Incomplete Absorption Research Articles

Volume reduction rate of radiofrequency ablation in ≤ 2 cm Bethesda IV thyroid nodules.

This prospective observational study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in treating ≤ 2 cm thyroid nodules with Bethesda IV cytology and C-TIRADS 4A categorization. Additionally, the factors influencing the completed absorption of ablation (CAA) were examined. A total of 62 cases with 62 nodules underwent ultrasound-guided RFA and were included in the study. The volume reduction rate (VRR), CAA, and incomplete absorption of ablation (IAA) were assessed at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and subsequent 6-month follow-ups. Clinical and ultrasound features were compared between the CAA and IAA groups at the 12th month follow-up. The average VRR at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th month, and last follow-up were -88.6%, 16.0%, 59.7%, 82.0%, and 98.2%, respectively. More than half of the nodules achieved a 90% VRR after 1 year of RFA, with 88.7% demonstrating CAA at the end of the study (follow-up duration of 14 to 63 months). Nodules with grade 3 vascularity and those associated with chronic thyroiditis showed delayed CAA at the 12th month follow-up (p = 0.036 and 0.003, respectively). RFA is an effective technique for treating ≤ 2 cm thyroid nodules with Bethesda IV cytology and C-TIRADS 4A categorization. Nodules with grade 3 blood supply and patients with chronic thyroiditis exhibited an impact on the completed absorption following RFA. Our study has shown that radiofrequency ablation is an effective treatment for ≤ 2 cm thyroid nodules classified as Bethesda IV cytology. However, we identified that high vascularity of the nodule and chronic thyroiditis are adverse factors affecting the completed absorption of the ablation. •Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an effective technique for treatment of ≤ 2 cm Bethesda IV category thyroid nodules. •Higher blood supply and chronic thyroiditis influence the completed absorption after RFA.

Effect of hydrophilic polymers on the solubility and dissolution enhancement of rivaroxaban/beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

BCS class II drugs exhibit low aqueous solubility and high permeability. Such drugs often have an incomplete or erratic absorption profile. This study aimed to predict the effects of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and different hydrophilic polymers (poloxamer 188 (PXM-188), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and soluplus (SOLO)) on the saturated solubility and dissolution profile of hydrophobic model drug rivaroxaban (RIV). Binary inclusion complex with βCD were prepared by kneading and solvent evaporation method, at drug to cyclodextrin weight molar ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4. Saturated solubility of the hydrophobic model moiety was evaluated with βCD to explore the increment in saturated solubility. Dissolution test was carried out to assess the drug release from the produced binary inclusion complex in the aqueous medium. Solid state analysis was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. When compared to pure drug, the binary complex (Drug: βCD at molar ratio of 1:2 w/w) demonstrated the best performance in terms of enhanced solubility and drug release. Furthermore, ternary inclusion complex was prepared with hydrophilic polymers SOLO, PVP K-30 and PXM-188 at 0.5%,1%,2.5%,5% and 10% w/w to optimized binary formulation RIV:βCD (1:2) prepared by kneading (KN) and solvent evaporation (S.E) method. The findings demonstrated that among ternary formulations (1:2 Drug: βCD: SOLO 10% S.E) manifested greatest improvement in saturated solubility and dissolution rate. Results of solubility enhancement and improvement in dissolution profile of model drug by ternary inclusion complexation were also supported by FTIR, DSC, XRD, and SEM analysis. So, it can be concluded that the ternary inclusion systems were more effective compared to the binary combinations in improving solubility as well as dissolution of hydrophobic model drug rivaroxaban.

The effect of novel antimicrobial agents on the normal functioning of human intestinal microbiota: a systematic review

Antimicrobial agents have significant effects on the ecological balance of the human microbiota through incomplete absorption (e.g., orally administered antimicrobial agents) or secretion (e.g., by the salivary glands, in the bile, or from the intestinal mucosa) of the agents. This study aimed to examine the effects of novel antimicrobial agents on the normal functioning of the intestinal microbiota. The articles, written in English, were recovered from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and DOAJ, as well as from manual searches using a reference list. “Microbiota”, “Intestinal Microbiota”, “Eubiotic Microbiota”, “Ecological Impact”, “Antimicrobial Agents,”, “Antibiotics”, “Dysbiosis”, “Gut Microbiota”, and “Probiotics” were the search terms used to retrieve the articles. The PRISMA 2009 checklist was applied for article search strategy, article selection, data extraction, and result reporting for the review process. A total of eight original research articles were included from a total of 379 articles obtained in different search strategies. The eight new antimicrobial agents demonstrated significant impacts on the ecological balance of the human intestinal microbiota. Therefore, eubiosis is crucial in preventing the establishment of exogenous antimicrobial-resistant strains as well as their gene transfer.Systematic review registration[PRISMA], identifier [2009].

Development of Tea Tree Oil Based Nanoemulgel Loaded with Azithromycin for Enhancing the Antibacterial Activity

Azithromycin (AZ) is an azalide macrolide antibiotic that is frequently employed for treating bacterial skin infections. It suffers from limited oral bioavailability, which results from incomplete absorption or extensive first-pass metabolism. Therefore, preparing azithromycin formulations for topical administration is highly recommended to avoid first-pass metabolism and to boost the concentration of the drug on the skin. The objective of our investigation was to formulate and evaluate the efficacy of AZ-loaded nanoemulgel as an antimicrobial drug. The physical appearance, spreadability, viscosity, particle size, in vitro drug release, ex vivo permeation investigations, and antimicrobial efficiency of the prepared formulations were evaluated. The prepared formulation loaded with AZ exhibited good physical quality. AZ-loaded nanoemulgel had a greater ex vivo drug permeation across rabbit skin than other formulations (AZ-loaded gel and AZ-loaded emulgel), revealing improved drug permeation and greater transdermal flux in addition to enhanced antibacterial efficacy (p < 0.05). Overall, our findings imply that tea-tree-oil-based nanoemulgel would be a promising delivery system for enhancing the antimicrobial efficiency of azithromycin.

Theoptical‐thermalmodeling of carbon black filled glass fiber reinforced poly‐ether‐ether‐ketone in laser assisted tape winding

AbstractTo facilitate the application of carbon black filled glass fiber reinforced poly‐ether‐ether‐ketone (CB‐GF/PEEK) prepreg in laser assisted tape winding (LATW), a finite element method is used to analyze the optical‐thermal characteristics of the following three prepregs with distinct laser absorption properties: (i) 0.5%CB (incomplete absorption), (ii) 2.74%CB (complete, single‐layer absorption), (iii) 4%CB (complete, near‐surface absorption). Thus, the energy distribution, temperature distribution and thermal accumulation are revealed, and the heating strategy is customized according to the laser absorption characteristics of each prerpeg. Then the feasibility of CB filled GF/PEEK prepreg in LATW is verified by manufacturing and testing NOL rings. Finally, the nip‐point irradiation scheme is optimized. The simulation results reveal a significant difference between the optical‐thermal characteristics of the 0.5%CB and those of the other two prerpegs. Benefited from the energy leakage, the 0.5%CB facilitated twice melting by thermal accumulation, along with a higher nip‐point temperature. Meanwhile, the mechanical performance tests of the NOL rings indicate a similar tensile strength of ~1300 MPa for the 0.5%CB and 4%CB, while the interlaminar strength of the 0.5%CB is slightly higher than that of the 4%CB. The latter result may be due to the higher nip‐point temperature of the 0.5%CB, which promotes resin diffusion and enhances the bonding strength. Finally, an optimized heating strategy with short laser length, vertical irradiation of the nip‐point is proposed, and is shown to reduce the ineffective thermal accumulation and ensured the suitability of Tape and Laminate temperature.

Heterogeneous alloyed CuSnO-DopaCube mediated photo-Fenton and photothermal synergistic catalysis for dye elimination

The Fenton/Fenton-like reaction is of significant importance in biomedical and environmental remediation applications. However, the use of Fenton/Fenton-like catalysts is limited due to incomplete light absorption, low energy conversion efficiency, and a narrow pH range. To address these issues, we have developed a photothermal-driven heterogeneous Fenton system using Cu2O-SnO2-Polydopamine (PDA) triple cubic heterostructures, which exhibit strong photothermal capabilities in the NIR region. The macromolecular PDA acts as a heat source for higher degradation efficiency due to its excellent photothermal conversion performance. Furthermore, our results show that the system significantly improves the energy conversion efficiency of Cu2O and exhibits excellent catalytic activity over a wide pH range by using Rhodamine B (RhB) as the model dye. This study offers a novel approach for environmental remediation through the synergistic effect of photocatalysis and photothermal processes.

A modified architecture of a perovskite solar cell with an enhanced optical absorption in the visible spectrum

The incomplete absorption of light in the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to the escape of photons and the waste of their energy in the visible spectrum hinders the efficiency of this type of solar cell. Utilizing light-trapping nanostructures and stimulating the device’s plasmonic is an efficient way to increase absorption and reduce the energy losses. In this paper, a novel configuration of a nanostructured PSC with a plasmonic enhancement has been introduced to confine light in the active layer and boost energy harvesting. According to the conducted calculations, the modified configuration supports 23.4% higher short-circuit current density (J SC) and 21% power conversion efficiency compared to the conventional PSC. In this study, the finite element method has been employed to perform numerical simulations of the examined structures. For modeling and characterizing solar cells, optical physics of the devices is used in conjunction with their electrical physics.

Development of Combine Bio-adhesive – Floating Drug Delivery System by using Different Polymer

The goal of designing sustained release drug delivery systems of tablets is to reduce the frequency of dosing or to increase the effectiveness of the drug by localization at the site of action, reducing the dose required, or providing controlled drug delivery. The oral route is considered as the most promising route of drug delivery. Effective oral drug delivery may depend upon the factor such as gastric emptying process, gastrointestinal transit time of dosage form. Most of the oral dosage forms possess several physiological limitations such as variable gastrointestinal transit, because of variable gastric emptying leading to non-uniform absorption profiles, incomplete drug release and shorter residence time of the dosage form in the stomach. This lead to incomplete absorption of drug having absorption window especially upper part of small intestine, as once the drug passes down the absorption site the remaining quantity goes down unabsorbed.

Clinical features and "early" corticosteroid treatment outcome of pediatric mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.

Many children with mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) pneumonia (MPP) developed sequelae such as bronchiolitis/bronchitis obliterans (BO). Early corticosteroid therapy might prevent disease progression. This study aimed to use "early" corticosteroid and observe the treatment outcome in patients with MPP. Patients who had pulmonary infiltrations on chest imaging within 5 days of the disease course and were suspected of having MP infection on admission were enrolled. Among them, patients whose disease course was within 10 days on admission were ultimately enrolled. We analyzed their data including the clinical features, the starting time and dose of corticosteroid therapy, and the treatment outcome. According to chest imaging, we divided patients into two groups (Group A: bronchiolitis-associated lesions or ground-glass opacities; Group B: pulmonary segmental/lobar consolidation). A total of 210 patients with confirmed MPP were ultimately enrolled. There were 59 patients in Group A and 151 patients in Group B. Patients in Group A were more prone to have allergy histories, hypoxemia, wheezing sound, and wet rales on auscultation than those in Group B. Corticosteroid treatment was initiated between 5 and 10 days of disease onset in all patients and 6-7 days in most patients. Methylprednisolone was prescribed in all patients within 10 days of disease onset, and the highest prescribed dose was at least 2 mg/kg/day. In Group A, methylprednisolone >2 mg/kg/day was prescribed in 22 patients, and among them, 8 patients with diffuse bronchiolitis-associated lesions received high-dose methylprednisolone therapy. After 3 months, lung CT revealed slightly segmental ground-glass opacity in three patients. In Group B, methylprednisolone >2 mg/kg/day was prescribed in 76 patients, and among them, 20 patients with pulmonary lobar consolidation received high-dose methylprednisolone therapy. After 3 months, chest imaging revealed incomplete absorption of pulmonary lesions in seven patients. Among them, five patients with consolidation in more than one pulmonary lobe ultimately had slight BO. In hospitalized patients with MPP, particularly severe MPP, the ideal starting time of corticosteroid treatment might be 5-10 days, preferably 6-7 days, after disease onset. The initial dosage of corticosteroid therapy should be decided according to the severity of the disease. MPP patients with diffuse bronchiolitis-associated lesions/whole lobar consolidation on imaging might require high-dose corticosteroid therapy.

Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of Un-Ionized Ammonia to Early-Life Stages of Danio rerio.

Un-ionized ammonia (NH3) is a prevalent contaminant found in aquatic ecosystems, frequently associated with complex mixtures of other toxic contaminants. Early embryo-larval stages of zebrafish Danio rerio became an important model for water quality monitoring, and it is necessary to characterize its susceptibility to NH3 exposure. Fertilized eggs were exposed to NH3 concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 5.23 mg NH3 L-1 until 168 h postfertilization (hpf). The lethal concentration to 50% of exposed zebrafish during 96 h was 2.07 mg NH3 L-1, 25% above the median value reported values for early developmental stages of fishes. Sublethal toxicity endpoints indicated the lowest observed effect concentrations for slow blood circulation at 24 hpf, decreased heart ventricular contractions at 72 hpf, incomplete yolk sac absorption at 96 hpf, failure in swim bladder inflation at 96 hpf, developmental retardation at 96 hpf, decreased total length, decreased swimming speed, altered trajectories, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition at 168 hpf of 0.85, 0.06, 0.15, 0.06, 0.15, 0.61, 1.35, 0.35, and 0.85 mg NH3 L-1, respectively. Environmentally relevant NH3 concentrations can affect zebrafish's early development and larval viability, and our results help discriminate NH3 contribution to the toxicity of complex environmental mixtures when zebrafish is used in water quality monitoring.

Assessment of Solid-State Behaviour and in vitro Release of Artemether from Liquisolid Compact Using Mesoporous Material as an Excipient

Abstract: Background: Artemether is a potent antimalarial drug used in the first-line treatment of multi-drug-resistant malaria. It belongs to BCS II, exist in different polymorphic forms, and exhibits incomplete absorption and low oral bioavailability owing to poor dissolution. Aim: The present study evaluates the effect of different mesoporous materials in the liquisolid compact for the augmentation of dissolution of the drug, and polymorphic stability. Materials and Methods: In the liquisolid compact Tween 80 was used as a non-volatile solvent for the dispersion of the drug, microcrystalline cellulose as carrier, and Syloid244FP and SyloidXDP as coating materials at different coating and carrier ratios. Eight such formulations were prepared. The formulated liquisolid compact was evaluated for precompression parameters, followed by direct compression process. The tablets thus prepared were assessed for hardness, friability, wetting time, in-vitro dissolution, and stability studies. Physico-chemical characterization was done to study drug excipient interaction, thermal behaviour, and surface characteristics. Results and Discussion: The study revealed that an increasing quantity of mesoporous material exhibited a better release profile compared to the pure drug. Good compressibility and tablet ability were observed at a carrier and coating materials ratio of 1:5. Compatibility between the drug and excipients was established from the FTIR study. Noteworthy findings of PXRD and DSC suggested the presence of artemether in metastable β form in the formulations. Short-term stability of the formulations was established. Conclusion: Hence, the approach of liquisolid compact using mesoporous silicas at a suitable excipient ratio could be an optimistic approach for the enhancement of dissolution and stability of artemether. Keywords: Artemether, Liquisolid compact, Solid-state behaviour, Dissolution, Mesoporous silica.

DESIGNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRORETENTIVE MUCOADHESIVE MICROSPHERES OF CEFIXIME TRIHYDRATE USING SPRAY DRYER

Objective: Cefixime is a weakly acidic drug primarily absorbed through the stomach and upper intestinal part and has incomplete absorption in lower GIT which leads to its poor bioavailability. The current research work is aimed to develop gastroretentive mucoadhesive microspheres of cefixime to enhance absorption in the stomach. Methods: Cefixime trihydrate mucoadhesive microspheres formulation was developed by spray drying technique and optimized by DoE approach using Box-Behnken design. The independent variables selected in the formulation were HPMC K15M (X1) as carrier polymer, Carbopol 971P (X2) as mucoadhesive polymer and Cefixime trihydrate (X3). The response variables studied were mean particle size (R1), and percent cumulative drug release at different time points (R2-R8). The optimized batch was evaluated for mucoadhesion properties, DSC and SEM analysis. Results: The Ex-vivo test of cefixime microspheres studied on goat intestinal mucosa showed strong mucoadhesion of 82% for an extended period of 6 h. The in vitro drug release studies of microspheres in 0.1 N HCl showed extended release up to 8 h. The DSC thermograph indicated the conversion of the drug from crystalline form to amorphous form following the formation of solid dispersion. SEM analysis reveals the microspheres were spherical and smooth. Conclusion: It is concluded from the above studies that the current formulation has increased gastric residence time and prolonged release for better absorption of the drug, thus, the formulation will have better therapeutic and increased bioavailability.

Investigation of the effect of concurrently administered carvedilol, atorvastatin and bile salts on intestinal absorption of linagliptin.

The aim of this work was to investigate the regional difference in linagliptin intestinal membrane transport and to investigate the effects of carvedilol, atorvastatin and bile salts on intestinal absorption of linagliptin. The study employed an in-situ rabbit intestinal absorption technique. The membrane transport parameters of linagliptin were determined through duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon segments. The effect of carvedilol, atorvastatin and sodium cholate was investigated by co-perfusion of each with linagliptin through jejunum and ileum. The study reflected incomplete linagliptin absorption from the explored intestinal segments. The resulted rank indicated that the extent of absorption decreases as we move distally through the small intestine before increasing at the ascending colon. This behaviour suggests a role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux on reduced linagliptin intestinal absorption. Co-perfusion with carvedilol, atorvastatin or bile salts significantly enhanced linagliptin absorption. This elects P-gp efflux inhibition as one possible mechanism for enhanced linagliptin intestinal membrane transport. The study confirmed the role of P-gp efflux transporters in reduced intestinal linagliptin absorption. Co-administration of linagliptin with either carvedilol or atorvastatin can modulate the oral bioavailability of linagliptin. Bile salts can be employed as a formulation excipient for enhanced oral absorption of linagliptin.

Zn-Al layered double hydroxides induce embryo malformations and impair locomotion behavior in Danio rerio

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are stimuli-responsive anionic nanoclays. The vast possibilities of using LDHs can lead to their existence in the ecosystem, raising a question of potential ecological concern. However, little is known about the effect of these nanomaterials on freshwater organisms. The present study aimed to assess the ecotoxicological effects of Zinc-Aluminium LDH-nitrate (ZnAl LDH-NO3) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages. The endpoints measured were mortality, malformations and hatching rate after exposure of D. rerio embryos and larvae to ZnAl LDH-NO3 following the OECD 236 guideline. The behavioral, biochemical (markers of oxidative stress and neurotoxicity), and molecular (at DNA level) alterations were also assessed using sub-lethal concentrations. No observable acute effects were detected up to 415.2 mg LDH/L while the 96 h-LC50 was estimated as 559.9 mg/L. Tested LDH caused malformations in D. rerio embryos, such as pericardial edema, incomplete yolk sac absorption and tail deformities (96 h-EC50 = 172.4 mg/L). During the dark periods, the locomotor behavior in zebrafish larvae was affected upon ZnAl LDH-NO3 exposure. However, no significant biochemical and molecular changes were recorded. The present findings suggest that ZnAl LDH-NO3 can be regarded as a non-toxic nanomaterial towards D. rerio (E/LC50 > > 100 mg/L) although impairment of the locomotion behavior on zebrafish embryos can be expected at concentrations below 100 mg/L.

Clinical and chest CT features of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis

Objective: To explore the clinical and chest computed tomography (CT) features and the outcome of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis (CIP). Methods: Clinical and chest CT data of 38 CIP patients with malignant tumors from the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences between August 2017 and April 2021 were retrospectively reviewed, and the outcomes of pneumonitis were followed up. Results: The median time from the administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to the onset of CIP was 72.5 days in 38 patients with CIP, and 22 patients developed CIP within 3 months after the administration of ICIs. The median occurrence time of CIP in 24 lung cancer patients was 54.5 days, earlier than 119.0 days of non-lung cancer patients (P=0.138), with no significant statistical difference. 34 patients (89.5%) were accompanied by symptoms when CIP occurred. The common clinical symptoms were cough (29 cases) and dyspnea (27 cases). The distribution of CIP on chest CT was asymmetric in 31 cases and symmetrical in 7 cases. Among the 24 lung cancer patients, inflammation was mainly distributed ipsilateral to the primary lung cancer site in 16 cases and diffusely distributed throughout the lung in 8 cases. Ground glass opacities (37 cases) and consolidation (30 cases) were the common imaging manifestations, and organizing pneumonia (OP) pattern (15 cases) was the most common pattern. In 30 CIP patients who were followed up for longer than one month, 17 cases had complete absorption (complete absorption group), and 13 cases had partial absorption or kept stable (incomplete absorption group). The median occurrence time of CIP in the complete absorption group was 55 days, shorter than 128 days of the incomplete absorption group (P=0.022). Compared with the incomplete absorption group, there were less consolidation(P=0.010) and CIP were all classified as hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) pattern (P=0.004) in the complete absorption group. Conclusions: CIP often occurs within 3 months after ICIs treatment, and the clinical and CT findings are lack of specificity. Radiologic features may have a profound value in predicting the outcome of CIP.

Optimization and In Vitro Characterization of Telmisartan Loaded Sodium Alginate Beads and Its In Vivo Efficacy Investigation in Hypertensive Induced Animal Model.

Antihypertensive drug telmisartan (TEL) belongs to BCS class II, which is characterized by low water solubility and, consequently, low oral bioavailability. Gastroretentive systems may overcome the problems associated with low solubility of TEL and incomplete absorption by localizing the drug release in the stomach. The purpose of this study was to prepare TEL-loaded, oil-entrapped, floating alginate beads with the intent of enhancing the oral bioavailability of TEL for the treatment of hypertension. For the formulation and optimization of seventeen formulations of TEL-loaded oil-entrapped floating alginate beads, a central composite design was utilized. The concentration of sodium alginate (X1), the concentration of cross-linker (X2), and the concentration of sesame oil (X3) served as independent variables, whereas the entrapment efficiency (Y1), in vitro buoyancy (Y2), and drug release Q6h (Y3) served as dependent variables. Using the emulsion gelation method and calcium chloride as the cross-linking agent, different formulations of TEL alginate beads were produced. All formulations were evaluated for their entrapment efficiency percentage, in vitro buoyancy, and in vitro drug release. The optimal formulation of TEL alginate beads was prepared with and without oil and evaluated for entrapment efficiency percentage, in vitro buoyancy, swelling ratio, average size, and in vitro drug release. Using scanning electron microscopes, the surface morphology was determined. Using IR spectroscopy, the compatibility between the ingredients was determined. In vivo evaluation of the optimized formulation in comparison to the free TEL was done in hypertension-induced rats, and the systolic blood pressure and all pharmacokinetic parameters were measured. The prepared beads exhibited a high entrapment efficiency percentage, in vitro buoyancy, and prolonged drug release. TEL was compatible with other ingredients, as approved by IR spectroscopy. The prepared TEL beads were spherical, as shown by the SEM. The relative bioavailability of TEL-loaded oil-entrapped beads was 222.52%, which was higher than that of the pure TEL suspension. The prepared TEL beads formulation exhibited a higher antihypertensive effect for a prolonged time compared to pure TEL suspension. It can be concluded that this innovative delivery method of TEL-loaded oil-entrapped beads is a promising tool for enhancing drug solubility and, thus, oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, resulting in enhanced patient compliance. Furthermore, the in vivo study confirmed the formulation's extended anti-hypertensive activity in animal models.

Electrical performance analysis and optimization of monofacial and bifacial crystalline silicon solar cells

This paper presents the investigations and performance analysis of monofacial and bifacial crystalline silicon solar cells with PC1D simulation software. The fundamental limitation in the monofacial solar cell’s performance is its inability to absorb all the incoming solar radiation since the albedo effect (ground-reflected light that can be captured by the rear of the solar cell) is often neglected. So, the efficiency of the monofacial cell will be lower due to poor and incomplete optical absorption. Bifaciality helps to enhance the capturing of light in the solar cell, which means that the rear of the cell is exposed to solar radiation to produce electrical power. The primary focus of our work is to determine which solar cell offers better device performance and conversion efficiency by analyzing various parameters of the solar cell like surface texturing, emitter doping, bulk doping, minority carrier lifetime, bulk and surface recombination rates, front and rear reflectance, among other parameters. The other parameters are maintained at an optimal range to achieve the highest conversion efficiency. Our work has shown that the bifacial solar cell can be as efficient as 28.15%, which is much better than the 22.65% efficiency of the monofacial solar cell.

Experimental - Theoretical approach for determination of Metformin solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide: Thermodynamic modeling

Metformin, as an anti-hyperglycemic, is the main medicine for treating diabetes of type II. However, its daily dose is high due to its incomplete absorption and short half-life, which leads to digestive problems and patient complaints. Controlled release and increased bioavailability of this drug can be achieved using novel drug delivery systems produced with an appropriate supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) method. However, the solubility of Metformin in scCO2 is an essential parameter for this purpose which needs to be evaluated prior to the processing. In the current research, solubility of Metformin in scCO2 was determined at temperatures of 308, 318, 328, and 338 K, and pressures of 140, 170, 200, 230, 260, and 290 bar. It was obtained between 0.39 × 10−6 up to 1.23 × 10−6 (mole fraction). Also, the resulting values were correlated through an equation of state (Peng-Robinson (PR-EoS)) and eight well-known empirical correlations (Chrastil, Sung and Shim, Adachi and Lu, Si-Moussa, Bartle, Jafari Nejad, Keshmiri, and Jouyban). The average AARD% value of 8.24 for the PR-EoS model confirmed its satisfactory precision to predict the Metformin solubility in scCO2. Among the mentioned empirical models, the models defined by Jafari Nejad (AARD% of 4.36 and AICc of −997.07) and Keshmiri (AARD% of 4.73 and AICc of −1048.81) show the highest correlation accuracy. Moreover, the total mixing heat, the vaporization enthalpy, and the solvation enthalpies of the Metformin-scCO2 mixture were computed.

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Once Daily Fexofenadine Hydrochloride Microsponge Tablets

The objective of present study was to formulate and develop once daily Fexofenadine Hydrochloride tablets to improve the aqueous solubility by microsponge technology. Fexofenadine Hydrochloride is an antihistamine and belongs to BCS class-III with low permeability and poor bioavailability about 30 - 35 %. The microsponges were prepared by Quashi emulsion solvent diffusion method with Quality by design approach. The study of effect of independent variables Eudragit EPO (500 to 1,000 mg), internal phase volume (DM: ETH) (5 to 10 mL) and RPM (500 to 1,000) on responses were analyzed to optimize the formulation with desirable results by using central composite design and response surface method. Optimized formulation F22 showed percent production yield (99.10 %), percent drug entrapment (99.45 %), particle size (94.12 µm) and percent drug release of prepared tablets at 5, 10, 15 and 30 min were 60.6, 80.75, 87.47 and 92.85 %, respectively. It showed Higuchi mechanism of release kinetics by diffusion. In vivo pharmacokinetics of the prepared tablets was studied in rabbits (IAEC/NRML/2022–2023/09) with and without permeation enhancer to find the rate of absorption. when compared to Marketed product -Allegra 24 (F21) with (t1/2 absorption) 0.192711±0.00278 h and MRT 19.10608±0.257571 h and formulation without poloxamer 407 (F22) (t1/2 absorption) 0.165013±0.024164 h and MRT 19.32228±0.764531 h, maximum absorption was observed for the Formulation F23 with poloxamer 407 (15 %) with (t1/2 absorption) of 0.144662±0.006787 h and Mean residence time (MRT) of 24.10796±1.01232 h. Microsponge technique improved the aqueous solubility of the fexofenadine Hydrochloride and Eudragit EPO extended the mean residence time up to 24 h along with improved permeability in presence of Poloxamer 407 to full fill the needs of BCS class-III drug. HIGHLIGHTS Fexofenadine Hydrochloride has poor aqueous solubility and low passive permeability P-Glycoprotein efflux induced intestinal secretion is the reason for the incomplete absorption (35 %) following oral absorption There is a need to increase bioavailability and maintenance of steady state plasma concentration Microsponge drug delivery systems improvise the solubility of drug due to its porous nature Microsponge drug delivery system can fulfill the requirements by increasing the permeability and modifying the drug release from dosage form GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Tilmicosin/γ-Cyclodextrin complexation through supercritical carbon dioxide assistance and its pharmacokinetic and antibacterial study

Tilmicosin, as an effective broad-spectrum antibacterial drug, has incomplete absorption and low bioavailability due to its low water solubility, which limits its veterinary clinical applications. As a non-polymeric drug carrier, γ-cyclodextrin was complexed with tilmicosin through supercritical carbon dioxide assistance for the first time, and confirmed by FTIR, X-ray diffraction, proton NMR and scanning electron microscopy. The water solubility of tilmicosin was increased 57-fold through complexation with γ-cyclodextrin, and the release and bioavailability of tilmicosin in the complex were significantly improved. The tilmicosin in complex showed better anti-Streptococcus agalactiae activity than that of tilmicosin alone in MIC, MBC and drug susceptibility studies.