Increase In Bandwidth Research Articles

Design of a Compact, Planar, Wideband, Overlapped, Bow-Tie Antenna in a Single Layer with Stable Bi-Directional Radiation Patterns

In this paper, a planar, bow-tie antenna with an enhanced bandwidth and a bi-directional radiation pattern is proposed. The concept of multi-resonance is applied by implementing the superposition of three different bow-tie components with various radii and flare angles in an overlapped fashion into a single element, resulting in a significant increase in bandwidth. The antenna has an electrical size, kr, of 1.10, calculated at the lowest frequency of operation. The proposed antenna is simulated, and a prototype is fabricated for verification by measurement. The result is a wide −10 dB bandwidth of 80.3% (1.23–2.88 GHz) from the measurements. The antenna also maintains a bi-directional radiation pattern, with a negligible difference between the forward and backward realized gains, within the entire −10 dB bandwidth. The measured realized gain values in the forward and backward directions are between 1.5 dBi and 3.7 dBi over the −10 dB bandwidth. The comparison of the measurement and simulation results shows good agreement.

Impact of sleep deprivation on aperiodic activity: a resting-state EEG study.

Sleep deprivation (SD) has been shown to have a negative impact on alertness, as evidenced by behavioral and electroencephalographic studies. Nevertheless, conventional fixed-bandwidth spectral analysis confused the aperiodic and periodic components, and ignored some important periodic parameters (i.e., center frequency, bandwidth). Here, based on a large open access dataset of SD, we employed a standardized process for multiple electrode analysis and group inference. We found that, compared to SC, the aperiodic offset shifted overall after SD, primarily in the occipital region. And this shift was associated with a reduction in subjective alertness. For periodic component, we did not found any power change in alpha rhythm, but there is an increase in bandwidth of alpha. And the increased regions distributed in the occipital and temporal lobes. These findings highlight the potential significance and value of aperiodic parameters in behavioral and electrophysiological researches.

Comparative analysis of microwave radiation generated by the interaction between electron beam and plasma under different methods

This article presents a physical model that describes the interaction between surface electron beams and plasma. The dispersion relations for beam plasma interactions were derived using perturbation method and field matching methods. The study investigates how different parameters affect radiation frequency and bandwidth. The results indicate that as electron beam velocity increases, the associated kinetic energy also rises, leading to an increase in both the maximum radiation frequency and bandwidth at high frequencies. Conversely, the radiation bandwidth at low frequencies decreases. Similarly, a higher plasma density results in a greater maximum radiation frequency, but the high-frequency bandwidth decreases, while the low-frequency bandwidth increases. Additionally, when the electron density and electron velocity of the electron beam remain constant, increasing the plasma density can increase the microwave radiation frequency However, there exists a plasma density threshold, beyond which high-frequency electromagnetic waves are no longer radiated.

Inertial amplification as a performance enhancement method for snap-through vibration energy harvester

In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in exploiting the bistable behavior of snap-through systems to harvest energy from vibration sources. The efficient operation of any bistable VEH depends on its ability to exhibit large-amplitude interwell motion. Under weak ambient excitation, bistable VEH performs marginally because of the confinement of motion to a single well. Frequency up-conversion, multi-stability, and adaptive techniques are some of the performance enhancement strategies suggested for bistable-VEH. Considering the VEH's space constraints, the above designs are hard to implement in practical cases. This study introduces an inertial amplification mechanism (IAM) as a simple passive strategy to enhance the performance of a snap-through VEH, a concept not explored in previous studies. The addition of IAM increases the effective mass without increasing the physical mass and thereby enhances energy harvesting, especially from weak ambient excitation sources. The dynamics and performance of the enhanced snap-through VEH are investigated analytically and numerically under harmonic and random excitations. The harmonic balance method (HBM) derives the frequency-amplitude relationship, which shows a hardening behavior and an increase in bandwidth. The effective potential method provides a closed-form expression for the joint probability density function (Joint PDF), which is governed by the Fokker-Planck equation. The joint PDF shows a transition from bimodal to unimodal with an increase in the value of the geometrical parameter. The stochastic averaging method is employed to obtain the stationary probability density function, which defines the long-term dynamics of the VEH. The effects of noise intensity, mass ratio, and inertial amplifier angle on the dynamics are investigated. Finally, the performance of the proposed VEH is compared with a conventional snap-through VEH, an equivalent linear VEH, and a multistable VEH under harmonic and random excitation conditions. The findings suggest that the snap-through VEH with the IAM has advantages over the linear and multistable nonlinear VEH in terms of extracting energy from low-intensity harmonic and random excitation sources. This simple augmentation strategy preserves the original system's bistability, eliminating the need for the complex design of a multistable VEH.

ATLAS ITk pixel detector overview

In the high-luminosity era of the Large Hadron Collider, the instantaneous luminosity is expected to reach unprecedented values, resulting in up to 200 proton–proton interactions in a typical bunch crossing. To cope with the resulting increase in occupancy, bandwidth and radiation damage, the ATLAS Inner Detector will be replaced by an all-silicon system, the Inner Tracker (ITk). The innermost part of the ITk will consist of a pixel detector, with an active area of about 13 m2. To deal with the changing requirements in terms of radiation hardness, power dissipation and production yield, several silicon sensor technologies equipped with novel ASICs connecting by bump-bonding technique will be employed in the five barrel and endcap layers. As a timeline, it is facing to pre-production of components, sensor, building modules, mechanical structures and services. This contribution presents the status of the ITk-pixel project focusing on the lessons learned and the biggest challenges towards production, from mechanics structures to sensors, and it will summarize the latest results on closest-to-real demonstrators built using module, electric and cooling services prototypes.

Enhanced vibration energy harvesting from coupled pendulums through inertial amplifiers

Abstract Achieving higher power output across a broader frequency spectrum presents a significant challenge for vibration energy harvesters aimed at powering low-powered devices from ambient sources. This study introduces the novel concept of employing inertial amplifiers to couple mistuned pendulum electromagnetic harvesters for enhanced energy harvesting performance. A mathematical model elucidating the inertial amplifier mechanism is developed, and analytical results are compared against conventional uncoupled harvesters. Experimental studies demonstrated up to 1.8 times higher power output and a 2-fold increase in operational frequency bandwidth compared to uncoupled harvesters when employing inertial amplifier coupling. The proposed inertially coupled harvester design offers a powerful solution to significantly improve energy transduction levels and extend the viable frequency range, enabling efficient scavenging of ambient vibrations for powering wireless sensors and low-power electronics.

Potential of coupled array harvester in enhanced energy harvesting.

Harvesting energy from nonlinear systems has been at the centre of research in the energy harvesting community. Many such proposed systems are single nonlinear harvester. While these systems show an increase in bandwidth of harvesting frequency, overall, they are not effective enough in power generation. This article studies power harvesting and frequency bandwidth characteristics of an array of harvesters. Multiple harvesters are considered with linear and nonlinear coupling between the harvesters. The phenomena of internal resonance (IR) and stochastic resonance (SR) are reported. The IR in multiple coupled nonlinear harvesters is explored using multiple-scale analysis. A parametric study is conducted to demonstrate the effect of coupling strength, frequency mistuning, innate nonlinearity and other parameters. The parametric study helped establish effective ways to increase bandwidth. Moreover, a stochastically loaded linearly coupled bistable harvester array is numerically analysed to find the effect of coupling strength and array size on the phenomenon of SR and on the system's harvesting performance. Through these studies, the potential of multiple coupled nonlinear harvesters in enhanced energy harvesting is demonstrated under both harmonic and stochastic excitation.This article is part of the theme issue 'Celebrating the 15th anniversary of the Royal Society Newton International Fellowship'.

A sectional nonlinear wideband piezoelectric-magnetic coupled energy collector for collecting multi-directional vibrational energy

Abstract The classic vibration energy collector has functional restrictions, and it can only collect vibration energy in one or two dimensions. At the same time, it has issues with low output power in the low-frequency vibration region and a limited reaction frequency range. This research proposes a segmented nonlinear broadband piezoelectric–magnetic coupled energy collector capable of collecting vibration energy in different directions. The collector is equivalent to current state-of-the-art research in that it can collect vibration energy in three dimensions while also having a wide collection frequency and a high power density. The collection consists of a hemispherical support structure and four fundamental piezoelectric beam collision components. The rationality of the collision segmentation nonlinear principle is first clarified through theoretical calculation and analysis, and then the collision design is applied between the ends of different cantilever beams to broaden the captured energy frequency band, while parallel piezoelectric beams use a 45° tilt treatment to fully utilize the geometrical properties of the tilted beams for multidirectional energy collection. In addition, the collector introduces a magnetic coupling effect to create a bistable structure via magnetic contact. Comsol 5.6 software is used to model and simulate the planned 45° tilted beam structure, which clarifies the piezoelectric beam’s linear intrinsic frequency characteristics and multi-directional geometric aspects. To further verify the collector’s validity, a physical model is built and a vibration experiment apparatus is created. The experimental results demonstrate that the collector’s effective bandwidth range is up to 6.3 Hz under 1 g acceleration excitation, representing a 125.0% increase in bandwidth when compared to the cantilever beam with a linear array. At 14 Hz frequency, the collector produces a maximum total output power of 19.52 mW and a power density of up to 3211uW cm−3 when excitation is provided in the Z-direction.

Presaccadic Attention Enhances and Reshapes the Contrast Sensitivity Function Differentially around the Visual Field.

Contrast sensitivity (CS), which constrains human vision, decreases from fovea to periphery, from the horizontal to the vertical meridian, and from the lower vertical to the upper vertical meridian. It also depends on spatial frequency (SF), and the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) depicts this relation. To compensate for these visual constraints, we constantly make saccades and foveate on relevant objects in the scene. Already before saccade onset, presaccadic attention shifts to the saccade target and enhances perception. However, it is unknown whether and how it modulates the interplay between CS and SF, and if this effect varies around polar angle meridians. CS enhancement may result from a horizontal or vertical shift of the CSF, increase in bandwidth, or any combination. In addition, presaccadic attention could enhance CS similarly around the visual field, or it could benefit perception more at locations with poorer performance (i.e., vertical meridian). Here, we investigated these possibilities by extracting key attributes of the CSF of human observers. The results reveal that presaccadic attention (1) increases CS across SF, (2) increases the most preferred and the highest discernable SF, and (3) narrows the bandwidth. Therefore, presaccadic attention helps bridge the gap between presaccadic and postsaccadic input by increasing visibility at the saccade target. Counterintuitively, this CS enhancement was more pronounced where perception is better-along the horizontal than the vertical meridian-exacerbating polar angle asymmetries. Our results call for an investigation of the differential neural modulations underlying presaccadic perceptual changes for different saccade directions.

Investigation on enhanced band-gap properties of 2D hierarchical phononic crystals

Phononic crystals have garnered considerable attention in recent years for their unique band-gap properties, which can effectively manipulate the propagation of acoustic and elastic waves. This research focuses on exploring richer band gaps and utilizing band gap characteristics to achieve structural vibration reduction. In this study, a novel two-dimensional (2D) hierarchical phononic crystal with rich periodicities is proposed, which possesses enhanced band-gap properties. The research method used for the proposed structure is numerical simulation using the finite element method (FEM). By applying Bloch’s theorem, FEM is a more convenient tool for calculating the band gap of structures. Based on the numerical results, it can be concluded that the band gaps of the proposed 2D hierarchical phononic crystal can be classified not just into full and directional band gaps, but also into more fascinating categories based on the vibration patterns of macro and micro unit cells, which are referred to as Type I, Type II and Type III band gaps. Furthermore, the impact of structural parameter variations on the band gap is also studied, and results indicate that appropriate adjustments to the structural parameters (such as the number of unit cell n, the angle θ and the length l1) can lead to low-frequency shift and bandwidth increase in certain band gaps. A prototype of the hierarchical phononic crystal is manufactured using the 3D printing technique. Vibration tests are conducted and the simulation and experimental results are compared to verify the vibration reduction performance of the 2D hierarchical phononic crystal. The important contribution of this study is to reveal an interesting band gap generation characteristic of 2D hierarchical phononic crystals, which is beneficial for promoting understanding of the band gap mechanism in periodic structures. The enhanced band-gap properties in hierarchical periodic structures provide more potentialities and possibilities for practical vibration and noise reduction applications.

Spatiotemporal aberrations due to the groove density mismatching of compression gratings in ultra-intense femtosecond lasers

The groove density mismatching of compression gratings, an often-neglected key issue, can induce significant spatiotemporal aberrations especially for super-intense femtosecond lasers. We mainly investigate the angular chirp and the consequent degradation of the effective focused intensity introduced by the groove density mismatching of compression gratings in ultra-intense femtosecond lasers. The results indicate that the tolerances of grating groove density mismatching will rapidly decrease with the beam aperture or spectral bandwidth increases. For our 100PW laser under construction, the grating groove density mismatching should be as small as 0.001 gr/mm if the drop of effective focused intensity has to be controlled below 15%. More importantly, new angular chirp compensation schemes are proposed for both double-grating and four-grating compressors. This work reveals the importance of groove density matching of compression gratings, and can provide helpful guidelines for the design of ultra-intense femtosecond lasers.

Supporting Differentiated Streaming Services in Heterogeneous Vehicle-to-Everything Networks.

Advancements in assisted driving technologies are expected to enable future passengers to use a wide range of multimedia applications in electric vehicles (EVs). To address the bandwidth demands for high-resolution and immersive videos during peak traffic, this study introduces a bandwidth-management algorithm to support differentiated streaming services in heterogeneous vehicle-to-everything (V2X) networks. By leveraging cellular 6G base stations, along with Cell-Free (CF) Massive Multi-Input Multi-Output (mMIMO) Wi-Fi 7 access points, the algorithm aims to provide a high-coverage, high-speed, and low-interference V2X network environment. Additionally, Li-Fi technology is employed to supply extra bandwidth to vehicles with limited connectivity via V2V communication. Importantly, the study addresses the urgency and prioritization of different applications to ensure the smooth execution of emergency applications and introduces a pre-downloading mechanism specifically for non-real-time applications. Through simulations, the algorithm's effectiveness in meeting EV users' bandwidth needs for various multimedia streaming applications is demonstrated. During peak-bandwidth-demand periods, users experienced an average increase in bandwidth of 47%. Furthermore, bandwidth utilization across the V2X landscape is significantly improved.

Compact circular microstrip 1:4 power divider/combiner with defected ground plane

This letter presents a methodology for the design of high-performance miniaturized Circular Power Dividers (CPDs) for wideband applications. To accomplish this objective, annular slots are strategically incorporated into patch and the ground plane of CPDs. This, in turn, increases the effective path length of the surface current flowing across the patch. This yields miniaturization, improved impedance matching, reduced insertion loss and increased isolation over a larger bandwidth. A mathematical model is developed for the design of the proposed configuration called Circular power dividers with Defected Ground Plane(CDGP). The presented model has been verified through various simulations and practical measurements. By implementing this approach, a substantial miniaturization of approximately 83% and more than threefold increase in bandwidth has been achieved when compared with non-slotted CPDs. Moreover, there is improvement in insertion loss, isolation, and return loss as well. There is good agreement between the mathematical model, simulation results and measured parameters.

Influence of launch light beam conditions on the bandwidth in multimode graded-index microstructured POFs

The time-dependent power flow equation (TD PFE) is used to theoretically examine the wavelength dependency of the bandwidth in a multimode graded-index microstructured polymer optical fiber (GI mPOF) with a solid core. The TD PFE is numerically solved using the explicit finite difference method (EFDM) and physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). Our numerical results show that the bandwidth decreases with an increasing wavelength from 476 to 522 and finally to 568 nm. With further increasing of the wavelength from 568 to 633 nm, the bandwidth increases. In this way, we have demonstrated that the maximum bandwidth of the analyzed GI mPOF in the analyzed wavelength region is obtained at 633 nm. Such bandwidth behavior is a consequence of the different influences of the analyzed wavelengths on the parameters that characterize the refractive index distribution and the maximum propagating principal mode number of the analyzed GI mPOF. We also showed that, when the radial offset of the incident light beam increases, the bandwidth decreases. This results from a greater modal dispersion when higher guided modes are excited. As a result, based on the observations reported in this work, it is simpler to modify the GI mPOF for a particular application at various wavelengths.

Copper Functionalized SnSe Nanoflakes Enabling Nonlinear Optical Features for Ultrafast Photonics.

This study enhances the ultrafast photonics application of tin selenide (SnSe) nanoflakes via copper (Cu) functionalization to overcome challenges such as low conductivity and weak near-infrared (NIR) absorption. Cu functionalization enhances concentration, induces strain, and reduces the bandgap through Sn substitution and Sn vacancy filling with Cu ions. Demonstrated by density functional theory calculations and experimental analyses, Cu-functionalized SnSe exhibits improved NIR optical absorption and superior third-order nonlinear optical properties. Z-scan measurements and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy reveal better performance of Cu-functionalized SnSe in terms of nonlinear optical properties and shorter carrier relaxation times compared to pristine SnSe. Furthermore, saturable absorbers based on both SnSe types, when integrated into an erbium-doped fiber laser, show that Cu functionalization leads to a decrease in pulse duration to 798 fs and an increase in 3dB spectral bandwidth to 3.44nm. Additionally, it enables stable harmonic mode-locking of bound-state solitons. This work suggests a new direction for improving wide bandgap 2D materials by highlighting the enhanced nonlinear optical propertiesand potential of Cu-functionalized SnSe in ultrafast photonics.

Role of blue-shift length in macroscopic properties of high-harmonic generation

The production of brighter coherent XUV radiation by intense laser pulses through the process of high-harmonic generation (HHG) is one of the central challenges in contemporary nonlinear optics. We study the generation and spatial propagation of high harmonics analytically and via ab initio simulations. We focus on the length scales defining the growth of the harmonic signal with propagation distance and show that the well-known coherence length limits HHG only for relatively low driving intensities. For higher intensities, the photoionisation of the medium, naturally accompanying HHG, leads to essentially transient phase matching and laser frequency blue shift. By systematically taking both of these factors into account, we demonstrate that the behaviour of the harmonic signal at higher intensities is defined by another length scale—the blue-shift length. In this generation regime the XUV intensity at a given frequency first grows quadratically and then saturates passing the blue-shift length, but the total harmonic efficiency continues growing linearly due to the linear increase of the harmonic line bandwidth. The changeover to this generation regime takes place for all harmonic orders roughly simultaneously. The rate of the efficiency growth is maximal if the atomic dispersion is compensated by photoelectrons near the centre of the laser pulse. Our theory offers a robust way to choose the generation conditions that optimise the growth of the harmonic signal with propagation.

Effect of annealing temperature on the structural, optical, morphological, and photocatalytic properties of TiO2 thin films prepared by sol-gel spin-coating and electron beam physical vapor deposition

TiO2 thin films were prepared by sol-gel spin-coating (SGSC) and electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) methods and annealed at different temperatures (Ta ). X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) results show that the TiO2 films prepared by the SGSC method transformed from the anatase single phase to the coexistence of anatase and rutile with the increase of Ta . However, TiO2 films prepared by the EB-PVD method existed only in the anatase phase, and the crystalline strength was enhanced with the increase of Ta . Meanwhile, particles of TiO2 targets annealed at different Ta showed a rutile phase for TiO2 target particles in the EB-PVD method. The results indicate that the EB-PVD method hinders the nucleation growth and phase transformation of TiO2 films. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy also show that the grain size and R ms of TiO2 thin films prepared by the SGSC method increased with the increase of Ta , and the grain size becomes inhomogeneous when the rutile phase is formed. Ultraviolet–visible results show that the forbidden bandwidth and light absorption capacity increase with increasing Ta . For the EB-PVD method, the grain size and surface roughness gradually increased when the Ta of the films was less than 800 °C, while annealing at 800 °C changed the direction of growth and nucleation, and also produced surface cracks; XRD verified the hypothesis that the EB-PVD method hinders the nucleation growth as well as the phase transition of the films. Weak differences in the optical absorption properties and bandgap values of the films also indicate that the EB-PVD method hinders the phase transformation of TiO2 films. Finally, the results of degradation of methylene blue (MB) under simulated visible light showed that the films prepared by the SGSC method gradually improved the photocatalytic performance with the enhancement of the crystalline strength of the anatase phase. The TiO2 films prepared by the EB-PVD method improved the photocatalytic performance with the increase of the active area.

A Systematic Process to Engineer Dependable Integration of Frame-based Input Devices in a Multimodal Input Chain: Application to Rehabilitation in Healthcare

Designing new input devices and associated interaction techniques is a key contribution in order to increase the bandwidth between users and interactive applications. In the field of Human-Computer Interaction, research and development services in industry and research laboratories in universities have been, since the invention of the mouse and the graphical user interface, proposing multiple contributions including the integration of multiple input devices in multimodal interaction technique. Those contributions, most of the time, are presented as prototypes or demonstrators providing evidence of the bandwidth increase through user studies. Such contributions however, do not provide any support to software developers for integrating them in real-life systems. When done, this integration is performed in a craft manner, outside required software engineering good practice. This paper proposes a systematic process to integrate novel input devices and associated interaction techniques to better support users' work. It exploits most recent interactive systems architectural model and formal model-based approaches for interactive systems supporting verification and validation when required. The paper focusses on Frame-based input devices which support gesture-based interactions and movements recognition but also addresses their multimodal use. This engineering approach is demonstrated on an interactive application in the area of rehabilitation in healthcare where dependability of interactions and applications is as critical as their usability.

Compact Wideband Tapered Slot Antenna Using Fan-Shaped and Stepped Structures for Chipless Radio-Frequency-Identification Sensor Tag Applications.

In this paper, two kinds of miniaturization methods for designing a compact wideband tapered slot antenna (TSA) using either fan-shaped structures only or fan-shaped and stepped structures were proposed. First, a miniaturization method appending the fan-shaped structures, such as quarter circular slots (QCSs), half circular slots (HCSs), and half circular patches (HCPs), to the sides of the ground conductor for the TSA was investigated. The effects of appending the QCSs, HCSs, and HCPs sequentially on the input reflection coefficient and gain characteristics of the TSA were compared. The compact wideband TSA using the first miniaturization method showed the simulated frequency band for a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) less than 2 of 2.530-13.379 GHz (136.4%) with gain in the band ranging 3.1-6.9 dBi. Impedance bandwidth was increased by 29.7% and antenna size was reduced by 39.1%, compared to the conventional TSA. Second, the fan-shaped structures combined with the stepped structures (SSs) were added to the sides of the ground conductor to further miniaturize the TSA. The fan-shaped structures based on the HCSs and HCPs were appended to the ground conductor with the QCSs and SSs. The compact wideband TSA using the second miniaturization method had the simulated frequency band for a VSWR less than 2 of 2.313-13.805 GHz (142.6%) with gain in the band ranging 3.0-8.1 dBi. Impedance bandwidth was increased by 37.8% and antenna size was reduced by 45.9%, compared to the conventional TSA. Therefore, the increase in impedance bandwidth and the size reduction effect of the compact wideband TSA using the second miniaturization method were better compared to those using the first method. In addition, sidelobe levels at high frequencies decreased while gain at high frequencies increased. A prototype of the compact wideband TSA using the second miniaturization method was fabricated on an RF-35 substrate to validate the simulation results. The measured frequency band for a VSWR less than 2 was 2.320-13.745 GHz (142.2%) with measured gain ranging 3.1-7.9 dBi.

Rational Maize–Soybean Strip Intercropping Planting System Improves Interspecific Relationships and Increases Crop Yield and Income in the China Hexi Oasis Irrigation Area

Abundant light and heat in the Hexi Oasis Irrigation Area in China provide superior natural conditions for agricultural development. To study the maize–soybean planting system of intercropping and determine superior group yield and economic benefits in the Hexi Oasis Irrigation Area, eight treatments were set up in 2022–2023: maize–soybean intercropping with a bandwidth of 1.8 m and a row ratio of 2:3 (M1S3), a bandwidth of 1.8 m and a row ratio of 2:4 (M1S4), a bandwidth of 2.0 m and a row ratio of 2:3 (M2S3), a bandwidth of 2.0 m and a row ratio of 2:4 (M2S4), a bandwidth of 2.2 m and a row ratio of 2:3 (M3S3), a bandwidth of 2.2 m and a row ratio of 2:4 (M3S4), monocropping maize (M), and monocropping soybean (S). We analyzed the effects of changes in bandwidth–row ratios on photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and interspecific relationships in these treatments during two crop reproductive periods. Our results showed the following: (1) Under the intercropping system, the photosynthetic capacity of maize was highest when the row ratio was 2∶3 and bandwidth was 1.8 m. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) increased by 1.72% to 48.90%, the transpiration rate (Tr) increased by 5.53% to 118.10%, and stomatal conductance (Gs) increased by 2.82% to 86.49% compared with other planting systems. Increasing the bandwidth from 1.8 m to 2.2 m improved the photosynthetic characteristics of soybean, increasing Pn, Tr, and Gs by 3.44% to 74.21%, 3.92% to 53.69%, and 2.41% to 55.22%, respectively. (2) The yield of maize and soybean under monocropping was significantly higher than that under intercropping. In the intercropping treatments, the average yield of crops in the M3S3 system was 16,519.4 kg ha−1, an increase of 6.48% compared with the M3S4 system, indicating that the reduction of one row of soybean in the same bandwidth system increases crop yield; The average economic benefit of the M3S3 system over two years was 35,171.73 CNY ha−1, which increased by 13.3 and 80% compared with the average economic benefit of maize and soybean monocropping, indicating that the intercropping system leads to better economic results for farmers than monocropping. (3) In the two-year experiment, the land equivalent ratio (LER) was highest in the M3S3 model, averaging 1.25 over the two years, showing better land productivity compared with other intercropping systems. (4) When bandwidth was 1.8, 2.0, or 2.2 m, the LER decreased by 8.3, 5.9, and 5.6% when planting an additional row of soybeans, the relative crowding coefficient of soybeans in the respective bandwidths increased by 4.59, 4.72, and 0.75%, the competition ratio of maize (CRM) increased by 22.94, 16.97, and 12.74%, the competition ratio of soybean (CRS) decreased by 20.47, 17.61, and 16.78%, and the competitive power of maize was greater than that of soybean, indicating that the increase in soybean rows in the same bandwidth system would weaken the competitive advantage of soybean, resulting in crop yield and economic benefit reduction. When the row ratio was 2:3 or 2:4, bandwidth increased from 1.8 m to 2.2 m, LER decreased by 3.31 and 0.86%, intercropping maize aggressiveness (AM) decreased by 7.55 and 12.50%, CRM decreased by 18.04 and 24.84%, and CRS increased by 17.32 and 22.77%, respectively, which indicated that the increase in bandwidth under different row ratio systems could improve the competitive advantage of intercropping soybean, thereby improving crop yield and economic benefits. (5) The AHP method, entropy weight method, and TOPSIS analysis showed that M3S3 ranked first, with the highest comprehensive evaluation (0.6017). In conclusion, the M3S3 planting system can better coordinate crop interspecies relationships, with higher land yield and economic benefit, and can be used as a suitable maize–soybean intercropping system in the Hexi oasis irrigation area.