Incomplete Secondary Education Research Articles

Educational migration from Tajikistan to Russia: trends and consequences

The article considers the scale of emigration from Tajikistan to Russia, the distribution of Tajik migrants on the territory of Russia, the importance of the educational migration development for Tajikistan . As well as the trends of educational emigration from Tajikistan to Russia, the prospects of educational migration from Tajikistan and practical recommendations for Tajikistan on the preservation and return of highly qualified specialists to the country are proposed . Tajikistan , as a country with a young return structure of the population , has become a significant participant in various migration flows in recent years . Migrants from Tajikistan can be divided into two parts according to the level of education : the first is young people with secondary or incomplete secondary education , very rarely – with vocational education . The second group consists of middle-aged and older people , skilled workers , and specialists with secondary specialized and higher education . Traditionally , Tajik youth went to study in Russia and Kazakhstan. Half of Tajik university graduates are trying to continue their studies and / or find a job abroad using the Internet. Many people see educational migration as one of the channels of emigration . This process is accompanied by the receipt byTajik citizens of another education orretraining , the recognition of Tajik diplomas , the passage of appropriate courses in the receiving countries . The socio-economic situation in Tajikistan and the opportunity to earn money and improve living conditions both inside the country and abroad were primarily the driving factor of migration from Tajikistan to Russia. The main reasons why migrants do not want to return to Tajikistan are not only low wages at home , but also great opportunities abroad , which have not only economic , but also political and social dimensions ( freedom of political views , the possibility of self-expression , the possibility of realizing abilities ). As a result of this wave of migration , Tajikistan is losing not only young people , but also bright potential . We need a policy of attracting highly qualified people to the country , which is impossible without real changes in the socio-economic and political sphere . The purpose of the article is to identify trends and prospects for the development of educational migration from Tajikistan to Russia, as well as the consequences of educational emigration for Tajikistan .

THE INFLUENCE OF THE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF MEDICAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS ON THE LEVEL OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND THE QUALITY FORMATION OF GENERAL EDUCATIONAL COMPETENCIES IN APPLICANTS FOR EDUCATION

The article presents the results of a monitoring study on the impact of the educational environment of a medical education institution on the level of educational achievements and the quality of the formation of comprehensive competencies in applicants for education. The indicators of the success of applicants for education with incomplete secondary general education, who obtained corresponding qualification in the specialty 223 "Nursing" according to the educational and professional programs "Nursing" and " Medical Care " of the junior bachelor educational degree are considered. A comparative analysis of the level of educational achievements of applicants in a comprehensive institution, during the entrance exam and after the completion of the first semester of study at a professional medical college in the disciplines "Biology" and "Ukrainian language" was carried out. In the process of conducting practical classes in the "biology" and "Ukrainian language" disciplines, educators of a professional medical college used innovative methods and means of training. Significant (medical business: biology – 46.7%, Ukrainian language – 48.9%, respectively nursing: 23% and 45.9%) improvement in the level of educational achievements among applicants for education according to the results of semester assessment in general education disciplines, compared with the indicators in the certificate of basic general secondary education. Qualitative indicators and average score educational success of educational applicants is analyzed, and positive dynamics is established, which is expressed by a significant increase in these indicators (medicine: biology – 37.8%, Ukrainian language – 48.8%, respectively nursing: 22.9% and 45.8%, relative to the average score of its increase ranges from 0.2 to 0.5) from both educational components in each of the studied educational and professional programs. It is emphasized that in the institution of professional pre-higher education, the educational process is based directly on the formation of professional clinical thinking and the possibility of forming general and special competencies in applicants. After all, educational and professional programs, according to which applicants study, provide for the implementation of the educational process on the basis of systematic, professionally oriented, competent, student-centered approaches. In addition, it is proved that the educational environment as a system of safe learning conditions, comfortable interpersonal interaction, availability of resources for compliance with the rights and norms of physical, psychological, informational and social security of each participant in the educational process, and teaching methods and tools used by teachers during the organization of the educational process has a significant impact on the process of formation of general educational competencies of students in a professional medical college.

Health Literacy and Its Sociodemographic Predictors: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Population in Madrid (Spain).

Background: Health literacy enhances a population’s self-care capacity and helps to reduce health inequalities. This work examines the health literacy of a population attending primary care services and explores its relationship with sociodemographic factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted at a healthcare center in the Madrid region (Spain), involved adult patients requiring primary care nursing services. One hundred and sixty-six participants were recruited via systematic random sampling. Health literacy was measured using the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ). Results: The studied population showed higher health literacy scores for literacy dimensions 1 (feeling understood and supported by healthcare providers) and 4 (social support for health); the lowest scores were recorded for dimensions 5 (appraisal of health information) and 8 (ability to find good health information). People with a better perceived health status showed a higher level of health literacy. People over 65 years of age, those with an incomplete secondary education, and those who were unemployed returned lower scores for several literacy dimensions. Conclusions: The results contribute to our understanding of the factors that influence health literacy. Identifying the areas in which patients show the poorest health literacy may help us comprehend their needs and better support them.

Gender aspects of the prevalence of smoking among patients with diseases of the circulatory system (based on a sociological survey in the Sverdlovsk region)

Introduction. Tobacco smoking is the most dangerous and significant risk factor for diseases of the circulatory system and an increase in premature mortalityAim. To study the gender aspects of the prevalence of smoking in connection with the sex and age characteristics and the level of education of patients with diseases of the circulatory system.Materials and methods. A total of 422 people were interviewed (267 women and 155 men). Sample – target spontaneous filling; the questionnaire was filled out in paper form at an outpatient appointment.Results. Among the surveyed patients with diseases of the circulatory system, the fact of smoking was confirmed by 29% of men and 6.4% of women. The most common image of a smoking person is a man aged 30-49 years (in this group, 55.6% smoke). Smoking is widespread among men aged 50 and older (every fourth smokes). Among women, the most susceptible to smoking is the age group of 30-49 years (15.3% smokers). Typical quitters include men aged 50-69 (58%) and women aged 30-49 (15.3%). The absence of the habit of smoking tobacco is most characteristic of the generation under the age of 29 years. According to the educational level, men with incomplete secondary and secondary education are susceptible to smoking (47.4% and 34.9%, respectively). Among men with secondary, secondary specialized and higher education, the share of those who quit smoking was relatively high (51.2%, 59.3% and 50%, respectively). The prevalence of tobacco smoking among women compared to men by educational groups is significantly lower: among people with secondary education – by 5.7 times (6.1% vs. 34.9%), with secondary specialized education – by 2.4 times (7.8% vs. 18.6%), with higher education – 5.2 times (5.6% vs. 29.4%).Conclusion. The data obtained update the development of programs for the prevention of smoking among patients with diseases of the circulatory system, taking into account gender, age and educational groups.

High levels of poor mental health among young men in urban informal settlements in South Africa: a community-based study of social determinants

ABSTRACT Informal settlements (high population density areas at the outskirts of urban areas characterized by lack basic amenities) in South Africa are consequences of apartheid regime’s discriminatory migrant labour and spatial policy and continue to grow. Living in informal settlements accompanies a mire of social/health challenges that threatens upward mobility, but few studies exist that document drivers of mental health challenges in these settings. We investigated the prevalence and social determinants of poor mental health for young men in informal settlements adjacent to one of the largest cities that is at the heart of HIV endemic in South Africa. This study involved a cross-sectional study with cluster sampling design of 674 young men aged 18–30 years residing in eThekwini informal settlement communities. We assessed the prevalence, and social determinants, of significant depressive (i.e., depression) and post-traumatic stress (i.e., PTS) symptoms using logistic regression. Given the complex survey design of the study, all analyses were adjusted for clustering. The prevalence of depression and PTS in the sample was 46.8% and 14.4% respectively. Results of the multivariable analyses indicated that severe food insecurity (aOR = 2.98, 95% CI:1.70–5.22), crime perpetration (aOR = 1.51, 95% CI:1.05–3.80), severe adverse childhood event (aOR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.05–3.80), traumatic event exposures (aOR = 2.43, 95% CI:1.56–3.80) and problematic alcohol use (aOR = 1.73, 95% CI:1.20–2.49) were significantly associated with depression. While incomplete secondary education (aOR = 0.45, 95% CI:0.22–0.92), moderate food insecurity (aOR = 2.51, 95% CI:1.04–6.06), traumatic event exposures (aOR = 2.19, 95% CI:1.32–3.64) and problematic alcohol use (aOR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.24–3.73) were significantly associated with PTS. Our study highlights the exceedingly high levels of poor mental health among young men in informal settlements, with depression and PTS being driven by economic/social conditions. Multilevel interventions that address the individual, interpersonal, and social variables that contribute to poor mental health are needed.

Relationship of family related factors with dental caries prevalence in 5 years old children of different schools of Hyderabad.

Introduction: The habits children have included in life; continues to make the choices they make as adults. According to social learning theory these habits are derived through supervision, learning and modelling. For a child, most significant are primarily father and mother and their immediate family members. All these factors have the collective ability to influence the child's oral health outcomes.
 Objective: To examine the dental caries rate in 5 year’s old school children and influence of their family related habits and socio demographic factors on child’s dental caries experience and their oral health behavior.
 Methodology: This study conducted upon sample of 600 school children selected through random sampling from primary private and Government primary schools of Qasimabad Hyderabad Sindh during period of October 2015 to December 2015. 
 Results: shows that out of 600 children 330 (55%) were boys and 270 (45%) were girls. Boys 245 (40%) were affected from caries and 85 (14%) were free from caries. In relation to parental education; 44 (7.3%) child boys whom parents were highly educated were found affected by caries 44(7.3%), while 3 (0.5%) boys were free from caries. Girls whose parents were highly educated affected by caries were 44(7.3%), caries free were 12(2%) Boys whose parents have incomplete secondary education/ vocational school were affected by caries 162(27%) and caries free were 82(13.6%). Girls whose parents have incomplete secondary / vocational school were affected by caries 145 (24.1%). Boys whose parents were having low level of education affected by caries were 39(6.5%) while caries free were 0 (0%). Girls whose parents have low level of education were affected by caries were 69 (11.5%) while caries free were 0 (0%) .
 Conclusion: Life style choices are the habits that are formed in childhood and dictated as in adult hood. Thus, assessing family related risk factor regarding oral health is essential when conducting preventive treatment programs for children because education on oral hygiene maintenance and regular preventive dental health checkups are very important in order to prevent oral diseases.
 Key words: Dental Caries, primary dentition.

Media Exposure, Behavioural Risk Factors and HIV Testing among Women of Reproductive Age in Papua New Guinea: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Reproductive health remains a major health concern in developing countries such as Papua New Guinea (PNG). The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in PNG is the highest in the Southern Pacific region, with women having a higher risk of contracting the infection. Hence, there have been several policies aimed at mitigating the spread of the disease. One of these policies include the use of mass media as a health promotion tool to educate the population on the risk of the disease. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the association of mass media to HIV testing among women. Methods: Data were obtained from the PNG Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of 2019. A total of 15,005 reproductive-age women was included in this analysis. Results: The results showed that women with low (aOR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.39, 1.90) and high (aOR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.72) media exposure were more likely to undertake HIV testing compared to those with no media exposure. Compared to no education, women with incomplete primary (aOR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.40), complete primary (aOR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.30, 1.87), incomplete secondary (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.85, 2.58), complete secondary (aOR= 2.33, 95% CI: 1.77, 3.09) and higher (aOR = 3.38, 95% CI: 2.57, 4.46) education were more likely to undertake HIV testing. Compared to women with the poorest wealth index, women with richer indexes were more likely to undertake HIV testing. Women living in rural areas were less likely to undertake HIV testing (aOR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.82). However, marital status, knowledge of transmission and religion were not associated with HIV testing. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study provides strong evidence that mass media exposure increases the likelihood of HIV testing in women of reproductive age in PNG. Mass media campaigns would serve as a cost-effective health promotion tool against the spread of disease.

Trend of maternal education in Bangladesh from 2004-2018: Analysis of demographic surveillance data.

BackgroundMaternal education is universally recognised as a major factor in positive societal indicators (health, wellbeing, overall education, etc.) and a country’s growth and economic sustainability, yet the underlying factors contributing to maternal education have not been widely investigated, especially in developing countries.ObjectiveThis study investigated the 15-year trend of maternal education in Bangladesh (2004–2018) to identify the factors contributing to maternal education.MethodThis study used publicly available cross-data from five consecutive Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (2004, 2007, 2011, 2014 and 2018). Level of maternal education was grouped as ‘no education’, ‘incomplete primary’, ‘complete primary’, ‘incomplete secondary’, ‘complete secondary’ and ‘higher education’ (reference group). The differences in factors/exposure variables suspected to contribute to maternal education were measured for these groups for 2004–2018, and a survey multinomial logistic regression was performed to estimate the explanatory value of these factors.ResultsFrom 2004–2018, there was a 62% gross reduction of the no education group and a 61% gross increase in the higher education group. A gross increase was also observed for complete secondary (49%), incomplete secondary (39%) and complete primary education (14%). In multivariate analysis, in rural areas, in 2018, the probability of a woman being in the complete primary, incomplete primary or no education groups was increased (adjusted relative risk ratio: 1.21, 1.40 and 1.59), compared to 2004 (0.73, 1.09, 1.12), respectively. From 2004–2018, the factor of no television watching reduced the probability of maternal education levels. Having a husband/partner who had no education increased the probability of a woman’s education level. The probability of all maternal education levels decreased across all wealth index groups.ConclusionThe data suggest that average maternal education level in Bangladesh increased from 2004–2018. However, an integrated effort is required to improve factors associated with maternal education to both increase maternal education and Bangladesh’s long-term sustainability.

Perception of discrimination due to sexual orientation and associated factors among men who have sex with men in 12 Brazilian cities.

Discrimination due to sexual orientation (DDSO) has an important association with health outcomes among men who have sex with men (MSM). This study aimed to analyze factors associated with DDSO among MSM in 12 Brazilian cities. This is a cross-sectional study with 4,176 MSM participants recruited in 2016 which used a respondent-driven sampling method in 12 Brazilian cities. DDSO levels were previously identified by a latent class analysis based on 13 variables from the discrimination section. An ordinal logistic regression was used to assess associations with these DDSO levels, and weighted ordinal odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated using Gile's estimator. Most participants were young (< 25 years old) black or of mixed-race (pardo), single individuals who had a religious affiliation, primary or incomplete secondary education, and a high and average socioeconomic status. More than half (65%) reported DDSO in the 12 months prior to this study. We observed an independent association among the four latent DDSO classes and the following variables: age < 25 years old (OR = 1.66; 95%CI: 1.21-2.27), white skin color (OR = 1.43; 95%CI: 1.02-2.01), history of sexual (OR = 2.33; 95%CI: 1.58-3.43) and physical violence (OR = 3.08; 95%CI: 2.11-4.49), disclosure of their sexual orientation as MSM to their fathers (OR = 2.00; 95%CI: 1.47-2.72), experienced suicidal ideation in the two weeks prior to this study (OR = 2.09; 95%CI: 1.46-2.98), and use of any illicit drugs in the last six months (OR = 1.61; 95%CI: 1.19-2.18). Our results indicate that contextual factors may contribute to high DDSO levels among MSM in Brazil. Public health policies toward human rights surveillance and protection among MSM must be urgently addressed.

Adolescent Mental Health Problems and Adult Human Capital: Findings From the South African Birth to Twenty Plus Cohort at 28 Years of Age

PurposeWe investigated associations between adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems and adult human capital in a non-Western setting. Little is known about adolescent mental health problems and adult outcomes in low- and middle-income countries, many of which are characterized by high levels of adversities. MethodsData came from the Birth to Twenty Plus cohort, started in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa, in 1990. We estimated associations of internalizing and externalizing problems at the age of 14 years with self-reported educational, employment, welfare receipt, psychosocial (psychological distress, criminality, substance use), interpersonal (social isolation, intimate partner violence, partnership status), and HIV outcomes at the age of 28 years. ResultsAdolescents with high internalizing problems were less likely to have completed secondary school or be formally employed and more likely to report psychological distress. Those with high levels of externalizing problems were more likely to report adulthood criminal activity and substance use. We found significant associations between internalizing and externalizing problems and intimate partner violence. There was no association between adolescent mental health problems and welfare receipt, HIV, social isolation, or partnership status. Men were more likely to report incomplete secondary education, no formal employment, criminality and substance use, social isolation, and no serious relationship, whereas women were more likely to experience psychological distress and be in receipt of welfare. ConclusionsAdolescent mental health problems are associated with long-term negative adult functioning under varying socioeconomic conditions. Interventions to recognize and address youth mental health problems in low- and middle-income countries are needed to avert serious adverse adult and societal consequences.

Late initiation of antiretroviral therapy: inequalities by educational level despite universal access to care and treatment

BackgroundLate antiretroviral treatment initiation for HIV disease worsens health outcomes and contributes to ongoing transmission. We investigated whether socioeconomic inequalities exist in access to treatment in a setting with universal access to care and treatment.MethodsThis study investigated the association of educational level, used as a proxy for socioeconomic status, with late treatment initiation and treatment initiation with advanced disease. Study participants included adults (≥25 years) who started treatment from 2005 to 2018 at Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (INI/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Educational level was categorized following UNESCO’s International Standard Classification of Education: incomplete basic education, basic education, secondary level, and tertiary level. We defined late treatment initiation as those initiating treatment with a CD4 < 350 cells/mL or an AIDS-defining event, and treatment initiation with advanced disease as those initiating treatment with a CD4 < 200 cells/mL or an AIDS-defining event. A directed acyclic graph (DAG) was constructed to represent the theoretical-operational model and to understand the involvement of covariates. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Multiple imputation using a chained equations approach was used to treat missing values and non-linear terms for continuous variables were tested.ResultsIn total, 3226 individuals composed the study population: 876 (27.4%) had incomplete basic education, 540 (16.9%) basic, 1251 (39.2%) secondary level, and 525 (16.4%) tertiary level. Late treatment initiation was observed for 2076 (64.4%) while treatment initiation with advanced disease was observed for 1423 (44.1%). Compared to tertiary level of education, incomplete basic, basic and secondary level increased the odds of late treatment initiation by 89% (aOR:1.89 95%CI:1.47–2.43), 61% (aOR:1.61 95%CI:1.23–2.10), and 35% (aOR:1.35 95%CI:1.09–1.67). Likewise, the odds of treatment initiation with advanced disease was 2.5-fold (aOR:2.53 95%CI:1.97–3.26), 2-fold (aOR:2.07 95%CI:1.59–2.71), 1.5-fold (aOR:1.51 95%CI:1.21–1.88) higher for those with incomplete basic, basic and secondary level education compared to tertiary level.ConclusionDespite universal access to HIV care and antiretroviral treatment, late treatment initiation and social inequalities persist. Lower educational level significantly increased the odds of both outcomes, reinforcing the existence of barriers to “universal” antiretroviral treatment.

Reports of occupational dermatosis in the state of Espírito Santo from 2007 to 2016.

Introduction:Occupational dermatoses account for a large fraction of work-related illnesses, and have significant economic and social repercussions. Though these conditions are subject to mandatory reporting, they are often underdiagnosed, and have only been scarcely studied in Brazil.Objectives:To describe the profile of workers affected by occupational dermatosis based on reports sent to the Information System on Notifiable Diseases [Sistema de Informação de Agravos e de Notificação (SINAN)], and provide evidence to support disease prevention initiatives.Methods:The following data were collected from incident reports sent in the state of Espírito Santo, from 2007 to 2016: city, year, age of worker, education level, gender, causal agent, race, occupation, lesion site, and need for medical leave. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel, using frequency and percentage statistics.Results:A total of 340 incidents were reported in the state of Espírito Santo, which most cases (79%) occurring in the city of Atílio Vivácqua. The highest number of cases involved female workers aged 20 to 29 years, with complete primary and incomplete secondary education, in unskilled occupations such as domestic work, and were associated with exposure to chemical agents such as chlorine, detergents, and latex. The lesion site was reported in fewer than 2% of cases. At least 25% of affected workers required medical leave.Conclusions:The individuals most frequently affected by occupational dermatosis were women, aged 20 to 29 years, with complete primary education, in unskilled occupations. There is a need for greater investment in the education of unskilled workers, especially those who perform cleaning services.

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ФІНАНСОВОЇ ГРАМОТНОСТІ І ФІНАНСОВОЇ ІНКЛЮЗІЇ ДОМОГОСПОДАРСТВ У КОНТЕКСТІ РОЗВИТКУ НЕБАНКІВСЬКОГО СЕГМЕНТА ФІНАНСОВОГО СЕКТОРУ

The importance of household financial literacy improvement in Ukraine is the focus of public attention. Awareness of the link between the financial literacy level, financial inclusion, and financial well-being has become the engine for policy-decision making to improve it, in particular, the design of the National Strategy for the Development of Financial Literacy by the National Bank of Ukraine until 2025 by the representatives of the National Bank of Ukraine. In this context, special attention should be focused on such a component of financial literacy as borrowing. Aggressive advertising by non-bank financial institutions about the ease of obtaining consumer loans creates the illusion of a rapid increase in financial well-being, which can ultimately result in falling into a debt trap. Despite the positive shifts in the legal framework for the protection of the financial services consumer rights, in particular, credit services, there are several problems in the non-banking segment of the financial sector that need to be addressed, in particular, the lack of integrity in credit services provision (non-disclosure of complete information about services and their total cost before the agreement finalization), etc. It was found that financial regulators are taking measures to increase the transparency of this consumer lending market. Still, a comprehensive solution to the problem is possible only with a combination of efforts at two levels: at the level of financial regulators and the household level. Undoubtedly, it would be essential to include the level of non-bank financial institutions; however, so far, financial companies cannot be considered socially-oriented lenders since the usurious interest rates fully cover losses from the occurrence of problem loans. The most vulnerable groups of the households in the context of financial literacy are: by age – young people, older adults, by income – people with a low-income level, by education – people with incomplete and complete secondary education. Financial education of such vulnerable groups of the population should have two directions: first, increasing the general level of financial literacy; second, the formation of knowledge of the rights of users of financial services, already enshrined at the legislative level.

Risk factor analysis for congenital heart defects in children

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common malformations, occurring in almost 1.0 in 100 births. We investigated an association between risk factors and CHDs, because epidemiological studies have reported conflicting results regarding risk factors and CHDs recently. The study of CHD frequency was conducted in Chernivtsi region (Northern Bukovina) on the basis of the medical genetic center. A retrospective method of research by studying registration genetic maps was used to analyze risk factors. 91 cards of infants suffering from CHD (47 boys and 44 girls) aged 0–1 living in the territory of Northern Bukovina were selected. In order to identify risk factors, 133 cards of healthy infants (77 boys and 56 girls) were used. The analysis of risk factors revealed that the female gender of a child is a risk factor for CHD development. The analysis of the ordinal number of pregnancy revealed that the second and the third pregnancies are probable risk factors for the development of this pathology. It was found in our study that folic acid intake during the first trimester prevented CHD development (OR 2.33). The study revealed that among stressful risk factors are: unplanned pregnancy (OR 3.13); out-of-wedlock pregnancy and stress during pregnancy. Maternal CHD increased the CHD development in offspring approximately by two times. Some factors, such as a woman doing hard physical work during pregnancy, having sedentary work during pregnancy, the mother being a housewife or having an incomplete secondary education (OR 3.61), the mother’s secondary education, the father’s incomplete secondary education (OR 18.62), the father serving in the army (OR 2.15) or being a student at the time of woman’s pregnancy (OR 2.97) were significant for CHD development in the fetal stage. A young age of the father (up to 43 years) was also considered as one of the risk factors. This article is expected to provide timely information on risk factors for CHD development to a wide range of medical staff, including pediatric and adult cardiologists, pediatricians, thoracic surgeons, obstetricians, gynecologists, medical geneticists, genetic counselors and other relevant clinicians.

Análisis de los factores relacionados con la carga del cuidador de personas con parálisis cerebral

ObjectivePrevalence study describing the perception of burden among the caregivers of patients with cerebral palsy attending a neurological rehabilitation centre. Material and methodsThis study was carried out in a neuro-rehabilitation centre in Cali, Colombia, with the participation of 117 caregivers of cerebral palsy patients. Information was gathered on caregiver burden, caregivers’ sociodemographic characteristics and the patients’ clinics between June and August 2017. Information on caregiver burden was collected with the Zarit Burden Interview. Burden was classified into 2 groups (light to moderate burden and moderate to severe burden) for the bivariate analysis. ResultsMost caregivers experienced light to moderate burden (74%); an increase in the probability of burden among caregivers with moderate to severe burden was observed in the caregivers of women (OR 1.35; P>.05), children aged 6 to 10 years (OR 1.9; P>.05), and those with greater gross motor function involvement, classified in level iv and v according to the GMFCS (OR 1.60 and 1.11, respectively; P>.05). Burden was also higher in caregivers who were separated, divorced or widowed (OR 2.38; P>.05), and those with incomplete basic secondary education (OR 2.86; P>.05). ConclusionsThis study suggests that perceived burden among caregivers varies mainly according to the age, sex, and disability of patients with cerebral palsy, as well as the age, marital status and educational level of the caregiver.

Revisiting transitory and chronic unemployment in South Africa

ABSTRACT This study comprehensively explores the nature and extent of transitory and chronic unemployment using the data from the first four waves of the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) conducted in 2008–15. The empirical findings revealed that the transitorily and chronically unemployed individuals shared highly similar characteristics: African female individuals with incomplete secondary education, residing in urban areas of the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng provinces. Both groups of unemployed individuals were more likely to come from the youth cohorts (25–34 and 35–44 years, in particular the former cohort), with their households being composed of about five members on average. Lastly, upon examining all employed individuals at the time of wave 4 of NIDS, those who worked across all four waves earned nearly three times as much as those who experienced unemployment of some duration in the first three waves (R11 300 versus R3800 per month, in 2019 December prices).

Asset Ownership by Women in Urban and Rural South West Nigeria

In improving the welfare of women asset ownership plays a key role. Therefore this paper examined asset ownership by women in urban and rural South West (SW) Nigeria. Secondary data from Demographic and Health Survey 2013 was used. Data on 1551 rural and 4323 urban women in SW Nigeria was used. Information on their socio-economic characteristics and assets (physical and natural) was obtained. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, multiple correspondence analysis and probit regression. In rural and urban South West the mean age was 30 years. The mean household size in rural and urban SW was 6 and 5 persons respectively. Mobile telephone has a proportionally far higher weight (0. 043, 0.050) and radio too (0.037, 0.042) than the remaining assets in rural and urban SW. From the probit regression nine variables were found to be statistically significant at various levels in both rural and urban South West. The significant variables in rural SW were age (25-34) (-0.30), age 35-49 (0.51), employed in agric and allied sector (0.17), incomplete secondary school education (-0.14), complete secondary school education (-0.16), higher education (0.84), being a female household head (0.17), marital status-married (0.63). In the urban SW the variables that are significant are age-35-49 (-0.32), skilled and unskilled employment (0.13), employed in agric. and allied sector (-0.50), employed in the services sector (0.10), incomplete secondary education (0.24), complete secondary education (0.28), household sized 6-10 persons (-0.12), >10 persons household size (-0.23). Conceited efforts should therefore be put in place by women agencies to enact policies that will help women to own more assets.

Sua personalidade vai ao shopping? Relações entre personalidade e a compra por impulso

Este estudo teve o objetivo de testar o poder preditivo dos cinco grandes fatores de personalidade, da influência interpessoal e de variáveis sociodemográficas sobre a compra por impulso. Participaram do estudo 1.296 brasileiros, média de idade de 35,8 anos (DP = 12,8), escolaridade mínima de Ensino Médio incompleto. Os resultados mostraram relações da compra por impulso com variáveis sociodemográficas, hábitos de consumo e personalidade. O modelo de regressão explicou 23% da variância da compra por impulso, sendo os maiores poderes preditivos o da influência interpessoal normativa e o do fator de personalidade neuroticismo, ambos preditores positivos; seguidos do hábito de fazer lista de compra e do fator conscienciosidade, como negativos. Os resultados confirmam o poder preditivo de fatores de personalidade, hábitos de consumo e variáveis sociodemográficas sobre o comportamento de compra por impulso.

Leprosy: demographic and clinical characteristics of patients of endemic area in Amazon Region

Introduction: The hyperendemicity of leprosy in the northern region permeates regional aspects, including its large territorial extension and waterways, which make it difficult to access health and, consequently, control the disease. So that, the objective of this project is to describe the demographic and clinical profile of patients with leprosy and to evaluate their intradomiciliary contacts.&#x0D; Methods and findings: Observational, descriptive study, type of case series, through interview and complementary analysis of the medical records of patients undergoing specific treatment and / or treatment of leprosy reactions followed at the Dermatology outpatient clinic of the University of the State of Pará, in the city of Belém-PA, from January 2015 to December 2017. With convenience sampling, we interviewed 83 patients that met the inclusion criteria and collected socioeconomic and demographic variables, as well as clinical aspects based on the Madrid classification. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were applied as: tables, graphs and statistical measures of position and Test G, with alpha significance = 0,05 and reliability of 95%. The predominance of males was observed (60.24%), the most affected age group was between 30 and 44 years old and the majority with incomplete secondary education. The predominant family income was up to 1 minimum wage. The most frequent clinical type was Virchowian (38 patients). Most of the patients did not present leprosy reaction and those who presented, the type 1 reaction was the most frequent and the nerve most affected was ulnar.&#x0D; Conclusion: Prevalence of multibacillary cases is a reflex of late diagnosis. It is important that there be intensification of actions and monitoring and active search for new cases.

Determinants of Depressive Symptoms at 1 Year Following ICU Discharge in Survivors of ≥ 7 Days of Mechanical Ventilation: Results From the RECOVER Program, a Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study

Moderate to severe depressive symptoms occur in up to one-third of patients at 1 year following ICU discharge, negatively affecting patient outcomes. This study evaluated patient and caregiver factors associated with the development of these symptoms. This study used the Rehabilitation and Recovery in Patients after Critical Illness and Their Family Caregivers (RECOVER) Program (Phase 1) cohort of 391 patients from 10 medical/surgical university-affiliated ICUs across Canada. We determined the association between patient depressive symptoms (captured by using the Beck Depression Inventory II [BDI-II]), patient characteristics (age, sex, socioeconomic status, Charlson score, and ICU length of stay [LOS]), functional independence measure (FIM) motor subscale score, and caregiver characteristics (Caregiver Assistance Scale and Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale) by using linear mixed models at time points 3, 6, and 12months. BDI-II data were available for 246 patients. Median age at ICU admission was 56 years (interquartile range, 45-65 years), 143 (58%) were male, and median ICU LOS was 19days (interquartile range, 13-32days). During the 12-month follow-up, 67 of 246 (27.2%) patients had a BDI-II score≥ 20, indicating moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Mixed models showed worse depressive symptoms in patients with lower FIM motor subscale scores (1.1 BDI-II points per 10 FIM points), lower income status (by 3.7 BDI-II points; P= .007), and incomplete secondary education (by 3.8 BDI-II points; P= .009); a curvilinear relation with age (P= .001) was also reported, with highest BDI-II at ages 45 to 50 years. No associations were found between patient BDI-II and comorbidities (P= .92), sex (P= .25), ICU LOS (P= .51), or caregiver variables (Caregiver Assistance Scale [P= .28] and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [P= .74]). Increased functional dependence, lower income, and lower education are associated with increased severity of post-ICU depressive symptoms, whereas age has a curvilinear relation with symptom severity. Knowledge of risk factors may inform surveillance and targeted mental health follow-up. Early mobilization and rehabilitation aiming to improve function may serve to modify mood disorders.