Hydrogen Incorporation Research Articles

Modifying subgap states with hydrogen incorporation from source/drain alloys for oxide phototransistors

Phototransistors with amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOSs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their low leakage current density and process compatibility with the active array. In this study, we introduce hydrogen (H) from the source/drain electrodes to the active layer using a Ti-based alloy, specifically MoTi. The device with MoTi electrodes exhibits a more negatively shifted Von value of −3.34 V compared to the device with MoAl electrodes. The H in the oxide semiconductor passivates the oxygen vacancy states and generates additional deep states above the oxygen vacancy states. Consequently, phototransistors with MoTi electrodes demonstrate a higher photoresponse under green and blue light.

Hydride formation and dynamic phase changes during template-assisted Pd electrodeposition

We investigated the structural evolution of electrochemically fabricated Pd nanowires in situ by means of grazing-incidence transmission small- and wide-angle x-ray scattering (GTSAXS and GTWAXS), x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and two-dimensional surface optical reflectance (2D-SOR). This shows how electrodeposition and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) compete and interact during Pd electrodepositon. During the bottom-up growth of the nanowires, we show that β-phase Pd hydride is formed. Suspending the electrodeposition then leads to a phase transition from β-phase Pd hydride to α-phase Pd. Additionally, we find that grain coalescence later hinders the incorporation of hydrogen in the Pd unit cell. GTSAXS and 2D-SOR provide complementary information on the volume fraction of the pores occupied by Pd, while XRF was used to monitor the amount of Pd electrodeposited.

Catalytic hydropyrolysis of lignin: Insights into the effect of Ni catalyst and hydrogen using ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulation

Catalytic hydropyrolysis (CHP) of lignin as an emerging technology provides an efficient way of utilizing waste resources and promoting the production of alternative fuels and valuable bio-based products. The reinforcement of selective catalysts and hydrogen facilitates the overall conversion process but the mechanism remains difficult to clarify due to the complex nature of the system. This work employs a ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics simulation method to explore the CHP of lignin dimer DMPD and the reaction mechanism at the molecular level. The results suggest that the hydropyrolysis (HP) system achieves a deoxygenation degree of 12.0 % for liquid products and the incorporation of hydrogen into pyrolysis suppresses the production of CO while promoting H2O and CH4 generation. The introduction of the Ni catalyst in the CHP system results in a liquid product yield of 68.9 wt % at 2000 K with a higher deoxygenation degree of 14.6 % due to the participation of a large amount of •H radicals species dissociated on the catalyst surface. The CHP reactions remarkably promote the production of phenols such as guaiacol and catechol and catechol is more likely to generate from the dynamic evolution of reaction intermediates. The integrated system also improves the production of H2O and light hydrocarbons like CH4 and C2H6. The first-order kinetic model reveals that the average activation energies of C-C, C-H, C-O bonds, and DMPD in the CHP system are significantly reduced to 113.12, 55.79, 59.99, and 132.17 kJ/mol in contrast to HP. The results indicate that the CHP system is more favorable for producing desirable liquid products with lower energy barriers.

Engineering a Subnanometer Interface Tailoring Layer for Precise Hydrogen Incorporation and Defect Passivation for High-End Oxide Thin-Film Transistors.

Top-gate self-aligned structured oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) are suitable for the backplanes of high-end displays because of their low parasitic capacitances. The gate insulator (GI) deposition process should be carefully designed to manufacture a highly stable, high-mobility oxide TFT, particularly for a top-gate structure. In this study, a nanometer-thick Al2O3 layer via plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) is deposited on the top-gate bottom-contact structured oxide TFT as the interface tailoring layer, which can also act as the hydrogen barrier to modulate carrier generation from hydrogen incorporation into the active layer of the TFT during the following process such as postannealing. Al-doped InSnZnO (Al/ITZO) with an Al/In/Sn/Zn atomic ratio composition of 1.7:24.3:40:34 was used for high mobility oxide semiconductors, and an Al2O3/Si3N4 bilayer was used for the GI. The degradation issue due to the excellent barrier characteristics of Al2O3 and Si3N4 can be minimized. An oxide TFT fabricated without the interface tailoring layer exhibits conductor-like characteristics owing to the excessive carrier generation by hydrogen incorporation. However, TFTs with additional interface layers exhibit reasonable characteristics and distinct trends in electrical characteristics depending on the thicknesses of the interface layers. The optimized devices exhibit an average turn-on voltage (Von) of -0.31 V with 33.63 cm2/(V s) of high mobility and 0.09 V/dec of subthreshold swing value. The interfaces between the active layer and hydrogen barriers were investigated using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope, contact angle measurement, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy to reveal the origin of the trends in properties between the devices. The top-gate device with a hydrogen barrier using the four-cycle deposition exhibits optimum electrical characteristics of both high mobility and good stability with only a 0.04 V shift of Von under positive-bias temperature stress (PBTS). We realize a high-end, self-aligned TFT with high mobility [34.7 cm2/(V s)] and negligible Von shift of -0.06 V under PBTS by applying a subnanometer hydrogen barrier.

Low-protein diet promotes nitrogen retention efficiency via enhanced renal urea reabsorption and microbial hydrogen incorporation in the rumen of goats

Feeding a low-protein diet can enhance urea reabsorption and transfer to the rumen, which might alter microbial protein (MCP) synthesis and redirect molecular hydrogen (H2) flow away from methanogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of feeding goats a low-protein diet on urea nitrogen (N) salvage and metabolism, and consequence on H2 metabolism for MCP synthesis and methanogenesis. Goats (Xiangdong Black goats, a local breed in southern China,) with body weight of 20.4 ± 2.15 kg (mean ± SD) were fed a control diet (consisted of 70% rice straw and 30% concentrates, with crude protein [CP] content by 108 g kg−1) or a low-protein diet (55.2 g CP/kg). 15NH4Cl and 2H2 were employed to further confirm the incorporation of N and hydrogen for MCP synthesis through in vitro culture. Feeding a low-protein diet resulted in greater proportion of retained N (+156%, P < 0.05), plasma urea N (+81.9%, P < 0.05) or rumen ammonia-N (+125%, P < 0.001) relative to digested N and greater renal urea N reabsorption (+11.2%, P < 0.05), together with upregulated relative protein expression of urea transporter A (UTA) in the kidneys (P < 0.05) and mRNA expression of UTA in rumen epithelium (P < 0.05). Feeding low-protein diet resulted in greater concentration of rumen dissolved hydrogen (+55.6%, P < 0.05), ratio of MCP to ammonia-N (+17.6%, P < 0.05), and lower enteric methane emissions (g/kg digested DM, −18.5%, P < 0.05). Further, in vitro experiments verified that the addition of NH4Cl decreased methane and hydrogen production (P < 0.001), although only a minor quantity of headspace 2H2 gas was incorporated for MCP synthesis. In conclusions, feeding a low-protein diet to goats enhances renal urea reabsorption capacity and facilitates the rumen microbial hydrogen incorporation for MCP synthesis, leading to enhanced N retention efficiency and reduced methane emissions. However, the effect of such an approach on livestock performance should be tested in the future studies.

The search for optimum host-guest interactions: Atomic hydrogen storage properties of the novel ternary ordered intermetallic compound Cu3ZnSb: A DFT study

Ternary Cu3ZnSb adopts the tetrahedral space group P4/nmm (129), with 10 atoms in the unit cell, distributed over four crystallographic positions in a perfectly ordered manner. It possesses two perfect tetrahedral interstitial positions, namely Cu3Sb and Cu2Zn2. The possible hydrogen storage properties in these two possible sites are explored by the aid of first-principles density functional theory calculations. The Cu-richer Cu3Sb site is energetically more favourable position for hydrogen atom, over the other one. The maximum possible H-uptake capacity would be within the range of ∼4 H per formula unit. The electronic structure modification, host-guest interactions, and electronic redistribution after hydrogen incorporation are explored from fundamental perspectives analyzing the density of states, crystal orbital Hamilton population, crystal orbital bond index, and Mulliken population calculations.

Effect of hydrogen incorporation on the mechanical properties of DLC films deposited by HiPIMS in DOMS mode

The automobile industry has increased its efforts in reducing the emissions of internal combustion engines by improving their efficiency. Decreasing the energy losses by friction in the engines parts is at the core of this attempt. One of the technologies that have been applied in achieving this is the application of carbon coating in engine parts surfaces because of their low friction coefficient characteristics. In this study, DLC films, a specific type of carbon coatings, were deposited using the Deep oscillation magnetron sputtering (DOMS) method, which is a variation of the high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) method. Those films were deposited with an increasingly higher hydrogen content, and then their mechanical, morphological, and tribological properties were studied. All of this was carried out to verify if the higher hydrogen content is beneficial to use as piston ring coatings in order to decrease friction losses. The variation in the hydrogen content was achieved by increasing the partial pressure of methane inside the deposition chamber during the deposition, which allowed the deposition of films with up to 30 at. % of hydrogen. The variation allowed the depositions of films with a hardness above 10 GPa, a friction coefficient lower than 0.16 (30 % lower when compared to hydrogen-free DLCs), and with specific wear rates in the order of 10−16 mm3/Nm. The hydrogen content also changed the morphology of the films' surface, as well as increasing its deposition rates by 27 %.

The Role of Hydrogen Incorporation into Amorphous Carbon Films in the Change of the Secondary Electron Yield.

Over the last few years, there has been increasing interest in the use of amorphous carbon thin films with low secondary electron yield (SEY) to mitigate electron multipacting in particle accelerators and RF devices. Previous works found that the SEY increases with the amount of incorporated hydrogen and correlates with the Tauc gap. In this work, we analyse films produced by magnetron sputtering with different contents of hydrogen and deuterium incorporated via the target poisoning and sputtering of CxDy molecules. XPS was implemented to estimate the phase composition of the films. The maximal SEY was found to decrease linearly with the fraction of the graphitic phase in the films. These results are supported by Raman scattering and UPS measurements. The graphitic phase decreases almost linearly for hydrogen and deuterium concentrations between 12% and 46% (at.), but abruptly decreases when the concentration reaches 53%. This vanishing of the graphitic phase is accompanied by a strong increase of SEY and the Tauc gap. These results suggest that the SEY is not dictated directly by the concentration of H/D, but by the fraction of the graphitic phase in the film. The results are supported by an original model used to calculate the SEY of films consisting of a mixture of graphitic and polymeric phases.

Hydrogen Incorporation in RuxTi1−xO2 Mixed Oxides Promotes Total Oxidation of Propane

A rational synthetic approach is introduced to enable hydrogen insertion into oxides by forming a solid solution of a reducible oxide with a less reducible oxide as exemplified with RuO2 and TiO2 (Ru_x, a mixture of x% RuO2 with (100−x)% TiO2). Hydrogen exposure at 250 °C to Ru_x (Ru_x_250R) results in substantial hydrogen incorporation accompanied by lattice strain that in turn induces pronounced activity variations. Here, we demonstrate that hydrogen incorporation in mixed oxides promotes the oxidation catalysis of propane combustion with Ru_60_250R being the catalytically most active catalyst.

Hydrogen Incorporation in Semiconductors

In many materials, the presence of hydrogen influences the structural and electronic properties. An equilibrium model based on statistical mechanics is presented that describes the unintentional incorporation of hydrogen. As an example, the H concentration in four different semiconductors, namely, c‐Si, c‐Ge, ZnO, and β‐Ga2O3, is measured using H effusion. The measured H concentration ranges from to cm. From the effusion data, the position of the H chemical potential and the H binding energies are derived.

Incorporation of molecular hydrogen into solvents increases the extraction efficiency of phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and antioxidants: the case of lemon peels

The impact of hydrogen infusion into solvents on the extraction of phytochemicals was evaluated. Pure (water, ethanol, methanol) and hydrogen-rich solvents at temperatures (25°C and 35°C) were used for extracting phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and antioxidants from lemon peel. Incorporating hydrogen into all solvents increased the extraction of all phytochemicals. The hydrogen incorporation into solvents led to the highest increase in phenolics and flavonoid contents shown for hydrogen-rich methanol (HRM) followed by hydrogen-rich ethanol (HRE) at both 25°C and 35°C. The highest antioxidant extraction was shown for HRM. The hydrogen incorporation showed the highest phytochemical extraction in methanol and at 35°C. The increase in temperature increased the extraction efficiency, but less efficiently than the hydrogen incorporation. The HPLC phenolic profile confirmed the positive effect of both temperature and hydrogen incorporation on the extraction of flavonoids and non-flavonoids. The improvement of the phytochemical extraction by the proposed method can bring many economic and ecological advantages.

The hot deformation behavior and dynamic microstructure evolution of additive manufactured Ti6Al4V with different hydrogen addition

During the laser melting deposition (LMD) additive manufacturing process, titanium alloys undergo rapid solidification, which induce grain growth into coarse columnar grains, resulting in lower mechanical properties of the material than conventional forgings. This study proposes the incorporation of hydrogen into titanium alloys to refine columnar grains, reduce deformation resistance, and improve machinability. In this work, the hot deformation behavior of hydrogenated Ti6Al4V alloy was analyzed via high-temperature compression experiment. The experimental results revealed the nucleated grains generated by the intense deformation and the twins brought by the hydrogen element led to massive dynamic recrystallizations, which effectively improved the hot workability. When the alloys are deformed above phase transition temperature, the flow stress is positive related with H content. Meanwhile, when the alloys are deformed below the phase transition temperature, the flow stress initially experiences a decrease with an increase in hydrogen content. Adding only 0.27 wt% H can reduce the flow stress by 34.4%–54%, but when the H content continues to increase, the flow stress still increases subsequently. Moreover, when the strain rate is constant, the flow stress of Ti6Al4V alloy can decrease by about 80% with an increase in deformation temperature from 820 °C to 940 °C. When the deformation temperature is constant, the flow stress of Ti6Al4V alloy with different hydrogen contents can decrease by around 65% as the strain rate reduces from 10s−1 to 0.01 s−1.

Tuning lattice defects and photocurrent response of ZnO thin films by Mg doping and Ar-H2 atmospheric plasma treatment

The effects of Mg doping and Ar-H2 atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) treatment on zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were investigated. Mg doping has been demonstrated to facilitate the incorporation of atomic hydrogen in the ZnO lattice via Ar-H2 APPJ. The co-doping of Mg and H changed ZnO’s primary oxygen defect type from vacancy (VO) to interstitial (Oi), which reduced photocorrosion significantly. The dominance of interstitial defects (i.e., Zni and Oi) in the H-doped Zn0.9Mg0.1O thin film was confirmed by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Zni shallow donors improved light absorption at wavelengths > 650 nm, increasing the film’s photocurrent density. Without Mg, doping H via Ar-H2 APPJ was ineffective for pure ZnO thin film. The dominance of VO in pure ZnO thin film after APPJ, though enhanced light absorbance, gave rise to an erratic photocurrent response due to the instability of VO. The lack of acceptor states also led to severe photocorrosion.

Chemical Modulation of Metal-Insulator Transition toward Multifunctional Applications in Vanadium Dioxide Nanostructures.

The metal-insulator transition (MIT) of vanadium dioxide (VO2 ) has been of great interest in materials science for both fundamental understanding of strongly correlated physics and a wide range of applications in optics, thermotics, spintronics, and electronics. Due to the merits of chemical interaction with accessibility, versatility, and tunability, chemical modification provides a new perspective to regulate the MIT of VO2 , endowing VO2 with exciting properties and improved functionalities. In the past few years, plenty of efforts have been devoted to exploring innovative chemical approaches for the synthesis and MIT modulation of VO2 nanostructures, greatly contributing to the understanding of electronic correlations and development of MIT-driven functionalities. Here, this comprehensive review summarizes the recent achievements in chemical synthesis of VO2 and its MIT modulation involving hydrogen incorporation, composition engineering, surface modification, and electrochemical gating. The newly appearing phenomena, mechanism of electronic correlation, and structural instability are discussed. Furthermore, progresses related to MIT-driven applications are presented, such as the smart window, optoelectronic detector, thermal microactuator, thermal radiation coating, spintronic device, memristive, and neuromorphic device. Finally, the challenges and prospects in future research of chemical modulation and functional applications of VO2 MIT are also provided.

Isotope Effect in Electrical Characteristics of Polysilicon Based-Photodetector

The electrical conduction of polysilicon can be improved through the passivation of defects located at grain boundaries. Most passivation proceeds by hydrogen bonding to dangling bonds of silicon. However, more research is needed on the reliability of the Si-H bond. A process using deuterium instead of hydrogen can be expected to improve the performance of silicon devices because Si-D bonds have much higher stability than Si-H bonds. In this study, we have investigated how the isotope effect appears in polysilicon applications. For this purpose, a photodetector composed of a polysilicon film incorporated with hydrogen or deuterium was prepared, and then, current–voltage ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textit{I}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> – <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textit{V}\text{)}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> characteristics, photo response, and degradation thereof were investigated. Hydrogen and deuterium incorporation was performed by both furnace annealing and ion implantation methods. It was found that in order for the isotope effect to occur in polysilicon grain structure, the density of grain boundary must be maintained properly, and there must be no additional damage during the hydrogen or deuterium process. Through this study, it was confirmed that the electrical characteristics and the reliability of the polysilicon based-photodetector were improved by forming a Si-D bond inside the polysilicon with the furnace annealing.

Effects of Scenedesmus dimorphus, spirulina biodiesel, hydrogen and nanoparticles fuel blends on mass burn fraction, emission, noise and vibration characteristics

Severe environmental implications, such as those connected to greenhouse gas emissions and widespread pollution, have resulted from the unsustainable demand for fossil fuels. In order to find and implement technological, sustainable, and cost-effective alternatives to fossil fuel production and use, it is necessary to first identify the primary challenges originating from these activities. The significant potential for their production from various types of biomass has led to a rise in their use in recent years, and this has coincided with the advent of current technological breakthroughs in the field. Scenedesmus dimorphus The energy sector has a strong interest in the process of making biodiesel from and spirulina oil because of its potential to provide clean and sustainable energy.The combustion, emission, vibration and noise characteristics of Scenedesmus Dimorphus and spirulina based microalgae biodiesel were studied in this study, both with and without the addition of nanoparticles and hydrogen. Hydrogen and nanoparticles were employed at a rate of 5 L/min and 100 ppm respectively. Biodiesel blends B10 (5 % spirulina + 5 % Scenedesmus Dimorphus + 90 % diesel) and B20 (10 % spirulina + 10 % Scenedesmus Dimorphus + 90 % diesel) were used in this study. The test fuels prepared from biodiesel, hydrogen and nanoparticles has been compared with conventional diesel.The experiment was carried out on four stroke diesel engine at varying load conditions ranging from 0 % to 100 % at an interval of 25 %. Incorporation of nanoparticles and hydrogen on microalgae based biodiesel reduces the emission, vibration and noise generated by the engine.

Environmental and techno-economic viability of using hydrogen in the vehicle sector for a rapid energy transition in Argentina

Argentina has a wide availability of renewable resources, which provides important advantages for the hydrogen vector incorporation. The province of Córdoba is an excellent model case for the study of the rapid incorporation of hydrogen as fuel, to replace 20% V/V of natural gas consumed in vehicular use. This does not involve major changes in infrastructure or modifications to the vehicles. This paper computes and analyzes the levelized cost of hydrogen with the emissions associated for each part of the complete hydrogen supply chain. Two different production sources were used: renewable energies sources and the Argentine electrical grid; and two production pathways: in situ and centralized production. Comparing the same volume of proposed hydrogen compressed natural gas and current CNG, a cost decrease in the majority of the scenarios and a CO2eq emission reduction ranging from 19.5 to 8.2% are achieved, even if the hydrogen is produced using the carbon-intensive grid electricity.

Hydrogen defects in feldspars: alkali-supported dehydrogenation of sanidine

In the first two papers of this series [Behrens, Phys Chem Minerals 48:8, 2021a; Behrens, Phys Chem Minerals 48:27, 2021b], incorporation of hydrogen in the feldspar structure, partitioning of hydrogen between feldspars and gases/fluids and self-diffusion of hydrogen in feldspars have been discussed, with particular focus on sanidine. Here, the results of reactions between sanidine containing strongly bonded hydrogen defects and (Na,K)Cl are presented. Experiments were performed at ambient pressure at temperatures of 605–1000 °C, and hydrogen profiles were measured by IR microspectroscopy. Profiles can be interpreted by an incomplete dehydrogenation at the crystal surface or a strong concentration dependence of hydrogen diffusivity. Both are consistent with hydrogen located on interstitial sites and difficult to substitute by the larger alkali ions. Chemical diffusivities of hydrogen derived from fitting of the profiles or Boltzmann–Matano analysis are similar to self-diffusivities determined by D/H exchange experiments. Activation energies are also comparable. Comparison to sodium and potassium diffusion data for sanidine (Wilangowski et al. in Defect Diffus Forum 363: 79–84, 2015; Hergemöller et al. in Phys Chem Minerals 44:345–351, 2017) supports a mechanism of proton diffusion charge-compensated by Na+ diffusion for hydrogen removal in the sanidines under dry conditions.

Amorphous carbon thin films: Mechanisms of hydrogen incorporation during magnetron sputtering and consequences for the secondary electron emission

Amorphous carbon (a-C) films, having low secondary electron yield (SEY), are used at CERN to suppress electron multipacting in the beam pipes of particle accelerators. It was already demonstrated that hydrogen impurities increase the SEY of a-C films. In this work, a systematic characterization of a set of a-C coatings, deliberately contaminated by deuterium during the magnetron sputtering deposition, by scanning electron microscopy, ion beam analysis, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and optical absorption spectroscopy was performed to establish a correlation between the hydrogen content and the secondary electron emission properties. In parallel, the mechanisms of contamination were also investigated. Adding deuterium allows resolving the contributions of intentional and natural contamination. The results enabled us to quantify the relative deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) amounts and relate them with the maximum SEY (SEYmax). The first step of incorporation appears to be formation of D/H atoms in the discharge. An increase in both the flux of deposited carbon atoms and the discharge current with a D2 fraction in the gas discharge can be explained by target poisoning with deuterium species followed by etching of CxDy clusters, mainly by physical sputtering. For overall relative D/H amounts between 11% and 47% in the discharge gas, the SEYmax increases almost linearly from 0.99 to 1.38. An abrupt growth of SEYmax from 1.38 to 2.12 takes place in the narrow range of D/H relative content of 47%–54%, for which the nature of the deposited films changes to a polymer-like layer.

Computational evaluation of KMgO3-xHx as an efficient hydrogen storage material

In this present work, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations have been performed for perovskite KMgO3−xHxwith the GGA-PBE formalism as implemented in the CASTEP code. It is the first time that with the aim to investigate the structural, electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of KMgO3−xHx perovskite hydride material for hydrogen storage applications is carried out with varying substituent concentrations (x = 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, 2.7, and 3.0). It is clear from elastic constants and negative formation enthalpies that these compounds are stable and synthesizable. The elastic moduli, anisotropy, and brittleness decline with increasing H-inclusion. Increasing dopant concentration leads to a narrowing wide bandgap and causes a shift from an indirect to a direct-nature semiconductor. These findings indicate that the electronic properties of the compounds can be tailored by introducing dopants, making them suitable for various optoelectronic applications. The structural transformation occurred from cubic to distorted or pseudo-cubic upon hydrogen inclusion. This distortion resulted in a nearly equal value of lattice parameters, with a ≈ b ≈ c. In addition, the optical parameters (dielectric functions, refractive indices, extinction coefficient, optical reflectivity, absorption coefficients, and loss functions) were thoroughly explained within the energy range of 0-10 eV for photons. Optical characteristics enhanced upon H inclusion, making them suitable for optoelectronic applications. The incorporation of hydrogen has also enhanced hydrogen storage characteristics to 4.35 %, despite the challenges associated with high desorption temperatures and improved hydrogen uptake mechanisms, allowing a variety of transportation and practical uses in industry.