Clause Structure Research Articles

The Typology of Reciprocal Constructions

Reciprocal constructions involve a complex mapping of semantics onto morphosyntax, requiring multiple propositions to be overlaid onto a single clause and the permutation of semantic roles within the set of participants involved. This complexity challenges the standard processes relating predicates to situations, and thus languages arrive at a great diversity of solutions for how reciprocal situations are encoded within a single clausal structure. Recent typological work has showcased this diversity from different perspectives, but further work is needed to determine how different morphosyntactic and semantic properties interact and what implicational connections and correlations exist with other parts of the linguistic system. Theoretical typologies highlight the importance of reciprocal constructions for our understanding of grammatical structure crosslinguistically.

Malagasy N-bonding: A licensing approach

This paper provides an account of N-bonding in Malagasy, a predicate-initial Austronesian language of Madagascar. N-bonding refers to a morphological process in which material from nominal arguments is morphologically bound to certain heads (Keenan 2000). I argue that N-bonding can be analyzed as a reflection of head-head adjunction configurations which can be derived in Malagasy through Local Dislocation (Embick & Noyer 2007; Levin 2015; Erlewine 2018), a post-syntactic operation that yields a complex head. Following Levin 2015, I assume that Local Dislocation is implemented in Malagasy due to licensing constraints. More specifically, I show that N-bonding occurs in all constructions in which an argument cannot be licensed by the structural mechanisms available in the language. The resulting head-head configuration then feeds a language- specific morphophonological operation that inserts a bundle of features which surface as the N-bonding element. This approach not only accounts for the distribution of N-bonding and is consistent with the observed phonological patterns, but also offers an alternative view of underlying clausal structure and voice morphology in Malagasy.

Translation Strategies Used In Jasa Burung Pipit And Its Translation The Good Deed Of The Sparrow

Translation is the process of transferring the meaning from the source language to the target language. The objective of this research is to find out the translation strategies found in Jasa Burung Pipit and its translation The Good Deed of The Sparrow. This research used qualitative research method. The theory used is the translation strategies form Chesterman. The result showed that there are 6 translation strategies were found. They are literal translation (18 data), loan, calque (2 data), clause structure change (1 data), cohesion change (3 data), synonymy (6 data) and distribution change (12 data). Based on the data collected, literal translation strategy is the most dominant translation strategy used.

ЛІНГВОПРАГМАТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ МАНІПУЛЯТИВНИХ СТРАТЕГІЙ У МОВЛЕННІ ПЕРСОНАЖІІВ А.МАНДЗОНІ «ЗАРУЧЕНІ»

In the modern world, manipulation is a completely universal phenomenon. It can be found in all socially significant spheres of human activity. When studying manipulative strategies, it is impossible not to pay attention to the variety of their types and the goals through which manipulators resort to these actions. A set of manipulative techniques organized in a certain way, used for the purpose of exerting hidden influence, aimed at achieving a desired effect or preventing an undesirable result, is presented on examples taken from the historical novel by A. Manzoni "The Betrothed", in particular on the examples of the characters Gertrude, Don Abbondio, Lucia and Renzo. Manipulative strategies are widely used at the level of interpersonal communication. The variety of interpersonal manipulations is analyzed. Regularities between manipulative strategy and stylistic features have been established. In particular, to express the strategy of gaslighting, which is based on contradiction, the author uses affective words, asyndeton, tactics of exaggeration, repetition, and the imperative; to express projection, which consists in transferring one's responsibility to another person – metaphorical comparisons, antitheses; for the strategy of meaningless conversations, based on monologues that lead to confusion – incomplete sentences, repetitions, asyndeton; for generalization and denigration characterized by vague and abstract statements – incomplete sentences and affective words; to express the strategy of constant disappointment, which is based on the constant disappointment of the manipulator with his victim – asyndeton, exclamations, syntactic parallelism and repetitions. The perlocutionary effect, which is similar in each strategy, was studied. With his non-verbal behavior, the victim tries to convey discomfort and fear: trembling, lowered gaze, and therefore fear to look his manipulator in the eyes, silent submission. At the verbal level, this is manifested by repetitions, incomplete sentences, exclamations, exaggerations and affective words.

Текст музейной экспозиции: межкультурный и переводческий аспекты

The article is devoted to the study of the texts of the museum exhibition, which play the mediator role between visitors of a museum and its artifacts. The purpose of the study is to consider the text of the museum exhibition as an effective tool for intercultural communication. The review of foreign and domestic works shows that multilingual museum exposition helps to develop a dialogue and understanding between different cultures. The author studied the museum labels of the State Hermitage Museum, their grammatical and stylistic peculiarities, which should be taken into account while translating museum texts from Russian into English. It is determined that the grammatical peculiarities of the museum texts are verbless constructions, incomplete sentences, where linguistic norms are violated. The style of the texts of museum expositions is, as a rule, publicistic, some texts also have features of scientific, spoken and literary styles. While translating, the translator should aim to save the meaning and functional style.

Perceived Caregiving Trajectories and their Relationship with Caregivers' Burdens and Gains.

The study explores the meanings that family caregivers of people with dementia ascribe to the past, present, and future of their role as a caregiver, and how their integration into caregiving trajectories is related to caregivers' burdens and gains. The sample was made up of 197 family caregivers (Mage = 62.1, SD = 12.3, 70.1% females). They completed three incomplete sentences regarding their past, present, and future caring role, the Zarit Burden Interview and the Gains Associated with Caregiving scale. Sentence completions were content analyzed, and the associations between the resulting trajectories and burdens and gains were studied by means of a one-way ANOVA. Caregivers differed in the meanings ascribed to past, present, and future of their role. Stable-negative (M = 43.6, SD = 13.3), regressive (M = 43.3, SD = 12.7), and present-enhancing (M = 37.4, SD = 13.7) trajectories showed higher levels of burdens than progressive (M = 31.3, SD = 12.3) and/or stable-positive trajectories (M = 26.1, SD = 13.7). Progressive trajectories (M = 38.9, SD = 15.7) were related to more gains than regressive trajectories (M = 28.6, SD = 12.7). Family caregivers' evaluations of their past, present, and future are not only important separately, but their combination into caregiving trajectories is also relevant. Such trajectories might be relevant when designing interventions to help caregivers reduce their burden levels and increase the benefits ascribed to their experience. The most adaptive trajectory identified was the progressive one, whereas the regressive trajectory was the most dysfunctional.

ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ РИСКИ ПОДРОСТКОВ, ОБУЧАЮЩИХСЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПОВЫШЕННОЙ УЧЕБНОЙ НАГРУЗКИ

Background. Y is study examines risk factors for the mental health of a student in the condition of increased academic load. Introduction of new technologies and multilingualism in educational technologies inZ uence emotional life of an adolescent. Y e overall excellent performance of a pupil may hide risks of adaptation disruption.Objective is to discover anxiety and aggressiveness manifestations among adolescents studying under high academic load. Methods. Analysis of the psychological characteristics of adolescents at risk for maladaptive perfectionism was carried out with quantitative and qualitative research methods. Applied techniques and methods involved the method by Prikhozhan to study the Self-Image of teens in the age group of 12–17 years; Buss — Perry Aggression Questionnaire as adapted by S.N. Yenikolopov; APS-R Perfectionism Scale as adapted by S.N. Yenikolopov; incomplete sentences; the Hand Test; pathopsychological test; extended clinical conversation; Torrance X gurative subtests; Sociometry. Sample. Y e study involved 245 students of the 8th grade of four schools. Two schools o[ ered in-depth study of 2 foreign languages and the othersecondary schools did not. Results. According to the research, the markers of maladaptive behavior of a successful pupil are trait anxiety, maladaptive perfectionism, hostility, and anger. About 20% of the participants fall into the risk group for anxiety. Objectively, their performance is high, though teenagers have doubts about their success, demonstrate tendency for delaying, inability to start doing something. In this case the anxiety is caused by fear of failing to meet self-imposed high standards. Failure to comply with your requirements and рrocrastination is higher in schools with advanced studies of two foreign languages. Self-esteem anxiety is related to the components of Self-Image: intelligence, situation at school, communication, self-conX dence. Non-conformity to self-imposed standards and procrastination are related to anger. Conclusion. In two schools, the number of highly anxious teenagers ranges from 12 % to 20 %. In the gymnasium, only highly anxious teenagers were found. Anxiety correlates with various indicators of aggressiveness. Slaney’s procrastination/anxiety scores are positively correlated with adolescent anger and hostility. Indicators of maladaptive perfectionism according to Slaney are associated with the components of the Self-Concept. Objectively, the success of the students is good, but teenagers doubt their success, they show a tendency to procrastinate, an inability to take action. In this case, the anxiety is caused by the fear of not meeting the high standards set for oneself. Y e markers of the maladaptive state of a highly anxious student are maladaptive perfectionism, hostility, and anger. According to the results of qualitative research methods, destructive personality tendencies can be observed in highly anxious adolescents. Y e manifestations of anxiety and aggressiveness of the surveyed adolescents are similar in all schools. Failure to comply with your requirements and рrocrastination is higher in schools with advanced studies of two foreign languages.

Youth political leaders in contemporary Russia: biographical and psychological characteristics

The article represents political and psychological analysis of contemporary Russian youth political leadership based on the results of an empirical study of the biographical and psychological characteristics of more than 100 young politicians. The research methodology is based on political and psychological approach that combines the analysis of biographical data and their interpretation within the concept of the "fundamental psychological triad" (a combination of affective, cognitive and behavioral factors). The empirical basis of the study is presented by in-depth interviews with youth political leaders, their answers to open-ended questions, and data obtained using the “incomplete sentences” technique. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the biographical and political-psychological characteristics of the youth leaders of modern Russia are highly normative and that there is a special category in the structure of the Russian political class, the role and potential of which can significantly increase in the near future.

Some markers of authorial conflict intention in Internet comments during the COVID-19 pandemic

The range of conflict markers in confrontational interaction is determined largely both by the situation provoking the collision and by the conditions for the communication implementation. The context of the conflict in this work was the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The conditions for the conflict implementation became the virtual environment; Internet comment. The purpose of this reseach is to calculate the verbal and non-verbal markers of conflict speech behavior observed in Internet comments during the COVID-19 pandemic. To achieve this goal the methods of complex communicative-pragmatic analysis, linguostylistic analysis and contextual analysis were used. With the methods of statistical analysis the frequency of the indicated verbal and non-verbal markers manifestation was determined and the preferred speech means to implement authorial conflicting intention in the designated time period was established. The verbal markers are some pejoratives, colloquies, jargon, occasional words, zoo-metaphors, English-language intersperses, phraseological units, lexemes with negative connotation which characterize human mental development, contain an expressive negative assessment of health, level of education, ethnic, racial, national, social affiliation of the characterized person, negative nomination of persons from the point of view of the profession, origin, socially condemned activities, persons with non-actual behavior, dissonant views, ideas and positions, language tools with the semantic meaning of threat, isolation, vaccination, imperatives, parceled constructions, subjunctive, multiple questions, repetitions, incomplete sentences, parallel constructions. Non-verbal markers include text in capital letters, strikethrough text, erratives, Internet memes. These verbal and non-verbal markers ensure the implementation of strategies and tactics of the conflict speech behavior of communicants of this period; they are the key factors in constructing attitude among the audience.

INCOMPLETE SENTENCES IN THE LANGUAGE OF JAPANESE MASS CULTURE AS A DEVIATION FROM THE LANGUAGE NORMS

Background. The paper draws attention to the deviations from the syntactic norm in the sentences of the language of mass culture, in particular, the frequency of incomplete sentences that are not typical for literary language, on the example of the oral and written genres of modern mass culture of Japan. The main objective was to analyze, using quantitative and qualitative methods, the phenomena of ellipsis and nominative sentences, widely represented in the language of both written (fashion magazines, manga comics) and oral (lyrics of popular songs, the language of entertainment TV shows) genres of Japanese mass culture. Results. A so called “norm” for the language of mass culture is the production of entire texts that fully consist of ellipted and nominative sentences, that is, they do not contain a single complete one (such examples occur, in particular, in the language of magazine articles, song lyrics, or manga chapters). In incomplete sentences, the predicate is partially or completely removed, which sometimes makes it impossible to interpret the grammatical tense of one sentence or entire texts. The omission of the predicate, which is often accompanied by the introduction of an exclamation mark, that is not typical for Japanese text in general, shifts the emphasis from the action to the objects that are presented to the recipient in isolation, sort of careless manner, which, on the one hand, leads to easier perception of information, but, on the other hand, spreads mistaken samples of word usage due to the non-compliance of the structure of such messages with the syntactic norm. In addition to complete or partial removal of the predicate from the sentence, the language of mass culture is also characterized by sentences-words expressed by a single interjection; interjections often replace verbs in the predicate position. Conclusions. This overusing of ellipsis and nominative clauses in the language of mass culture seems to bring it closer to colloquial speech or spontaneous informal speech, which most likely aims to make the language of mass culture more accessible and the meanings it conveys “closer” to the consumer. The reproduction of colloquial speech in the syntactic structure of the language of mass culture seems to have a manipulative potential, as well as a destructive role in blurring literary norms and destructing the language “feeling” among the mass culture audience.

Неповні речення як засіб експресивізації мови творів для дітей Євгена Гуцала

Неповні речення як засіб експресивізації мови творів для дітей Євгена Гуцала

A corpus-based comparison of syntactic complexity in academic writing of L1 and L2 English students across years and disciplines.

Syntactic complexity, widely acknowledged as a key predictor of writing quality, has gained increasing attention in the realm of academic writing. A notable line of inquiry has centered on the factors that potentially influence syntactic complexity in academic writing. Instead of attending to one factor, the study focuses on multiple factors to examine how language background affects syntactic complexity across years and disciplines. Specifically, it compares the syntactic complexity in English academic writing between L1 English and L1 Chinese university students across four years and/or three disciplines. Fine-grained indices, which include five clausal indices and eight phrasal indices, are utilized to capture specific syntactic features for a full understanding and description of the syntactic preferences shown by L1 English and L1 Chinese students in academic discourse. The results revealed that L1 English students tended to produce more noun phrases in academic writing than L1 Chinese students with the increase of years. Additionally, both cohorts of students followed similar syntactic patterns in cross-disciplinary contexts, with highly frequent use of complex nominals in the Physical Sciences and clausal structures in the Social Sciences. In instances where language background, year, and discipline interact, texts produced by Chinese English learners exhibited reliance on the syntactic features of adverbial clauses, attributive adjectives, and pre-modifying nouns across all disciplines in the early years of their academic journey. Ultimately, some pedagogical implications for academic writing courses are put forward in an attempt to provide valuable insights for enhancing academic literacy among both L1 and L2 students.

Конкретно: синтактика без семиотики?

I discuss the relation of linguistics and semiotics on the basis of the Old Russian discourse particle TI1 ‘indeed’, ‘verily’, ‘truly’ discovered by Andrej A. Zaliznjak in 1993. Linguistics and semiotics are different research programmes: the first one deals with specific features of language structures, while the second one discusses general characteristics of all sign systems, from a perspective of interpreting most or all of them as secondary respective to natural language. Formal models of language deal with classes of elements and predict their positions. Lexicographic descriptions provide instructions to the use of particular language items treated as signs with their concepts and syntactics. Functional words including discourse particles allow both approaches. The existence of Old Russian particle TI1 as has been proved by Zaliznjak on the basis of formal conditions, constraining the position of this particle in the clausal structure. Meanwhile, Zaliznjak failed to provide a lexicographical description of TI1 and reliable external parallels from other languages. I argue that TI1 is a marker of verification with the meaning ‘p really takes place’. The view that TI1 expressed enhanced indicativity is not tenable, since this particle was licensed in hypothetical contexts and combined with the optative marker. It is essential to identify the lexicographic type of a functional word in order to get its full syntactics.

Lexical and syntactic deficits analyzed via automated natural language processing: the new monitoring tool in multiple sclerosis.

Impairment of higher language functions associated with natural spontaneous speech in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains underexplored. We presented a fully automated method for discriminating MS patients from healthy controls based on lexical and syntactic linguistic features. We enrolled 120 MS individuals with Expanded Disability Status Scale ranging from 1 to 6.5 and 120 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls. Linguistic analysis was performed with fully automated methods based on automatic speech recognition and natural language processing techniques using eight lexical and syntactic features acquired from the spontaneous discourse. Fully automated annotations were compared with human annotations. Compared with healthy controls, lexical impairment in MS consisted of an increase in content words (p = 0.037), a decrease in function words (p = 0.007), and overuse of verbs at the expense of noun (p = 0.047), while syntactic impairment manifested as shorter utterance length (p = 0.002), and low number of coordinate clause (p < 0.001). A fully automated language analysis approach enabled discrimination between MS and controls with an area under the curve of 0.70. A significant relationship was detected between shorter utterance length and lower symbol digit modalities test score (r = 0.25, p = 0.008). Strong associations between a majority of automatically and manually computed features were observed (r > 0.88, p < 0.001). Automated discourse analysis has the potential to provide an easy-to-implement and low-cost language-based biomarker of cognitive decline in MS for future clinical trials.

A Grammar Sketch of Southern Sinama Language

This study aimed to sketch the grammar of the Southern Sinama language, particularly that of the Simunul variety. The language is spoken in the island municipality of Simunul in Tawi-Tawi, Philippines, by some 34,000 people. This study employed a qualitative research method utilizing the descriptive design. Drawn from the elicited data, the description sketches the language in three different levels: phonology, morphology, and syntax. In the language phonology, significant features include 24 phonemes: 17 consonants and seven vowels; no consonant cluster occurs within syllable; word-initially, [m], [n], and [l] can occur as phonetically lengthened to the extent that they form a geminate cluster; and the replacement of segment is evident through nasal fusion. In language morphology, noted features comprise affixes which interrelate with other structures of the language, such as aspect, mood, and the voice system of the verbs, which in consequence, affects the meaning of the utterance. In terms of syntax, Southern Sinama is a head marking language with VSO word order whose clause structures encompass one to three arguments (i.e. actor, object, and benefactor).

Status of the conjunction док (‘while’) in contrast clauses

This paper deals with the criteria based on which the conjunction ??? is classified as a coordinating or subordinating conjunction in contrast clauses. This paper was occasioned by the one written by D. Klikovac (2022) published in ?????????????? ??????? (vol. LXXVIII, no. 1), in which the application of pseudo-scientific criteria brought into question the exact syntactic criteria according to which the conjunction ??? is classified exclusively as a subordinating conjunction. This paper presents a detailed and criteria-based analysis of all the arguments that the author provided in order to prove that the conjunction ??? in complex contrast sentences does not belong to the subordinating, but to the coordinating conjunctions. The detailed analysis of each of the arguments given by the author with a view to refuting the subordinating status of the contrastive conjunction ??? showed that none of those criteria has the status of the sufficient reason for classifying this conjunction as a coordinating one. This paper confirmed the scientific findings that the contrastive conjunction ??? shares all the features of the subordinating conjunctions, which are the following: a) it introduces the clause structure it belongs to into the complex sentence, b) introduces only dependent clauses, c) contrast ???-clauses can be condensed into prepositional case constructions functioning as an adverbial. None of those features is shared by any coordinating conjunction.

“Sleep” Subtype of Rest Verbs in English and Buginese: Dixon’s Theoritical Framework

The aims of this research are (1) To identify rest verbs in English and Buginese based on Dixon's classification of sleep subtypes. (2) To examine the distinctions and equivalences between the English and Buginese Sit subtypes of Rest verbs in terms of semantics and grammatical structure. While the data for Buginese were gained from field research through the process of observation and in-depth interview, the data for English were taken from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). Both sets of data were evaluated using qualitative and descriptive methods. This study's findings demonstrate that (1) there are six rest verbs of Sleep subtype in English, they are sleep, nap, doze, siesta, drowse, catnap, and beauty sleep. While in Buginese, there are many verbs that refers to rest verb, they are Tinro’, lewu’, makkapeddeng’,cakkaruddu’, mappalempu’, moppang’, lengeng’, nDitti’, manippi’, mappasau’ tengngeng’, maggalelu’ mangkangulu’, makkadukku’, maggalengkeng’, mappalangka’, mabboco’, ma’ranjang, maggalampang’, rebba’-rebba’, lesso’, mammauneng’, mangoro’and mabbenni’. (2) Clause structure and stance of resting are two areas where the main distinctions between rest verbs in English and Buginese based on the Sleep subtype may be recognized. According to clause structure, an NP in English is followed by a VP, however in Buginese it is acceptable for a VP to be followed by an NP that is denoted by the prefix Ma'- in VP. From the perspective of the resting aspect, cultural background has a significant impact on the different rest verb forms. Keywords: Preposition, locus, culture, rest verbs, semantic verb kinds.

Scrutinizing Grammatical Challenges within Indonesian-developed Mobile Game: ‘Code Atma’

The use of another language can cause barriers to transferring ideas from one language to another, such as grammatical challenges. It happens when the structures for delivering information are different within languages. Grammatical challenges can also occur for Indonesian EFL users. To combat this, various media are continuously developed to assist with language learning and give exposure to the English language in use. Games are an example of excellent learning sources that provide texts, descriptions, and stories. However, games might not be developed by natives and could potentially contain errors. Yet, previous research rarely conducted grammatical error analysis on games. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the grammatical challenges within the Code Atma game. This study used document analysis to evaluate the grammatical accuracy of the passages in Code Atma. The findings showed that there were 630 grammatical errors, with verb errors accounting for the highest percentage and incomplete sentences for the lowest. is-selection was the type with the highest number of errors, while blends were the lowest. The implications of this study are the improvement of the game’s grammatical aspect, the use of games as EFL learning sources, and the identification of grammatical errors using error analysis.

Din Psikolojisi Dersine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Din psikolojisi dersinin temel amacı; “bireyin dini hayatını bütün genişliği ve derinliğiyle anlamak ve açıklamaya çalışmaktır” Din psikolojisi dersinin bu amaca ulaşabilmesi, ilahiyat fakültelerindeki öğrencilerin bu derse yönelik tutumlarıyla ilişkilidir. Zira öğrencilerin derslere yönelik tutumları ile akademik başarıları arasında ilişki olduğu, dersle yönelik olumlu tutuma sahip öğrencilerin öğrenmeye daha kolay güdülendikleri, olumsuz tutuma sahip olanları ise derse olan ilgilerinin azaldığı bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda ilahiyat fakültesi öğrencilerinin din psikolojisi dersine yönelik tutumlarının araştırılması önemli bir konu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.Tutumları incelemenin başlıca nedenlerinden biri davranışların kestirilmesine olanak vermesidir. Kişilerin belirli şeylere karşı ilgi veya ilgisizlik dereceleri tespit edilerek tutumlarının yoğunluğu anlaşılmaya çalışılır. Bu amaçla ilahiyat fakültesi öğrencilerinin Din Psikolojisi dersine yönelik tutumlarının belirlenmesinde kullanılabilecek bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması yapılması amaçlanmıştır. İlahiyat fakültesi öğrencilerinin Din Psikolojisi dersine yönelik tutumlarının bilinmesi, varsa olumsuz tutumları, bunların nedenlerinin ortaya çıkarılması dersin daha nitelikli hale gelmesine yönelik alınacak kararlara yol gösterici olacağı varsayılmaktadır.Araştırma tarama modelinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışma grubu farklı illerde bulunan ilahiyat fakültesi 3. ve 4. sınıf öğrencilerinden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma grubu 354’ü kadın (%73,6), 127’si erkek (%26,4) olmak üzere 481 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Literatür taraması sonucunda 42 maddelik bir havuz oluşturulmuş ve alınan uzman görüşü sonrasında madde sayısı 39’a düşürülmüştür. Toplanan veriler, SPSS 16.0 programına yüklenerek analiz için hazır hale getirilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) tekniği ile ölçeğin faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Faktör yapısını doğruluğunu test etmek için ise Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) kullanılmıştır.Ölçeğin geçerliği ile ilgili yapılan istatistiksel işlemler sonucunda, KMO değeri 0.965 çıkmıştır. KMO değerinin 0.90 üzerinde olması, örneklem büyüklüğü için “mükemmel” olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bartlett Küresellik Testi’nin anlamlı olduğu (X2= 11144,785; p&amp;lt;.05) görülmektedir. Bartlett testinin anlamlı olması veri setinin çok değişkenli normal bir dağılıma sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Yamaç grafiği incelendiğinde, özdeğeri birden büyük üç faktörün ortaya çıktığı gözlenmiştir. Ölçeğin birden çok boyuta sahip olduğu görüldüğünden rotasyon işleminin yapılmasına karar verilmiştir. Bunun için dik döndürme (varimax rotation) tekniği kullanılmıştır. Tekrarlanan döndürme işlemleri sonucunda 25 maddenin 1’den büyük üç faktör altında toplandığı görülmüştür.Faktör analizi sonucunda elde edilen özdeğer ve varyans açıklama oranları incelendiğinde, ölçek maddelerinin özdeğeri 1’den büyük üç faktör altında toplandığı görülmüştür. Bu faktörlerin varyans yüzdeleri sırasıyla; 34.078, 19.428 ve 16.717’dir. Faktörlerin tümü toplam varyansın %70.223’ini açıklamaktadır. Maddelerin yük değerlerinin 0.627 ile 0.792 arasında değiştiği gözlenmiştir. Ortaya çıkan faktörlerin altında yer alan yük değeri en yüksek olan maddeler dikkate alınarak bu faktörler; “Önemli bulma/Değer verme”, “İlgi duyma/Hoşlanma” ve “Kabullenmeme/Kaçınma” olarak isimlendirmiştir.Ölçeğin Cronbach Alpha iç tutarlık katsayısı α=0.97 olarak bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin ölçülmek istenen davranışı gösterenler ile göstermeyenleri ayırt edip etmediğini tespit etmek için %27’si alt ve %27’si üst grup puanlarının ortalamaları bağımsız örneklem t-testi ile incelenmiştir. Yapılan istatistiksel işlemler sonucunda grupların madde ortalama puanları arasındaki bağımsız gruplar t testi sonuçlarının 18.291 ile 43.252 arasında değiştiği ve tüm maddeler için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu (p&amp;lt;.01) görülmüştür. Ölçeğin alt faktörlerinin birbirleriyle ve ölçeğin bütünüyle olan korelasyonlarının incelenmesi sonucunda, ölçeğin Önemli bulma/Değer verme boyutu ile İlgi duyma/Hoşlanma boyutu arasında (r=0.76; p&amp;lt;0.000) pozitif yönde, anlamlı; Önemli bulma/Değer verme boyutu ile Kabullenmeme/Kaçınma boyutu arasında (r=0.58; p&amp;lt;0.000) pozitif yönde, anlamlı; İlgi duyma/Hoşlanma boyutu ile Kabullenmeme/Kaçınma boyutu arasında (r=0.64; p&amp;lt;.000) pozitif yönde, anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir.Ölçeğin faktör yapısını doğrulamak amacıyla Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizlerde ölçeğin uyum indekslerinin; χ2 /df= 2.7; NFI= .98; NNFI= .98; IFI= .98; RFI= .98; CFI= .98; RMR= .04 değerleri “mükemmel uyumu” gösterirken GFI= .85 ve RMSEA= .07 değerleri “kabul edilebilir uyumu” göstermektedir. Yapılan AFA ve DFA sonuçları bir bütün olarak değerlendirildiğinde, “Din Psikolojisi Dersine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği”nin (DPDYTÖ) Din Psikolojisi dersine yönelik tutumların ölçülmesinde kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğu sonuç ve kanaatine varılmıştır.

Editorial Comment

The tenth issue of Conversations takes as its starting point the mutually expressed importance of the intellectual relationship and friendship between Stanley Cavell and the historian of science Thomas Kuhn. Their dialogue is all the more striking given that both thinkers were as concerned with difficulties of communication as with its achievement. Yet there is no hint of a struggle with incommensurability in Kuhn’s claim that Cavell was “the only person with whom I have been able to explore my ideas in incomplete sentences.” Cavell likewise explained, in The Claim of Reason, that the work owed much to having been “at times almost in possession of the something you might call an intellectual community” while working with Kuhn at Berkeley. This issue springs from these conversations between Cavell and Kuhn, exploring and extending their encounters through readings which cross Cavell with Kuhn and Kuhn with Cavell, and in so doing extending our understanding of each, while also illustrating the ways in which their work can still provide inspiration for grappling with science, art, and philosophy.