Incomplete Variety Research Articles

An Osteological Study of Anatomical Variations of Foramen Transversarium of Cervical Vertebrae and its Clinical Implications

Background: In cervical vertebrae, the costal and transverse elements are connected to each other around the foramen transversarium of the transverse process. The adult cervical vertebrae are characterized by the presence of Foramen Transversarium (FT) in transverse process. These transverse foramina are found to have variations in size, shape and numbers and may be absent, incomplete or duplicate, which may lead to various symptoms. Aim: To study the anatomical variations of cervical vertebrae. Materials and methods: The present observational study was performed on 182 dry human cervical vertebrae of unknown sex and age. Intact cervical vertebrae without any degenerative or traumatic disorders were included in this study. Deformed and damaged vertebrae were excluded from the study Results: Out of these 364 foramen transversarium, 98 (27%) foramen transversarium were of type-I. Type -I was the most common presentation in the present study. Type -II foramen transversarium were seen in 33 (09%) foramen transversarium. Out of 364 foramen transversarium 88 (24%) foramen transversarium were of type-III. Type-IV foramen transversarium were seen in 62 (17%) foramen transversarium. Type-V foramen transversarium were seen on 83 (23%) foramen transversarium. Out of 182 vertebrae 40 (22%) showed complete double foramen transversarium. Incomplete double foramen transversarium were seen in 24 (13%) of vertebrae. One side complete & other side incomplete foramen transversarium were seen in 04 (02%) vertebrae. Conclusion: Knowledge of such variations is important for Physicians, Neurologists Otorhinolaryngologists, radiologists and Orthopedicians. Presence of accessory foramen transversarium especially of incomplete variety, the second part of vertebral artery may be dislodged and prone to get damaged easily during posterior cervical injuries. It helps in radiological imaging, neurological diagnosis and complex surgical procedures in the cervical area. KEY WORDS: Cervical Vertebrae, Foramen transversarium, Accessory Foramen Transversarium.

English

BACKGROUND Metopic suture is located anterior to the coronal suture. There are two types: complete and incomplete metopic sutures. Knowledge regarding the metopic sutures in adults is necessary to avoid misinterpretation of radiographs as frontal bone fracture. Knowledge with regard to metopic suture is helpful for anatomists and medico legal experts. This study has been done to find out the incidence of metopic suture, classify the metopic sutures into complete and incomplete type and further classify the incomplete variety based on shape. METHODS This study was conducted on 50 skulls from the Department of Anatomy, Autonomous Government Medical College and Hospital, Ratlam (MP). Skulls with signs of disease and damaged skulls were excluded from the study. RESULTS In the present study, out of 50 dry adult cadaveric skulls, 2 skulls (4 %) showed complete metopism. Incomplete metopic sutures were present in 28 / 50 (56 %) and absent in 20 / 50 (40 %). Out of 28 incomplete metopic sutures, single linear metopic sutures were present in 12 / 28 (42.85 %). Double linear metopic sutures were present in 7 / 28 (25 %). V-shaped metopic sutures were present in 5 / 28 (17.85 %) and U shaped metopic sutures were present in 4 / 28 (14.28 %). CONCLUSIONS Detailed knowledge of the metopic suture is important for neurosurgeons and radiologists in routine practice. Vertical frontal bone fractures may be easily misdiagnosed with persistent metopic sutures. This anatomical knowledge of metopic sutures is very useful for doctors while treating traumatised patients and during surgical intervention including frontal craniotomy. KEYWORDS Suture, Metopism, Frontal Bone, Nasion, Bregma

Joining element design and product variety in manufacturing industries

Product variety is a growing trend of offering highly configurable products at the cost of inducing complexity in manufacturing. Joining is a key manufacturing process and historically was a paper-based process with incomplete variety documentation. Nowadays, digital joining element design is a substitution of paper for 3D space. Nonetheless, it remains an ambiguous manual task with limited automation, resulting in time-consuming iterative error-prone development trajectories and costly reworks. This contribution addresses the state of the art in joining element design in both research and industry practice. It reviews product variety and its impact on joining processes. The paper identifies a need for integrating product variety into joining element design and it proposes a solution pathway using artificial intelligence methods.

Towards automated joining element design

Product variety and its induced manufacturing complexity remains to increase and therefore greatens challenges for design of joining elements. Historically, joining element design was a paper-based process with incomplete variety documentation and is digitalized only by replacing paper for 3D space. Currently, joining element design remains an ambiguous manual task with limited automation, resulting in long iterative, error prone development trajectories and costly reworks. Thus, processes in practice conflict with required capabilities. Artificial intelligence helps to solve such conflicts by taking over repetitive tasks, preventing human errors, optimizing designs and enabling designers to focus on their core competencies. This paper proposes a novel artificial intelligence method toolbox as a foundation to automate joining element design in manufacturing industries. The methodology aims to incorporate multiple lifecycle requirements including large product variety.

Incidence of Ponticles in Human Atlas Vertebrae-A Study from South Gujarat Population

Background: Atlas, an atypical 1st cervical vertebra bears anterior and posterior arch. The superior surface of posterior arch presents groove for vertebral artery. Sometimes bony out growth extending from superior articular process to the posterior arch is known as ponticle which may cause external pressure on the vertebral artery when latter passes from foramen transversarium to foramen magnum of the skull. Aim: The study was to find out an incidence of atlas ponticles (bridges) for its clinical and surgical significance. Materials and Methods: In this study, 50 dried macerated atlas vertebrae of unknown age and sex were collected from department of anatomy of medical colleges of South Gujarat and examined for presence of ponticles. Results: Out of 50 atlas vertebrae, total 11 (22%) bones presented with ponticles of which incidence of posterior ponticle was seen in 10 (20%) cases and lateral ponticle in 1 (2%) case. Total incidence of complete and incomplete variety was noted in 5 (10%) and 6 (12%) cases respectively. Incidence of bilateral ponticle was observed in 2 (4%) while unilateral in 9 (18%) vertebrae of which 5 (10%) right sided and 4 (8%) left sided. Conclusion: The presence of ponticles may reduce the cross sectional area of vertebral artery, compromising its blood flow resulting in vertebro-basilar insufficiency which may lead to various types of neurological symptoms like dizziness, fainting, transient diplopia and vertigo. Key Words: Atlas vertebra, Ponticle, Vertebral artery groove

Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty in Rheumatic Double Orifice Mitral Valve

We are reporting four cases of acquired double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) of rheumatic etiology (rare) presenting as significant mitral stenosis (MS) treated successfully by percutaneous intervention. All four patients are young (3 males, 1 female) who presented with dyspnea of Newyork heart association (NYHA) class II with mean duration of 1.3 years. Typical clinical findings of MS were present in all. Echocardiography confirmed the diagnosis of moderate to severe MS of rheumatic etiology with double orifice of mitral valve of Trowitzsch incomplete bridge variety [1], giving appearance of two equal (like a pair of spectacles in one patient) or unequal size orifices (in three patients) in parasternal short axis view. Color Doppler examination revealed separate jets originating from each orifice, determined severity of the lesion and evaluated the eligibility for balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV). BMV was carried out under transeosophagial echo (TEE) guidance (for perfect septal puncture and crossing the separate orifices) using Inoue balloon of appropriate size (in accordance with patient’s height) with intention to break central fibrous strand converting into a single orifice. All four patients underwent successful BMV (clinical & ECHO criteria) after dilating the separate orifices (except case 4) but the fibrous strand could not be broken. Hence, this study shows that good results can be obtained in acquired double orifice mitral valve with significant MS with BMV even without breaking the fibrous strand. Considering rarity of isolated DOMV cases and rheumatic etiology being very rare, this report of four rheumatic acquired DOMV cases with successful BMV done with good result is significant.

Incomplete discoid lateral meniscus: a case report.

The variations of lateral meniscus include pathologic entities which vary in size, shape and attachment. In this manuscript, we report a case of discoid lateral meniscus which was observed in an embalmed fetal cadaver. It was an incomplete variety of the discoid meniscus and observed on the right side knee. The clinical implication of this discoid meniscus has been emphasized along with the review of literature. The morphological and embryologic details of the discoid lateral menisci are discussed.

Incomplete Locked-in Syndrome

In this paper, we present a case of 62 year-old male with quadriplegia, dysarthria and preserved consciousness. Our case belongs to the incomplete variety of locked-in syndrome due to pontine infarction, because beside the vertical eye movements and eye lid movements, the patient had horizontal eye movements and finger movements on the right side. In general, the basilar artery occlusion is associated with poor outcome, however the urgent thrombolytic therapy may increase the chances to survive. The prognosis of our patient was disquieting and he died after 6 weeks from the onset.

Isolated Bilateral Cryptophthalmos

We report a male, Qatari infant, born in September 2001 at Hamad Medical Corporation (Doha, Qatar) with bilateral, asymmetric cryptophthalmos. Parents presented first degree familial consanguinity, but negative for ocular abnormalities. General physical examination was unremarkable. Ocular exam showed incomplete variety in the right eye and complete on the left eye. Partially exposed right eye exhibited total corneal opacity. The left eye B Scan Ocular Ultrasound depicted anterior megalophthalmos and enlargement of globe's axial length. CT Scan revealed anterior chamber dysgenesis in the right eye, with normal posterior segment. Cryptophthalmos is a very rare inherited condition, mainly when it appears as an isolated case and not syndromic. To our knowledge, this is the first isolated non syndromic cryptopthalmos case reported in Qatar and in the Gulf countries.

A bayesian approach to regional and local-area prediction from crop variety trials

The inclusion of covariates in models for analyzing variety × environmental data sets allows the estimation of variety yields for specific locations within a region as well as for the region as a whole. Here we explore a Bayesian approach to the estimation of such effects and to the choice of variety using a possibly incomplete variety × location × year data set that includes location × year covariates. This approach allows expert knowledge of the crop and uncertainty about local circumstances to be incorporated in the analysis. It is implemented using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. An example is used to illustrate the approach and investigate its robustness.

Colonic hamartomas in tuberous sclerosis

Twelve patients, 5 from the same family, diagnosed consecutively to suffer from tuberous sclerosis were investigated for gastrointestinal polyps. Six patients had no clinical neurologic involvement. Nine had colonic polyps: in 5 patients, these were hamartomas, in 3 patients adenomatous polyps, and the ninth patient had hamartomas and adenomatous and villoglandular polyps. Hamartomatous polyps were identical to those found in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. However, in 1 patient they included neural structures and in another there were angiomatous and adipous structures in addition to colitis cystica profunda. Two patients with hamartomatous polyps had normal intelligence and no clinical neurologic symptoms. The evaluation of one kindred revealed the association of hamartomatous polyps of the colon with forme fruste of tuberous sclerosis in different members, but none had the typical disease. Tuberous sclerosis should thus be considered in the differential diagnosis of hamartomatous colonic polyps. Conversely, colonic endoscopy may be a useful adjunctive test in the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis, particularly in the incomplete varieties of disease.

Stimuli which provoke secretion of azurophil enzymes from human neutrophils induce increments in adenosine cyclic 3′-5′-monophosphate

1. 1. Stimuli for human neutrophils were divided into two classes on the basis of their ability to induce degranulation: complete secretagogues provoked release of both azurophil and specific granules, while incomplete secretagogues only induced release of specific granules. 2. 2. Complete secretagogues, which possessed the ability to induce secretion of azurophil granules, also induced transient increments in total cellular cyclic AMP levels: incomplete secretagogues did not. 3. 3. Complete secretagogues, unlike the incomplete variety, also induced further increments of cyclic AMP in prostaglandin E 1-pretreated neutrophils. 4. 4. Inhibition of lysosomal enzyme release by prostaglandin E 1 was closely correlated with elevated levels of cyclic AMP induced by the prostaglandin alone, than with the much higher transient increment in cyclic AMP produced by stimulation of prostaglandin E 1-treated cells. 5. 5. Our results describe the first biochemical difference between neutrophil responses associated with secretion of azurophil granules, as opposed to specific granules; transient increments in cyclic AMP.

Statutory and Recommended List Trials of Crop Varieties in the United Kingdom

SUMMARY The United Kingdom has recently set up a new system of crop variety performance trials to meet European Economic Community directives concerning the marketing of seeds. This has led to a reappraisal of statistical practices in statutory variety testing including trial design, methods of data analysis and allocation of resources. The paper describes some of the problems encountered and reports work done so far in resolving them. This work includes the construction of a catalogue of generalized lattice designs. A computerbased system is used for routine data processing; it incorporates least squares procedures appropriate to incomplete varieties x trials tables. Much remains to be done in designing series of trials and interpreting their results.

Modified joint regression analysis for incomplete variety × environment data

SUMMARYThis paper presents an iterative analysis of incomplete variety × environment tables. The analysis estimates potential differences in the sensitivity of varieties to environment effect. It is noted that the technique allows unequal weighting of data, and the special case of a complete table is discussed.

Cardiovascular Diseases in Nonwestern Societies

Cardiovascular Diseases in Nonwestern Societies* IN DISCUSSING cardiovascular disease in third and fourth world countries, I assume that we are referring to cardiovascular diseases in nonWestern societies. Considering the West, specifically including the United States, one finds very similar, although not homogeneous, characteristics as far as socioeconomic factors, dietary factors, and to some extent, even genetic and hereditary factors are concerned. However, as one studies the countries that are more undeveloped or those parts of the world such as India and Africa where there is still undevelopment, he expects to see a striking difference in all diseases but particularly in heart diseases. Although we will mention cardiovascular diseases other than coronary diseases, the bulk of this presentation will be concerned with coronary disease since this is the number one cardiovascular disease in the developed nations; and one may, therefore, infer that as countries move towards development, coronary disease will become more prevalent. I am sure that the racial differences in this country as far as cardiovascular diseases are concerned will be or have already been discussed, for these diseases are quite notable among American blacks. In my own experience, I have seen a tremendous change in the coronary disease attack rate among the American blacks over the last ten years. This is also true in the area of rheumatic fever and subsequent rheumatic heart disease. Approximately ten years ago, when I opened the Coronary Care Unit at Provident Hospital in Baltimore (90-95 percent black population), the most common problems treated in this four-bed unit were cardiac arrhythmias, congestive failure due to hypertensive disease, and occasionally ischemic heart disease of the subendocardial or incomplete variety. However, over the next ten years, we have noted a definite increase in the prevalence of ischemic heart disease, and it is not unusual in our present eleven-bed unit to find one-half of the patients with full-blown, transmural myocardial infarctions, a situation which was very difficult to come by, certainly, five to ten years ago. This experience has been noted by other cardiologists practicing primarily among a black population. As we explore cardiovascular disease outside of the Western countries, we will attempt to look into the various risk factors in terms of how they present themselves in other countries, since we believe that there are certain factors that tend to predispose persons (black or white) to coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease affects all races of mankind, but there are important ethnic differences in the extent to

DTT test: a new method to differentiate IgM and IgG erythrocyte antibodies.

Abstract. A new test to determine the immunoglobulin class of erythrocyte antibodies is presented. Dithiothreitol (DTT), at a concentration of 0.01 m, has been used in a rapid 15 min, 37°C incubation test system. Dialysis is not required. The accuracy of this new DTT test was compared to a standard 2‐ME procedure. Human sera containing saline‐acting and incomplete varieties of erythrocyte antibodies were tested. Identical results were obtained by both methods with 292 of 302 (96.7%) test sera. Anion‐exchange chromatography was employed to produce erythrocyte antibody solutions of known immunoglobulin class. Incubation of these solutions with DTT decreased the immunologic reactivity of IgM erythrocyte antibodies, without affecting the activity of IgG varieties.

DTT Test: A New Method to Differentiate IgM and IgG Erythrocyte Antibodies

A new test to determine the immunoglobulin class of erythrocyte antibodies is presented. Dithiothreitol (DTT), at a concentration of 0.01 m, has been used in a rapid 15 min, 37 °C incubation test system. Dialysis is not required. The accuracy of this new DTT test was compared to a standard 2-ME procedure. Human sera containing saline-acting and incomplete varieties of erythrocyte antibodies were tested. Identical results were obtained by both methods with 292 of 302 (96.7%) test sera. Anion-exchange chromatography was employed to produce erythrocyte antibody solutions of known immunoglobulin class. Incubation of these solutions with DTT decreased the immunologic reactivity of IgM erythrocyte antibodies, without affecting the activity of IgG varieties.

Transverse vaginal septum.

A review of the medical literature yields few cases of transverse vaginal septa. Transverse vaginal septum is an extremely uncommon anomaly of the female reproductive system. The incomplete variety is seen very infrequently and the complete septum is rare. Brenner, Sedlis and Cooperman (1965) reported one case of complete imperforate vaginal septum in 72,000 new patients. Lodi (1951) found three cases in 90,000 patients. Jones (1957) described incomplete septa in five patients in the course of 67,857 deliveries.

Surgical repair of stricture of the membranous urethra. I. Methods applied through an anterior approach.

Three methods for surgical repair of membranous and bulbomembranous strictures of either complete or incomplete varieties are described, all of them applied by the author through an anterior approach. The entrance into the patient’s perineum is carried out by following the ‘path’ of the bulbous urethra rather than by following the rectal wall as is customary in performing perineal prostatectomy. The type of operation is chosen according to the severity of the trauma sustained and the amount of fibrous tissue accompanying healing of the lacerated membranous urethra. A new technique for repair of the marsupialized urethra, that is for performing the second stage of Turner-Warwick’s, Guy Leadbetter’s, and Well’s operation, is presented in this report.

Double Gallbladder With Double Cholelithiasis

To the Editor.— The presence of two gallbladders in man is not uncommon. However, we have been unable to find mention in the literature of a double gallbladder with cholecystitis, a stone in each gallbladder, diagnosed preoperatively and treated surgically. Duplication of the gallbladder was known to Pliny the Elder, according to Palmisano, and there have been 42 operative cases.1Others have been found in autopsy material. Duplication of the gallbladder may be complete or incomplete.3Incomplete varieties are quite rare in man and are due to division of the gallbladder by a septum or by a diverticulum arising from one part of the gallbladder. Boyden, in 19,000 patients and cadavers, found only five cases of double gallbladder.3The condition is much more common in animals, where infection and stones have been described.3The case presented here (Fig 1) showed a double gallbladder with a common