or other environmental factors. basal respiration; acclimatized men; high altitude (5,800 m) Submitted on March 30, 1964

CALORIGENIC POTENCY OF FREE THYROXINE BY MOUTH

WE HAVE previously shown that synthetic thyroxine, when admin' istered by mouth in single doses of from 10 to ioo mg., does not producea definite increase in basal metabolism in patients with myxedema. When administered into the duodenum in single doses of from 10 to 50 mg., it is likewise without demonstrable effect (1). On the other hand, thyroxine does produce a clear-cut calorigenic response when administered as the monosodium salt and a still greater effect when given in an alkaline solution (2). In the course of observations on the maintenance dose of monosodium thyroxine (3), thyroxine as the free amino acid was accidentally substituted and it appeared to possess slight activity. It,therefore, seemed desirable to determine more precisely the effect of thyroxine given orally as the fre eamino acid, by administering large daily doses for a comparativelylong period.

Oehme. The action of adrenaline on the function of the thyroid gland (K. Woch., 11 / IV, 1936)

The author draws attention to the fact that the extract of the adrenal cortex is inherent in the ability to moderate the activity of the thyroid gland and neutralize the action of thyroxine. By administering adrenaline to guinea pigs with artificially maintained hyperthyroidism, he sought to reduce its manifestations. An increase in basal metabolism from the administration of thyroxine does not occur if the adrenal cortex extract is simultaneously administered. The author also noticed that C-vitamin acid can produce a similar effect. Studying the antithyroid substance of the adrenal cortex, the author noted that it is destroyed after 2-3 hours when oxygen is passed over it at a pH of 93 and a temperature of 38 C. The author believes that the extract of the adrenal cortex can provide valuable services in the fight against clinical forms of hyperthyroidism.

Recent Observations on Thyroxine and Allied Compounds

In an effort to determine whether the formation of the comparatively soluble disodium salt accounts for the well-marked increase in basal metabolism recently observed by Thompson et al following the oral administration of thyroxine in alkaline solution, we have prepared a disodium salt of thyroxine according to the method of Kendall and have determined its calorigenic action in patients with myxedema. In one patient a single oral dose in distilled water of 15.1 mg. of the product containing 6.5 mg. of iodine, produced an increase in basal metabolism only from —-29% to —21%, and in another patient the same dose produced an increase only from —26% to —20%. These increases are about the same as those produced by single doses of the monosodium salt containing the same amount of iodine and only about 1/3 as great as those produced by thyroxine in alkaline solution. This small effect may be explained in at least 2 ways: (1) The method as used by us may not actually yield the disodium salt. (2) A large part of the disodium salt may hydrolyze when treated with distilled water to form sodium hydroxide and thyroxine. Although the disodium salt is said to be soluble to the extent of 4% and the monosodium salt only slightly soluble, the well-marked effect of thyroxine in alkaline solution by mouth must not be attributed to the formation of the disodium salt without more evidence. N-acetyl thyroxine, prepared according to the method of Kendall and Osterberg, has been given intravenously in alkaline solution to 3 patients with myxedema in doses of from 10.5 mg. to 31.5 mg., containing from 6.5 mg. to 19.5 mg. of iodine; subcutaneously, suspended in 10% glucose, to 2 patients with myxedema in doses of 10.5 and 21.0 mg. respectively; and orally to one patient with myxedema in a dose of 10.5 mg. The patient who received 31.5 mg. intravenously showed a slight but fairly prolonged increase in basal metabolism of from —41% to —35%. If this slight increase may be considered definite, then this compound when administered intravenously in alkaline solution produces only about 1/16 of the effect of thyroxine. When given subcutaneously in suspension, the effect was greater and amounted in one patient to about 1/4 and in another to about 1/6 of the effect of thyroxine given intravenously. These data suggest that the amino group is important for the calorigenic action of thyroxine.

Effect of Certain Extracts on Basal Metabolism of Guinea Pigs

Urine from patients with toxic goiter was obtained in 5 gallon lots from such patients, concentrated and extracted with petroleum ether as well as alcohol. An equal amount of urine from presumably normal people was obtained, concentrated and extracted in the same manner, to be used as control extracts. Equal amounts of the extract from the urine of patients with toxic goiter and the urine of normal people were fed to guinea pigs of the same weight, which had had a sufficient number of metabolic readings to determine a normal base line. The animals were starved 16 to 22 hours before the metabolic determination which was usually done every second day. The apparatus used was a closed chamber system, utilizing the Benedict principle of measuring oxygen consumption with a spirometer without regard to the output of carbon dioxide, which was taken up by passage of the gaseous mixture through soda lime. Various extracts of concentrated urine from normal adults and from patients with toxic goiter were made. The only ones which seemed potent from the standpoint of influence on basal metabolism were the extracts made with petroleum ether. However, the presence of so many toxic elements in our alcoholic extracts of urine does not allow us to form any conclusions regarding this particular extract. It was found that the animals to which the extract of urine from patients with toxic goiter was given sustained a slight increase in basal metabolism. The highest level was an average of plus 18% with observations over a period of 3 weeks. Each of another series of 3 animals was fed 8 mg. desiccated thyroid per kilo per day. One was fed over a period of 3 weeks with a petroleum ether extract of urine from supposedly normal adults, another fed in a similar manner with a petroleum ether extract of urine from a patient with toxic goiter, whereas the third animal was given nothing except the desiccated thyroid.

THE NERVOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF EXOPHTHALMIC GOITER AT DIFFERENT STAGES IN THE DISEASE*

The peculiar nervous manifestations of Graves’ disease have long fascinated those interested in the subject of goiter. It was in order to explain them that Plumnier (1) (2) was led to postulate a dysthyroidisni as well as a pure hyperthyroidism. According to this author, the thyroid gland Of Graves’ disease elaborates at least two products. One is abnormal, presumably deficiently iodinized thyroxine, and accounts for the peculiar nervous manifestations of the disease which distinguish it from toxic adenoma: the other is the normal hormone which is secreted in excess and accounts for a part or all of the increase in basal metabolism. A careful clinical study of patients who have been followed for years after they had been restored to their usual state of health by thyroidectomy, suggests that the peculiar nervous manifestations of the disease may be accounted for in a simpler manner. From this study it would appear that most patients who develop exophthalmic goiter are naturally nervous, worrying, emotiona...

EFFECT OF THERAPEUTIC DOSES OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON BASAL METABOLISM IN CHILDREN

In previous papers, 1 one of us (M. E. F.) has shown that there is not any appreciable increase in basal metabolism due to ultraviolet radiations over a long period of time. To determine whether there might be an immediate effect on basal metabolism following ultraviolet radiation, five children were studied in the wards of the pediatric service of the Mount Sinai Hospital from December, 1925, to June, 1926. The fact that the ultraviolet rays from the sun were fairly potent during the later months of this study did not in any way interfere with the experiment, as the immediate effect of the rays was of interest. Two of the children were admitted to the hospital because of poor appetite; the other three were convalescing from diseases which did not affect their metabolism. These children were first trained to use the Krogh basal metabolism apparatus until the readings on two

THE BASAL METABOLIC RATE IN CASES OF CHRONIC CARDIAC DISEASE AND IN CASES OF HYPERTENSION

In 1916 Peabody, Meyer and DuBois 1 found that patients with compensated cardiac disease showed no increase in basal metabolism. Nine out of twelve cases with dyspnea showed elevations in heat production above normal. They used both direct and indirect calorimetry. The respiratory quotients were between 0.73 and 0.94. They considered the earlier work of others of questionable accuracy because the respiratory quotients were too low. Peabody, Wentworth and Barker 2 in 1917 studied twenty-four cases of cardiac disease and used as an additional index the vital capacity. Their results indicated that the rise in heat production was related to the degree of cardiac insufficiency. In direct accord with these observations Aub and DuBois 3 reported the respiratory exchange to be increased in cases of hypertension with dyspnea. The subsequent studies of Peabody, Wearn and Tompkins 4 on irritable heart in soldiers, and of Boothby and Sandiford 5 on a large series of various types

THE INFLUENCE OF LARGE DOSES OF THYROID EXTRACT ON THE TOTAL METABOLISM AND HEART IN A CASE OF HEART-BLOCK

The effect of the ingestion of thyroid extract on normal and myxedematous people has been studied by several observers. The general opinion seems to be that cases of myxedema and cretinism respond readily to thyroid extract by a considerable increase in basal metabolism, and that normal and obese people, while usually affected, respond to a less marked degree. DuBois¹reports a case of cretinism whose basal metabolism rose 20 per cent. in three and one-half days under the influence of thyroid extract. The amounts of thyroid extract employed differ greatly in the investigations on normal and obese individuals. A patient with obesity studied by Magnus-Levy²received the largest dose of thyroid extract that we know of— from 3 to 5 gm. daily for nineteen days. Anderson and Bergman³used large doses, but only for one day before observations. Thiele and Nehring⁴used doses up to 0.9 gm. a day. Observations