Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common malformations, occurring in almost 1.0 in 100 births. We investigated an association between risk factors and CHDs, because epidemiological studies have reported conflicting results regarding risk factors and CHDs recently. The study of CHD frequency was conducted in Chernivtsi region (Northern Bukovina) on the basis of the medical genetic center. A retrospective method of research by studying registration genetic maps was used to analyze risk factors. 91 cards of infants suffering from CHD (47 boys and 44 girls) aged 0–1 living in the territory of Northern Bukovina were selected. In order to identify risk factors, 133 cards of healthy infants (77 boys and 56 girls) were used. The analysis of risk factors revealed that the female gender of a child is a risk factor for CHD development. The analysis of the ordinal number of pregnancy revealed that the second and the third pregnancies are probable risk factors for the development of this pathology. It was found in our study that folic acid intake during the first trimester prevented CHD development (OR 2.33). The study revealed that among stressful risk factors are: unplanned pregnancy (OR 3.13); out-of-wedlock pregnancy and stress during pregnancy. Maternal CHD increased the CHD development in offspring approximately by two times. Some factors, such as a woman doing hard physical work during pregnancy, having sedentary work during pregnancy, the mother being a housewife or having an incomplete secondary education (OR 3.61), the mother’s secondary education, the father’s incomplete secondary education (OR 18.62), the father serving in the army (OR 2.15) or being a student at the time of woman’s pregnancy (OR 2.97) were significant for CHD development in the fetal stage. A young age of the father (up to 43 years) was also considered as one of the risk factors. This article is expected to provide timely information on risk factors for CHD development to a wide range of medical staff, including pediatric and adult cardiologists, pediatricians, thoracic surgeons, obstetricians, gynecologists, medical geneticists, genetic counselors and other relevant clinicians.
Highlights
Congenital heart defects, known as congenital heart disease (CHD) are among the most common serious congenital anomalies, accounting for about a third of all defects in development and are a common cause of miscarriage, stillbirth, neonatal and infant mortality, and a major cause of many medical abortions (Chen et al, 2014; Tanner et al, 2015; Kim et al, 2017)
To analyze risk factors for CHD development we used a retrospective method of research by studying registration genetic maps between 2000 and 2019, which were approved by order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine dated 13.12.1999. 91 cards of children suffering from CHD (47 boys and 44 girls) aged 0–1 living in the territory of Northern Bukovina were selected
Our study demonstrated that CHD probability in children was increased with mothers who had a history of previous miscarriages, gestosis in the second half of pregnancy, chronic fetoplacental insufficiency, polyhydramnios and dehydration
Summary
Congenital heart defects, known as congenital heart disease (CHD) are among the most common serious congenital anomalies, accounting for about a third of all defects in development and are a common cause of miscarriage, stillbirth, neonatal and infant mortality, and a major cause of many medical abortions (Chen et al, 2014; Tanner et al, 2015; Kim et al, 2017). CHDs are among the most frequent malformations among all congenital anomalies, representing one of the most widespread global healthcare problems. The global prevalence of CHD is between eight and ten cases per 1,000 live births (Saxena, 2005), but it varies considerably between countries. The prevalence of CHD in India is reported to be between 2.5–5.0 cases per 1,000 live births, but recent studies by Bhat et al (2013) and Smitha et al (2006) showed a prevalence of 8.5–13.6 cases. The frequency of CHD at birth (sometimes called prevalence) depends on how the population is studied. Prior to the introduction of echocardiography the incidence rates ranged 5.0–8.0 per 1,000 live births, but a more accurate diagnosis revealed many more CHD cases, so current rates range 8.0–12.0 per 1,000 live births. Much depends on how early the diagnosis is made (Wren et al, 2012)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
