Increased Blood Supply Research Articles

Ultrasound Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Use of Acitretin in the Treatment of Nail Psoriasis.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of retinoid treatment on the morphological changes in the nail apparatus in patients with nail psoriasis. Material and methods: 41 patients aged 32 to 64 with nail psoriasis, without clinical signs of psoriatic arthritis, started on acitretin 0.6 to 0.8 mg kg b.w./d, for six months and 28 people in the control group were included in the study. Both groups had ultrasound examination of fingernails and digital extensor tendon in the distal interphalangeal joints. In psoriatic patients, US examination was conducted before starting the treatment and after six months. A total of 685 nails were examined. Results: After six months of treatment, there was a reduction in the thickness of the nail bed and nail matrix (p = 0.046 and p = 0.031, respectively). The thickness of the nail plates decreased, although it was statistically insignificant (p = 0.059) and it was higher than in the control group (p = 0.034). The reduced severity of clinical nail changes after six months of retinoid treatment did not correlate with the reduction in extensor tendon thickness in any group of patients. Conclusions: In patients with nail psoriasis, acitretin treatment resulted in a rapid decrease in the thickness of the nail bed and matrix, but it did not affect the thickness of the nail plate after six months. There was no effect of acitretin on the digital extensor tendon thickness or the increased blood supply to the tendon area. The results of the study may indicate the usefulness of ultrasound nail examinations in patients with nail psoriasis not only to assess the advancement of morphological changes and response to treatment, but also to choose the potential treatment.

ON THE MILK EJECTION MECHANISM IN COWS UPON AN INCREASE IN ONE-TIME MILK YIELD

Sympathetic nervous system regulates milk flow through the udder duct system. However, the mechanisms of contraction of the alveoli upon accumulation of different amounts of milk in the udder have not been studied. In the paper, it is found for the first time that the excretion of an increased amount of milk is accompanied by a change in the parameters of the udder blood supply caused by an increase in the contractile response of the alveolar complex. Thus, the goal of the paper is to investigate the contractile reaction of the alveolar complex and lactation in cows with an increased single-milking yield. Nine black-and-white dairy cows of the 2-5th calving were tested, 7 times each, in the first half of lactation (All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Physiology, Biochemistry and Nutrition of Farm Animals, Kaluga Province). A serial ADU-1 milking machine and a counter sensor (Latvia) were used to record milking parameters. The single-milking yield ranged from 3.4 to 6.7 kg in the control period and was 24.5 % higher (p < 0.001) in the test period. The volumetric blood flow velocity (VBFV) in the udder was assessed by the electromagnetic flowmetry method. A blood flow sensor (Nihon Kohden, Japan) was fixed on the external pudendal artery of the udder. The average VBFV values were recorded for 3 minutes prior to milking (initial period) and in milking. The points characterizing udder blood supply were marked on the VBFV curve, i.e., the beginning of udder irritation, a sharp increase in the blood supply, its maximum and the baseline restoration. The time intervals until a sharp increase in VBFV and an increased blood supply period were calculated. The average and maximum VBFV values and an increase in volumetric blood flow velocity during milking in relation to the initial indicators were determined. The parameters of the udder blood supply were used to assess the contractile response of the alveolar complex. The latent period until milk secretion was determined based on the time from the beginning of udder irritation to a sharp increase in udder blood supply. It was established that the single-milking yield affects the parameters of milking and the udder blood supply. The increased single-milking yield led to a shorter period for removal of the first portion of milk (p < 0.001), an increase in the average intensity (p < 0.001) and maximum intensity (p < 0.001) of milk removal as well as an increase in the machine-milking period (p <0.001). The increased milk secretion was also accompanied by an increase in the udder blood supply. I.e., the period before the udder VBFV increased sharply shortened (p < 0.05), while the average (p < 0.05) and maximum (p < 0.05) VBFV values during milking, as well as period of intensive blood supply to the udder (p < 0.001) increased. The increased blood flow during the test period resulted from an increased contractile response of the myoepithelium and alveoli. The intensive contraction of the alveoli, with the increased contraction amplitude and duration, leads to a shorter latent period. The milk let-down and secretion are under regulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Probably, the excitation of the udder sympathetic nervous system depends on the amount of accumulated milk. The udder tone during milk ejection determines both the alveoli contraction and the rate of milk movement through the milk ducts and its removal through the nipple. The increased udder tone when low filling with milk resulted in a delayed let-down, delayed first portion of milk, low contractile response of the alveoli, and low milk removal. With an increase in the amount of milk in the udder, its tone decreases, resulting in a shorter latent period and faster removal of the first portion of milk, strengthening the contractile response of the alveoli and increasing the intensity of milk removal. Therefore, the latent period of secretion of the first portion of milk can be proposed to characterize the tone of the udder sympathetic nervous system.

О МЕХАНИЗМЕ МОЛОКООТДАЧИ У КОРОВ ПРИ ПОВЫШЕНИИ РАЗОВОГО УДОЯ

Sympathetic nervous system regulates milk flow through the udder duct system. However, the mechanisms of contraction of the alveoli upon accumulation of different amounts of milk in the udder have not been studied. In the paper, it is found for the first time that the excretion of an increased amount of milk is accompanied by a change in the parameters of the udder blood supply caused by an increase in the contractile response of the alveolar complex. Thus, the goal of the paper is to investigate the contractile reaction of the alveolar complex and lactation in cows with an increased single-milking yield. Nine black-and-white dairy cows of the 2-5th calving were tested, 7 times each, in the first half of lactation (All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Physiology, Biochemistry and Nutrition of Farm Animals, Kaluga Province). A serial ADU-1 milking machine and a counter sensor (Latvia) were used to record milking parameters. The single-milking yield ranged from 3.4 to 6.7 kg in the control period and was 24.5 % higher (p < 0.001) in the test period. The volumetric blood flow velocity (VBFV) in the udder was assessed by the electromagnetic flowmetry method. A blood flow sensor (Nihon Kohden, Japan) was fixed on the external pudendal artery of the udder. The average VBFV values were recorded for 3 minutes prior to milking (initial period) and in milking. The points characterizing udder blood supply were marked on the VBFV curve, i.e., the beginning of udder irritation, a sharp increase in the blood supply, its maximum and the baseline restoration. The time intervals until a sharp increase in VBFV and an increased blood supply period were calculated. The average and maximum VBFV values and an increase in volumetric blood flow velocity during milking in relation to the initial indicators were determined. The parameters of the udder blood supply were used to assess the contractile response of the alveolar complex. The latent period until milk secretion was determined based on the time from the beginning of udder irritation to a sharp increase in udder blood supply. It was established that the single-milking yield affects the parameters of milking and the udder blood supply. The increased single-milking yield led to a shorter period for removal of the first portion of milk (p < 0.001), an increase in the average intensity (p < 0.001) and maximum intensity (p < 0.001) of milk removal as well as an increase in the machine-milking period (p <0.001). The increased milk secretion was also accompanied by an increase in the udder blood supply. I.e., the period before the udder VBFV increased sharply shortened (p < 0.05), while the average (p < 0.05) and maximum (p < 0.05) VBFV values during milking, as well as period of intensive blood supply to the udder (p < 0.001) increased. The increased blood flow during the test period resulted from an increased contractile response of the myoepithelium and alveoli. The intensive contraction of the alveoli, with the increased contraction amplitude and duration, leads to a shorter latent period. The milk let-down and secretion are under regulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Probably, the excitation of the udder sympathetic nervous system depends on the amount of accumulated milk. The udder tone during milk ejection determines both the alveoli contraction and the rate of milk movement through the milk ducts and its removal through the nipple. The increased udder tone when low filling with milk resulted in a delayed let-down, delayed first portion of milk, low contractile response of the alveoli, and low milk removal. With an increase in the amount of milk in the udder, its tone decreases, resulting in a shorter latent period and faster removal of the first portion of milk, strengthening the contractile response of the alveoli and increasing the intensity of milk removal. Therefore, the latent period of secretion of the first portion of milk can be proposed to characterize the tone of the udder sympathetic nervous system.

Current Aspects Regarding the Clinical Relevance of Electroacupuncture in Dogs with Spinal Cord Injury: A Literature Review.

Simple SummaryThis review aims to provide an overview of the relevance of electroacupuncture in dogs with spinal cord injury. We illustrate and discuss the areas that have advanced in recent years and those that still require further research. Systematic studies have been conducted on Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Cab Direct, and Research Gate. This article is believed to be the first review of electroacupuncture in dogs with spinal cord injury. Electroacupuncture provides better analgesia than direct acupuncture by increasing spinal opioid release and increases blood supply to the spinal cord and nerve root. When combined together, Eastern and Western treatment offers faster recovery and improved ambulation and perception of deep pain than medical treatment results alone.In recent years, the use of acupuncture and electroacupuncture has been increasing as more clinical research has been conducted showing positive results in the treatment of animals, particularly dogs. Electroacupuncture is a more complex and specific acupuncture technique that involves electrical stimulation on acupuncture needles. Most of the studies have shown that the beneficial effects of electroacupuncture are more evident than in acupuncture alone. This review included studies focused only on dogs with spinal cord injury. Research facility animals (mice, rats, and rabbits) were avoided. Titles and abstracts of identified articles were read, and outlines were made to be better understood. Clinical applications are discussed and suggested in each section. When specialists use this method, electroacupuncture can be an excellent complementary therapy for veterinary patients’ pain control.

ETHANOMEDICINAL PLANTS WITH ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT FROM SOUTHERN HARYANA, INDIA: A REVIEW

Inflammation is a physiological host response to external challenges or cellular injury such as pathogens, damaged cells or irritants leading to the release of a complex array of inflammatory mediators and aiding the recovery of tissue structure and function.All inflammatory processes develop along a known sequence: locally increased blood supply, leakage of fluid, small molecule or proteins and infiltration of cells.Inflammation is not a synonym for infection, even in case where inflammation is caused by infection, response includes clinical signs of erythema, edema, hyperalgesia and pain. Since the ancient Greek and Roman era five basic symptoms of inflammation have been known i.e, redness, swelling, heat, pain and deranged function are produced by inflammatory agents such as nitric oxide, prostaglandins, bradykinin, serotonin, leukotrienes and histamine. The inflammatory process is a series of events that can be elicited by numerous stimuli such as infectious and thermal or physical injury through years of ingenious synthesis and structural modifications.

Use of pectoralis major myocutaneous flap cover in a case of electric burn

Reconstructive flap surgery is commonly done in patients that have tissue loss from trauma or burns. It involves transporting live healthy tissue from one part of the body to the area with tissue loss or loss of skeletal support. Myocutaneous flaps are often used when the area to be covered needs more bulk and increased blood supply. Since its development in 1947 for repairing cardiothoracic tissue defects, the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap has been widely utilized in head and neck reconstructive procedures. This flap offers a one-stage reconstruction and provides a large cutaneous space that can be navigated to fix defects involving two epithelial surfaces. Though done as salvage flap nowadays after failure of a free vascularized flap, PMMC flaps are continually performed in developing countries with limited medical sources. Primarily implemented to repair head and neck defects, the PMMC flap can be executed at other sites as well. In this case report, we present the application of PMMC flap to cover exposed acromion in high voltage electrical burn patient.

Blood Donation Practice and Associated Factors in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background Blood donation is a novel act to save the lives of people who face serious medical and surgical conditions. Since the demand for blood supply is too high, there is a shortage of blood which causes significant morbidity and mortality. To increase blood supply and maintain adequate quantity of blood, regular and volunteer blood donation practice is needed, which meets the increased demand for blood. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed at assessing the prevalence of blood donation practices and associated factors in Ethiopia. Method PubMed/MEDLINE, HINARI, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, African Journals Online (AJOL), and published and unpublished articles from the Ethiopian University repository were searched to find articles. Cochrane I2 statistics and Egger's test with funnel plots were done to check heterogeneity and publication bias, respectively. Subgroup analysis by region, study subjects, study setting, and sample size was done due to heterogeneity, as well as sensitivity analysis. Result Twenty studies from different regions with a total study subject of 8546 were included in the final review. The pooled prevalence of blood donation practice in Ethiopia was 25.82% (95% CI: 21.45-30.19). Having good knowledge of blood donation (AOR = 2.85; 95% CI: 2.33-3.48) and favorable attitude (AOR = 4.35; 95% CI: 2.93-6.45) were factors associated with blood donation practice in Ethiopia. Conclusion The pooled prevalence of blood donation practices in Ethiopia was short of the demand for blood due to the increase in serious medical conditions and road traffic accidents. Knowledge and attitude towards blood donation were significantly associated with blood donation practice. Therefore, awareness creation and health education programs targeting blood donation practice should be strengthened.

Moyamoya: An Update and Review.

This article is a clinical review of Moyamoya disease (MMD) and Moyamoya syndrome (MMS). We review the incidence, epidemiology, pathology, historical context, clinical and radiographic findings, diagnostic imaging modalities, radiographic grading systems, the effectiveness of medical, interventional, and surgical treatment, and some of the nuances of surgical treatment options. This article will help pediatricians, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and other clinical practitioners who are involved in caring for patients with this rare clinical entity.MMD is an intrinsic primary disease process that causes bilateral progressive stenosis of the anterior intracranial circulation with the involvement of the proximal portions of the intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) extending to involve the proximal portions of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA); posterior circulation involvement is very rare. This causes a compensatory response where large numbers of smaller vessels such as the lenticulostriate arteries begin to enlarge and proliferate, which gives the angiographic appearance of a "Puff of Smoke", which is translated into Japanese as "Moyamoya”. MMS is a secondary process that occurs in response to another underlying pathological process that causes stenosis of intracranial blood vessels, such as radiation. For example, an external source of radiation causes stenosis of the ICA with a compensatory response of smaller blood vessels, which then enlarge and proliferate in response and has the same "Puff of Smoke" appearance on the diagnostic cerebral angiogram (DCA).Histological findings include an irregular internal elastic lamina with luminal narrowing, hyperplasia of the tunica media, and intimal thickening with vacuolar degeneration in smooth muscle cells in the tunica media. Compensation for diminishing blood supply occurs through angiogenesis, which causes the proliferation and enlargement of smaller collateral blood vessels to increase blood supply to under-perfused areas of the brain.MMD is rare in the United States, with just 0.086 newly diagnosed cases per 100,000 individuals per year, which is approximately one per million new cases annually. Risk factors for MMD include Eastern Asian ancestry and predisposing conditions such as neurofibromatosis and Down's syndrome.Clinically, patients often present with stroke signs and symptoms from cerebral ischemia. The proliferation of collateral blood vessels within the basal ganglia can produce movement disorders. Catheter-based DCA is the current gold standard for obtaining a diagnosis. CT perfusion allows preoperative identification of ischemic vascular territories, which may be amenable to surgical intervention. MRI enables rapid detection of acute ischemic stroke using diffusion-weighted Imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) sequences to assess for any diffusion restriction. Non-contrast CT of the head is used to rule out acute hemorrhage in the presentation of a progressive neurological deficit.The treatment option for Moyamoya is generally surgical; medical treatment has failed to halt disease progression and neuro-interventional techniques such as attempted stenting of stenosed vessels have failed. Surgical options include direct and indirect cerebrovascular bypass.

Оценка регенеративного потенциала плазмы, обогащенной тромбоцитами, при уретропластике в экспериментальной модели

Reconstructive plastic surgery is the gold standard in the treatment of primary urethral strictures, but the effectiveness of these methods does not reach 100%. In cases of recurrent urethral strictures, the effectiveness of standard operations is lower than with primary strictures, which requires a search for methods to improve the results of surgical treatment. To evaluate the structure of the intercellular matrix, the cellular composition and regenerative potential of a plasma enriched in platelets after performing urethroplasty on a biological model. Experiment was carried out on male rabbits ("Burgundy" breed) weighting 3.0-4.5 kg (18 individuals). 18 animals were divided into two groups: an experimental one (contained 9 individuals) and a control one (contained 9 individuals). All animals in each group were subjected to end-to-end plastic surgery of the urethral bulbous region using standard procedures. In the control group 4 ml of 0.9% NaCl isotonic solution was injected along the perimeter of the suture into anastomotic zone of the spongy body. Autologous plasma was injected to the animals from the experimental group. Histopathological examination was made by using routine pathological assessment with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The study also assessed the distribution and orientation of collagen fibers with Van Gieson stain. In order to objectively detail inflammatory and regenerative changes an additional immunohistochemical analysis was performed for the following antibodie groups: CD79a, CD43, CD31 (PECAM1), MMP1, MMP9. Quantitative analysis of structural changes was carried out by counting B- and T-lymphocytes having a positive membrane reaction with CD79a and CD43, respectively, in 10 representative sites in view (HPF) with a lens aperture of 0.65 in the highest concentration areas ("hot spots"). The expression level of MMP1, MMP9 was estimated by counting positive cells in 10 representative sites in view with a lens aperture of 0.65 in the submucosal and muscle layers. The level of angiogenesis in micropreparations was evaluated by counting the number of vessels in 10 sites in view (objective aperture of 0.65), reliable endothelial visualization was performed using CD31 expression (PECAM1). In the analysis of histological material use of platelet-rich plasma in the suture zone helps to reduce the area of necrotic changes and the inflammation severity, accelerated migration of macrophage-histiocytic cells to the alteration site and increased blood supply due to enhanced angiogenesis. In experimental samples a higher expression of metalloproteinases (collagenases) types 1 and 9, decreased collagen production and the correct orientation of collagen fibers during repair processes were noticed. The use of platelet-rich plasma helps to accelerate the reparative processes in the spongy body after urethroplasty. Another important positive effect of platelet-rich plasma is an increase in the expression of metalloproteinases, which leads to a decrease in collagen production and the correct orientation of collagen fibers. This allows to reduce the amount of pathological fibro-scar tissue in the operation area.

Quantification of the CM-Dil-labeled human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells migrated to the dual injured uterus in SD rat

BackgroundHuman umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUC-MSC) therapy is considered as a promising approach in the treatment of intrauterine adhesions (IUAs). Considerable researches have already detected hUC-MSCs by diverse methods. This paper aims at exploring the quantitative distribution of CM-Dil-labeled hUC-MSCs in different regions of the uterus tissue of the dual injury-induced IUAs in rats and the underlying mechanism of restoration of fertility after implantation of hUC-MSCs in the IUA model.MethodsIn this study, we investigated the quantification of the CM-Dil-labeled hUC-MSCs migrated to the dual injured uterus in Sprague Dawley rats. Additionally, we investigated the differentiation of CM-Dil-labeled hUC-MSCs. The differentiation potential of epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and estrogen receptor (ER) cells were assessed by an immunofluorescence method using CK7, CD31, and ERα. The therapeutic impact of hUC-MSCs in the IUA model was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin, Masson, immunohistochemistry staining, and reproductive function test. Finally, the expression of TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway in uterine tissues was determined by qRT-PCR and Western blotting.ResultsThe CM-Dil-labeled cells in the stroma region were significantly higher than those in the superficial myometrium (SM) (71.67 ± 7.98 vs. 60.92 ± 3.96, p = 0.005), in the seroma (71.67 ± 7.98 vs. 23.67 ± 8.08, p = 0.000) and in the epithelium (71.67 ± 7.98 vs. 4.17 ± 1.19, p = 0.000). From the 2nd week of treatment, hUC-MSCs began to differentiate into epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and ER cells. The therapeutic group treated with hUC-MSCs exhibited a significant decrease in fibrosis (TGF-β1/Smad3) as well as a significant increase in vascularization (CD31) compared with the untreated rats.ConclusionOur findings suggested that the distribution of the migrated hUC-MSCs in different regions of the uterine tissue was unequal. Most cells were in the stroma and less were in the epithelium of endometrium and gland. Injected hUC-MSCs had a capacity to differentiate into epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and ER cells; increase blood supply; inhibit fibration; and then restore the fertility of the IUA model.

Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Functional Outcomes in Patients with Stroke

Upper extremity impairment is a common motor deϑicit after a stroke, and 30– 60% of stroke sufferers have disability and inability to use their affected upper extremity in their daily lives. Stroke survivors with cognitive dysfunctions are most likely to be dependent in activities of daily living. Further deterioration is possible as a result of limitation in activities. Psychiatric problems are also common among stroke survivors. This may delay recovery process and further impair cognitive function due to adaptations to unhealthy lifestyles or noncompliance to rehabilitation. Cognitive behavioral training (CBT) increase blood supply to 20% of different brain areas, and facilitation of internancial neurons activity. Cognitive behavioral training (CBT) act as Incentive therapy focuses on active participation, self-esteem, motivational features such as score keeping, and competition. The ultimate objective of physiotherapy is for patients to return to full independence and their former occupations.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive behavioral training on functional outcomes in stroke patients.Forty stroke patients from both sexes participated in this study 20 patients for each group. Random distribution for patients to 2 groups; Group (A) exposed cognitive behavioral therapy for 60 min and selected physical therapy program for 30 min, every other day for 24 sessions, total duration of session (90 min). Control group (B) received the same selected physical therapy program for 60 min, every other day for 24 sessions total duration of session (60 min). Changing in affected upper extremity motor impairment were measured (Dash scale, Wolf scale and Jammar hand dynamometer). The result of our study was improvement of motor functions were signiϑicantly greater in the study group than the control group (p=0.0001).

A rare intraoperative spinal cord injury caused by thoracic 8 nerve root interruption during posterior vertebral column resection surgery for severe congenital kyphoscoliosis: a case report

BackgroundTo our knowledge, the exposed nerve roots in thoracic spine are usually sacrificed to facilitate osteotomy during posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR) for severe spinal deformity. Currently we report a case with severe spine deformity in which intraoperative neurological monitoring (IOM) loss after interrupting T8 nerve root finally led to spinal cord injury during PVCR surgery.Case presentationThe patient was a 14-year-old female with severe congenital kyphoscoliosis (CKS) without preoperative neurologic deficits. The IOM events (MEP loss and SSEP latency prolong) were showed when T8 nerve root at concave side was interrupted. And then we reduce the scope of osteotomy to control bleeding, raised blood pressure (MAP, 65–80) to increase blood supply for spinal cord, placed the bilateral rod to stabilized the spinal cord, used the methylprednisolone, explored the presence or absence of spinal cord compression, and prepared to change the surgical plan from PVCR to PSO. After that the IOM signals partial recovered from the lowest point. Postoperatively the patients showed transient motor function deficits of left lower limbs weak without somatosensory deficits, and come back to preoperative status 6 months later.ConclusionsInterrupting the thoracic spine nerve root is danger to trigger the spinal cord injury during PVCR procedure of severe CKS. That probably because the increasing tension of contralateral anterior horn area of spinal cord via the nerve root pulling.

Stem Cell Therapy&amp; Its Application in Neurological Conditions A Review

Stem cells have the ability to build every type of tissues in the human body; hence they have great potentialfor future therapeutic uses in tissue regeneration and repair. In order for these cells to fall under the definitionof “stem cells”, they must display two essential characteristics. First, stem cells must have the ability ofunlimited self-renewal to produce progeny exactly the same as the originating cells. Second, stem cellsmust have the ability to differentiate into a specialized adult cell type. Stem cells with their unique andfacile potentialities, offer building blocks for organ development and tissue repair. Regenerative therapy orStem cell therapy is aimed at ‘reviving’ existing malfunctioning cells, repopulating the organ by new cellsfrom exogenous or endogenous sources, altering the extra-cellular matrix, or increasing blood supply byenhancing vasculogenesis. This review summarizes the current concepts in stem cell biology its applicationin neurological conditions and important advancements, limitations with respect to their prospective use inregeneration therapies in various human diseases.

Huayu Pill () Promotes Fluorescent Doxorubicin Delivery to Tumors in Mouse Model of Lung Cancer.

To study the effect and mechanism of Huayu Wan (, HYW) in combination of chemotherapy of tumor treatment. HYW serum was added in Lewis cells to assess its impact on fluorescent doxorubicin delivery in vitro. Then, Lewis tumor cells was implanted in C57BL/6 mice via xenograft transplantation. Tumor growth was measured and signal intensity corresponding to blood flow was assessed by laser doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI). Finally, the effect of HYW on the effificacy of doxorubicin was studied. HYW can improve the transfer of fluorescent doxorubicin into cells. The blood flow signal in the tumor tissues of the HYW group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.01). Furthermore, HYW improved drug delivery of doxorubicin to tumor tissues, and this activity was associated with HYW-induced microvascular proliferation (P<0.01). HYW can promote microangiogenesis and increase blood supply in tumor tissues, which in turn may increase the risk of metastasis. At the same time, HYW increases drug delivery and improves the effificacy of chemotherapy drugs through vascular proliferation. Therefore, rational judgment must be exercised when considering applying HYW to an antitumor regimen.

ASSESSMENT OF THE PLATELET COUNT IN THE PREGNANT WOMEN IN IGIMS, PATNA, BIHAR

The major risk associated with low platelet count in pregnancy is the increased risk of bleeding during the childbirth or post that. There is an increased blood supply to the uterus during pregnancy and the surgical procedure requires cutting of major blood vessels. Women with thrombocytopenia are at increased risk of losing excessive blood. The risk is more in case of caesarean delivery as compared to vaginal delivery. Hence based on above findings the present study was planned for Assessment of the Platelet Count in the Pregnant Women in IGIMS, Patna, Bihar.&#x0D; The present study was planned in Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Science, Patna, Bihar, India. The present study was planned from duration of January 2019 to June 2019. In the present study 200 pregnant females samples received for the platelet estimation were enrolled in the present study.&#x0D; Clinically platelet indices can be a useful screening test for early identification of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Also platelet indices can assess the prognosis of this disease in pregnant women and can be used as an effective prognostic marker because it correlates with severity of the disease. Platelet count is a simple, low cost, and rapid routine screening test. Hence the data generated from the present study concludes that platelet count can be used as a simple and cost effective tool to monitor the progression of preeclampsia, thereby preventing complications to develop during the gestational period.&#x0D; Keywords: Platelet Count, Pregnant Women, IGIMS, Patna, Bihar, etc.

Anxiety disorders

In some people anxiety manifests itself in the form of momentary and intermittent seizures, with the onset of various anxious symptoms. Anxiety can be considered a normal reaction to a threat or psychological stress. It plays an important role in survival. When a person faces a dangerous situation, anxiety triggers a fight or flight response and a variety of physical changes take place, such as increased blood supply to the heart and muscles to provide the body with energy and energy

Positive effect of pentoxifylline on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw

The pathophysiology of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is associated with microcirculatory dysfunction, direct toxicity to osteoblast, osteoclast and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), bacterial infection, related factors, immune dysfunction, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) pathway. MRONJ and osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORN) shared some histological characteristics, suggesting that improving blood flow, increasing blood supply to the lesion and regulating TGF-β1/BMP signaling can improve osteonecrosis of the jaw, thus PTX as non-selective PEDs inhibit, which can significantly improve microcirculation of ORN and anti-fibrotic drugs, have also similar preventive and therapeutic effects on MRONJ. However, as to whether PTX can treat and prevent phosphorous necrosis of the jaw(PNJ) remains to be further studied.

Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on regenerative endodontic procedures: a scoping review

The loss of dental pulp vitality and the subsequent need for conventional endodontic treatment have caused undesirable clinical outcomes, which become even more critical when dealing with immature permanent teeth. Photobiomodulation therapy could overcome these impairments by improving the environmental conditions, once it can compensate oxidative stress and increase blood supply to implanted stem cells, improving their survival rate and preventing their premature death. This study aimed to conduct a scoping review to evaluate if photobiomodulation therapy is able to influence the outcome of regenerative endodontic procedures. Relevant articles were searched and obtained from library sources and the following online databases: MEDLINE/PubMed database, SciVerseScopusTM (SS), and ISI Web of a ScienceTM up to November 2018. From 96 potentially relevant studies initially identified, 6 papers fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were considered for this review. These were in vitro (n = 4) and in vivo studies (n = 2) that applied wavelengths of 810 nm (n = 3) or 660 nm (n = 3), all in continuous wave. The energy densities applied were mostly between 2 and 5 J/cm2. Five out of the six studies showed that photobiomodulation therapy led to greater stem cell differentiation rates in vitro and improved pulp-like tissue regeneration in vivo, increasing tertiary dentin volumes and also improving pulp-like tissue formation. The studies showed that photobiomodulation therapy led to greater stem cell differentiation rates in vitro and improved pulp-like tissue regeneration in vivo, increasing tertiary dentin volumes and also improving pulp-like tissue formation. This scoping review showed that photobiomodulation therapy is able to influence positively the outcome of regenerative endodontic procedures. However, due to the small number of studies evaluated here, a secondary evaluation should be held forward as a continuation of this scoping review in order to warrant a safe and effective future use in humans.

Quantitative analysis of arterial supply to the developing brain in tetrapod vertebrates.

Understanding the metabolic cost of building developing tetrapod brains is critically important to explaining the more than 10-fold differences in encephalization of adult tetrapods that have emerged during evolution. The exact metabolic costs of developing the variety of tetrapod brains are impossible to determine, but one can compare cerebral artery caliber (internal radius raised to the fourth power-r4 ) across developing tetrapod vertebrate groups as a proxy of cerebral arterial flow, the delivery of nutrients during embryogenesis and early postnatal development, and hence the metabolic costs of brain development. In this study, r4 of aortic outflow and cerebral inflow arteries, as well as aortic wall thickness as a proxy of arterial pressure, were measured and compared between developing representatives of all four tetrapod classes (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians). We found a clear endotherm/ectotherm dichotomy in aortic outflow and cerebral inflow between developing mammals and birds on the one hand, and developing reptiles and amphibians on the other. We did not find strong evidence for functionally significant differences in cerebral arterial caliber between groups at the order level (i.e., within birds, reptiles or amphibians). In particular, we did not find evidence in favor of increased blood supply to the brain for more behaviorally complex and encephalized avian species.

ULTRASTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS DURING THE ACUTE HYPOXIA

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The goal of the study was to study the morphofunctional properties of ultrastructural changes in the cellular and extracellular structures of the adrenal glands during hypobaric hypoxia. The materials of the study were 30 male white rats weighing 180-200 grams. Thus, the results of the conducted studies showed that morphofunctional changes under the effects of acute hypoxia, which develop in different zones of the adrenal cortex, also change the histofunctional state of the adrenal medulla. Morphometric indicators of the adrenal parenchyma increase from the 5th day of hypoxia and are characterized by the increased blood supply to the adrenal glands, which occurs both by the dilatation of capillaries and by an increase in their density.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;