Incomplete Absorption Research Articles

Effect of Magnesium Intake on Hypertension in Chinese Elderly Population

Existing studies have found that the prevalence of hypertension in people aged 70 and above is as high as 70%. At present, the prevalence of hypertension among the elderly in China is rising sharply, and these are closely related to magnesium deficiency. This is a review article to demonstrate the association between magnesium deficiency and hypertension by reviewing the literature in recent years. According to the Dietary Recommendations for the Elderly in China, the recommended daily consumption of magnesium for adults would be 330 milligrams (mg), while 74.8% of the population did not meet the recommended intake. Due to the traditional dietary patterns of older Chinese people, who do not have a high uptake of foods such as nuts and seeds, which increases the risk of magnesium deficiency. At the same time, incomplete absorption of magnesium can lead to magnesium deficiency as the absorption rate of gastrointestinal function decreases with age. Studies have found that changing dietary patterns and consuming magnesium supplements are effective in increasing magnesium intake and thus reducing the prevalence of hypertension.

Glyceroniosomes for enhanced intestinal absorption of hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril in their fixed dose combination.

The objective was to investigate the effect of co-administration of hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril as fixed dose combination on their intestinal absorption. The scope was extended to enhance intestinal absorption of both drugs. In situ rabbit intestinal absorption through the duodenum and jejuno-ileum was used to monitor membrane permeability of both drugs when perfused alone or in combination. Niosomes containing glycerols (glyceroniosomes) were loaded with both drugs. Glyceroniosomes comprised Span 60 or Tween 40 in combination with cholesterol and glycerol were prepared by bath sonication. Glyceroniosomes were characterized with respect to vesicle size, drug entrapment efficiency and were examined using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The prepared vesicles were nanosized spherical vesicles with average size of 202.4nm and 108.8nm for span free and span containing glyceroniosomes, respectively. The recorded Zeta potential values suggested good stability of the prepared formulations. Intestinal absorption studies reflected incomplete absorption of hydrocholothiazide and lisinopril correlating with their categorization as class IV and III drugs, respectively. Co-perfusion of both drugs reduced the intestinal absorption of lisinopril. Simultaneous encapsulation in glyceroniosomes enhanced the intestinal absorption of both drugs. Tween based systems were more efficient. The study introduced glyceroniosomes as carriers of simultaneous delivery of hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril.

Lactose Breath Test: Possible Strategies to Optimize Test Performance, Accuracy, and Clinical Impact.

Lactose malabsorption (LM) refers to the incomplete absorption of lactose in the small intestine, resulting in the arrival of ingested lactose in the colon, which can give rise to symptoms defined as lactose intolerance (LI). The lactose breath test (LBT), thanks to its low cost, availability, and noninvasiveness, is the most used diagnostic method. However, the LBT is a tedious tool, requiring prolonged involvement of patients, qualified staff, and infrastructure, of which the most time-consuming factor is the frequency and number of breath samples needed. Objectives: To simplify the current LBT methodology, compliant with the current guidelines' statements, by reducing the test duration or the number of breath samples, without compromising the test's accuracy. Methods: The results of the standard LBT were compared with two simplified tests: a "shortened" test, lasting three hours, with samples taken every 30 min; and a "five-sample" test, lasting four hours, with samples taken every hour. Patients were stratified into three grades of malabsorption (mild, moderate, severe) based on the amount of gas exhaled. A clinical severity score was introduced to assess the clinical relevance of LI using a specific questionnaire. Results: Among the 543 patients enrolled (F 71.5%, mean age 43.7 ± 17.6 yrs), 60.4% (328/543) tested positive for LM. A total of 70.5% (383/543) presented LI, with 32.1% of those being true intolerants (LI without LM). The shortened test demonstrated an accuracy of 93.9%, with a sensitivity of 89.9% and a false negative rate of 10.1% (33/328). The five-sample test showed higher accuracy and sensitivity than the shortened test (96.5% and 94.2%, respectively; p = 0.03) with a false negative rate of 5.8% (19/328). Of the 19 false negatives in the five-sample test, 95% (18/19) were categorized as mild malabsorbents. No statistical correlation was found between the clinical severity score and LBT results. Conclusions: The five-sample test, involving hourly breath measurements, is a reliable option for simplifying the LBT without significantly reducing the procedure's sensitivity.

Ultra-sensitive CO2 switchable low temperature transition mixture for intensified retrieval of oily waste

One of the challenge in the remediation of contaminated soil by solvent washing is the retrieval of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and solvents. Herein, a CO2 switchable hydrophobic low temperature transition mixture ([DPA][EL]) composed of ethyl lactate (EL) and dipropylamine (DPA) is proposed, accompanied by a proof-of-concept for contaminated soil washing. The path and energy of hydrogen bond interactions in [DPA][EL] were revealed by the quantum chemical calculation using the quantum theory of atoms in molecule. [DPA][EL] achieved a thorough CO2-induced polarity and hydrophobicity transition undergoing an incomplete CO2 absorption that results in the partial formation of carbonate and carbamate. [DPA][EL] was regenerated after the removal of CO2 by heating at 85 °C for 2 min. Thanks to this peculiarity, the time required for hydrophobicity transition was 197 times shorter than that of the typical CO2 switchable hydrophobic solvent, N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine. The polarity of [DPA][EL], quantified by the normalized polarity energy, increased by 346.69 % after the introduction of CO2 because of the synergistic effect of water. This ultra-sensitive transition behavior intensified the CO2-induced separation of oily compounds, e.g., kerosene and crude oil. The conceptual usage of [DPA][EL] in the contaminated soil washing was demonstrated. The TPH content of contaminated soil decrease from 8.27 % to 0.31 % by [DPA][EL] washing through tailoring the molar ratio of DPA to EL in [DPA][EL], temperature, and [DPA][EL] to contaminated soil ratio (L/S, mL/g). [DPA][EL] whose composition possesses different polarities compensated for the poor solubility of single solvents towards TPH, thereby improving the washing efficiency of contaminated soil. Afterwards, TPH was separated upon triggered by CO2/water in 2 min, and 91.33 % of [DPA][EL] was subsequently regenerated at 85 °C in 2 min.

The effect of vitamin D3 and omega-3 combination, taken orally, on triglycerides, lining of intestine, and the biodiversity of gut microbiota in healthy rats.

The gut microbiota plays a key role in host health. An intake of omega-3 and vitamin D3 in a separate manner is vital for maintaining good health of gut microbiota and controlling some illness manifestations. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential change in biodiversity of the gut microbiome in healthy rats supplemented with vitamin D3, omega-3 alone and their combination and to reflect onto the triglyceride levels in serum and fecal samples. Using the 16S rRNA gene Miseq Illumina NGS, and monitoring triglyceride levels in serum and fecal samples coupled with several clinical parameters, we examined the effect of orally taken combination of omega-3 and vitamin D3 alongside the separate intake of supplements on gut microbiota in 24 healthy white Wistar rats for six weeks. The study findings showed that combination treatment encouraged the growth of opportunistic Clostridia class during day 21 and 42 of treatment by 7.7 and 7.4 folds, respectively, exhibited incomplete absorption levels for both supplements when used concomitantly, demonstrated a damaging effect on the gut intestinal lining wall thickness (126 µm) when compared to control group (158 µm), increasing lumen diameter (400 µm), and showed higher triglyceride level in fecal samples. These findings indicate that omega-3 and vitamin D3 supplements as combination intake reveal unfavorable effects, thus, it is advised to conduct further in-depth studies to clarify the presence or absence of any chemical interaction between both supplements' molecules and to investigate based on human model to attain a superior perspective.

Research Note: Pharmacokinetics of bromhexine hydrochloride in broilers after single oral and intravenous administration

The current study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of bromhexine hydrochloride in broilers after single intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration at 2.5 mg/kg body weight (BW). The trial adopted a randomized, parallel-controlled design, where 20 twelve-wk-old broilers were randomly assigned to either the PO or IV group. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points, and plasma was further separated for analysis. The bromhexine hydrochloride concentrations in plasma samples were determined using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. Noncompartmental analysis (NCA) using Phoenix software was conducted to analyze the concentration versus time data of bromhexine hydrochloride in every chicken. Subsequently, the main pharmacokinetic parameters between the 2 groups were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Results from NCA revealed that after oral administration at 2.5 mg/kg BW, bromhexine hydrochloride exhibited slow absorption, reaching an average peak concentration of 32.72 ng/mL at 1.78 h. However, incomplete absorption was observed, with an absolute bioavailability of only 20.06% ± 10.84%. Additionally, bromhexine hydrochloride displayed wide distribution, with a steady-state distribution volume (VSS) of 22.55 ± 13.45 L/kg, and slow elimination, with a clearance (Cl) of 1.52 ± 0.38 L/h/kg. Furthermore, gender effects were assessed on the pharmacokinetics of bromhexine hydrochloride in broilers, revealing better absorption in male broilers compared to females. This disparity may be attributed to the faster blood flow and richer blood volume typically found in male broilers.

HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Quantitative Determination of Metformin in Rat Plasma and Its Application to Comparative Bioavailability Assessment

Background: Metformin is a biguanide derivative utilized as a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes for people over 60 years. However, it faces certain limitations due to its incomplete absorption, resulting in a 50-60% bioavailability. In addition to its blood glucose-lowering effect, the antiproliferative effect of metformin has been demonstrated in vitro. Therefore, it is necessary to consider alternative administration routes that can enhance the bioavailability of metformin, expanding its clinical use beyond its role as an antidiabetic agent. Objective: The aim of the study was to develop a reliable bioanalytical method for the quantitation of metformin in male Sprague-Dawley rat plasma and explore the promising alternative administration route for metformin use. Methods: A robust, high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of metformin in rat plasma was developed and validated according to the latest regulatory guidance for bioanalysis. Results: Based on the area under the curves obtained from the rat pharmacokinetic study, subcutaneous injection increased the systemic exposure of metformin by 1.79-fold compared to oral administration in rats. Conclusion: Subcutaneous administration of metformin enhances its bioavailability compared to oral administration, leading to increased antidiabetic effects and potential antitumor activity.

Fragments of the Rural: Land dispossession and transformed livelihoods in India’s villages

This study investigates how the partial industrial transformation of the Indian village—the decoupling of the farmer from their farmland and their incomplete absorption into industrial labour—changes the rural dynamics of social relations. It further analyses if and how the partial-proletarianization of farmers has changed rural women’s interactions with their surrounding socioeconomic structures—both within the home and in the public space of the market. Literature on the subject shall be studied in conjunction with the case of Asawarpur, in Sonipat district of Haryana, and interviews from the field site shall be used to understand the nature of changes caused by land-acquisition-based private development. The nature of land dispossession shall be studied through Michael Levien’s problematic of accumulation by dispossession. The analysis of changes in social groups—households, castes, and classes—shall follow Henry Bernstein’s understanding of fragmented livelihoods in developing countries. This essay shall specifically focus on the impact of land dispossession and the arrival of new economic pursuits on traditional livelihoods and existing inequalities. Case studies by various scholars, read with evidence from Asawarpur, shall be used to show the fragmented nature of livelihoods and aggravated inequalities in the transformed economy of India’s countryside.

Development of a Plasmonic Light Management Architecture Integrated within an Interface Passivation Scheme for Ultrathin Solar Cells

In response to climate and resource challenges, the transition to a renewable and decentralized energy system is imperative. Ultrathin Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS)‐based solar cells are compatible with such transition due to their low material usage and improved production throughput. Despite the benchmark efficiency of CIGS technology, ultrathin configurations face efficiency drops arising from increased rear interface recombination and incomplete light absorption. Dielectric passivation schemes address rear interface recombination, but achieving simultaneous electrical and optical gains is crucial for thinning down the absorber. Plasmonic nanoparticles emerge as a solution, enhancing light interaction through resonant scattering. In the proposed architecture, the nanoparticles are encapsulated within a dielectric rear passivation layer, combining effective passivation and light trapping. A controlled deposition and encapsulation of individualized nanoparticles is achieved by an optimized process flow using microfluidic devices and nanoimprint lithography. With the developed plasmonic and passivated architecture, a 3.7 mA cm−2 short‐circuit current density and a 23 mV open‐circuit voltage improvements are obtained, leading to an almost 2% increase in light‐to‐power conversion efficiency compared to a reference device. This work showcases the developed architecture potential to tackle the electrical and optical downfalls arising from the absorber thickness reduction, contributing to the dissemination of ultrathin technology.

Absorptive capacity, product heterogeneity and technology licensing under different fee scenarios

AbstractSince a licensee does not always fully absorb technology in the process of technology licensing, based on the consideration of incomplete absorption, this paper establishes a game model consisting of a technology research and development firm and two licensee firms, to explore the most licensing strategies of the licensing firms as well as the optimal social welfare of the licensee under different fee scenarios. The results of the study show that (1) under the flat fee scenario, technology R&D enterprises will choose royalty licensing in most cases, but when the gap in the absorptive capacity of the licensed enterprise is small and the difference in the quality of the products between the two licensing parties is large, fixed‐fee licensing is a more preferable option;(2)in the differential fee scenario, technology R&D firms prefer differential fixed fee licenses;(3)when technological empowerment occurs, local social welfare is enhanced;(4)technology development firms prefer firms with high absorptive capacity, but also charge higher fees;(5)differential fees charged by technology R&D firms to authorized firms do not always lead to a relative decline in local social welfare; they can lead to a greater enhancement of social welfare within a certain interval, and the enhancement is even greater than the enhancement of social welfare brought about by uniform fees.

PERSISTENT SUBRETINAL FLUID AFTER VITRECTOMY FOR MACULAR HOLE-ASSOCIATED RETINAL DETACHMENT.

To evaluate the incidence, associated factors, and outcome of persistent subretinal fluid (SRF) after vitrectomy for macular hole-associated retinal detachment (MHRD). A total of 158 eyes from 156 patients with MHRD who achieved macular hole closure after primary vitrectomy were included in the analysis; persistent SRF was defined as the presence of SRF for more than 1 month after first surgery. Preoperative and postoperative parameters were analyzed for their relationship with SRF development. Persistent SRF was observed in 19 eyes (12.0% of 158) postoperatively. Seven eyes (36.8% of 19) with persistent SRF eventually displayed complete absorption during follow-up. Univariate analysis revealed that eyes with persistent SRF were statistically associated with internal limiting membrane inverted flap, duration of symptoms, tamponade (perfluoropropane/silicone oil: 14/5 vs. 35/104, P < 0.001), and MHRD subtype (Type 1/Type 2/Type 3: 15/4/0 vs. 60/40/39, P = 0.003). In multivariate analysis, only internal limiting membrane inverted flap (odds ratio, 15.778, 95% confidence interval, 3.170-78.523; P = 0.001) was positively associated with persistent SRF. There were no significant differences in best-corrected visual acuity improvement ( P = 0.425) between the SRF involved foveal and without involved foveal groups and no significant differences between the SRF complete absorption and incomplete absorption groups. Absorption of persistent SRF may be more difficult in MHRD eyes than in ordinary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment eyes. The internal limiting membrane inverted flap in MHRD was associated with a greater likelihood of persistent SRF. The location and incomplete absorption of persistent SRF did not seem to be associated with the final visual outcome.

Subcutaneous Administration of Monoclonal Antibodies: Pharmacology, Delivery, Immunogenicity, and Learnings From Applications to Clinical Development.

Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can reduce treatment burden for patients and healthcare systems compared with intravenous (i.v.) infusion through shorter administration times, made possible by convenient, patient-centric devices. A deeper understanding of clinical pharmacology principles related to efficacy and safety of s.c.-administered mAbs over the past decade has streamlined s.c. product development. This review presents learnings from key constituents of the s.c. mAb development pathway, including pharmacology, administration variables, immunogenicity, and delivery devices. Restricted mAb transportation through the hypodermis explains their incomplete absorption at a relatively slow rate (pharmacokinetic (PK)) and may impact mAb-cellular interactions and/or onset and magnitude of physiological responses (pharmacodynamic). Injection volumes, formulation, rate and site of injection, and needle attributes may affect PKs and the occurrence/severity of adverse events like injection-site reactions or pain, with important consequences for treatment adherence. A review of immunogenicity data for numerous compounds reveals that incidence of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) is generally comparable across i.v. and s.c. routes, and complementary factors including response magnitude (ADA titer), persistence over time, and neutralizing antibody presence are needed to assess clinical impact. Finally, four case studies showcase how s.c. biologics have been clinically developed: (i) by implementation of i.v./s.c. bridging strategies to streamline PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor development, (ii) through co-development with i.v. presentations for anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 antibodies to support rapid deployment of both formulations, (iii) as the lead route for bispecific T cell engagers (BTCEs) to mitigate BTCE-mediated cytokine release syndrome, and (iv) for pediatric patients in the case of dupilumab.

Catalysts Based on Iron Oxides for Wastewater Purification from Phenolic Compounds: Synthesis, Physicochemical Analysis, Determination of Catalytic Activity

In this work, the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles and catalysts based on it stabilized with silicon and aluminum oxides was carried out. It is revealed that the stabilization of the magnetite surface by using aluminum and silicon oxides leads to a decrease in the size of magnetite nanocrystals in nanocomposites (particle diameter less than ~10 nm). The catalytic activity of the obtained catalysts was evaluated during the oxidation reaction of phenol, pyrocatechin and cresol with oxygen. It is well known that phenolic compounds are among the most dangerous water pollutants. The effect of phenol concentration and the effect of temperature (303–333 K) on the rate of oxidation of phenol to Fe3O4/SiO2 has been studied. It has been determined that the dependence of the oxidation rate of phenol on the initial concentration of phenol in solution is described by a first-order equation. At temperatures of 303–313 K, incomplete absorption of the calculated amount of oxygen is observed, and the analysis data indicate the non-selective oxidation of phenol. Intermediate products, such as catechin, hydroquinone, formic acid, oxidation products, were found. The results of UV and IR spectroscopy showed that catalysts based on magnetite Fe3O4 are effective in the oxidation of phenol with oxygen. In the UV spectrum of the product in the wavelength range 190–1100 nm, there is an absorption band at a wavelength of 240–245 nm and a weak band at 430 nm, which is characteristic of benzoquinone. In the IR spectrum of the product, absorption bands were detected in the region of 1644 cm−1, which is characteristic of the oscillations of the C=O bonds of the carbonyl group of benzoquinone. The peaks also found at 1353 cm−1 and 1229 cm−1 may be due to vibrations of the C-H and C-C bonds of the quinone ring. It was found that among the synthesized catalysts, the Fe3O4/SiO2 catalyst demonstrated the greatest activity in the reaction of liquid-phase oxidation of phenol.

Quasi-Flat Narrow Bandgap Copper Indium Gallium Selenium Bottom Cell Application in Perovskite/Copper Indium Gallium Selenium Tandem Solar Cells

Cu(In 1− x Ga x ) Se 2 (CIGS) is a promising and ideal material for bottom cell in tandem solar cells, which can break the double junction solar cell’s Shockley–Queisser theoretical efficiency to above 40%. However, the high-efficiency CIGS solar cells deposited by the 3-stage process is normally double grading, leading to an incomplete absorption in the bottom cells. In this study, single bandgap grading and quasi-flat bandgap CIGS solar cells are proposed and fabricated for perovskite/CIGS 4-terminal tandem solar cells, which are more favorable for long-wavelength absorption and higher short-circuit current density J sc . Various characterizations have been performed to investigate the crystallization, crystal defects, composition depth profile, and carrier dynamics of the CIGS thin films. Our study reveals that the performance of CIGS solar cells with high Ga content is worse than expected. Using bandgap engineering, we can obtain CIGS solar cell with an efficiency above 16.5% regardless of the GGI [Ga/(Ga + In)] varying from 0.27 to 0.40. However, CIGS solar cells with less Ga content and low bandgap exhibit superior long-wavelength spectral response, making them more suitable for bottom cell applications in tandem solar cells. In combination with an 18.9% semitransparent inorganic perovskite solar cell, a 25.6% perovskite/CIGS tandem device in 4-T configuration is demonstrated.

Chitosan as floating-mucoadhesive polymers in gastroretentive drug delivery

Oral drug delivery is limited by incomplete absorption in the digestive tract. The absorption of oral drugs in the stomach is affected by several factors, including gastric residence time, which causes the drug to be unable to be retained in the stomach for a long time, causing suboptimal drug absorption. One of the drug delivery systems that can prolong contact duration within the stomach is gastroretentive drug delivery system (GRDDS). GRDDS has various advantages, notably in improving the bioavailability of drugs. Several systems are involved in the GRDDS, including the floating and mucoadhesive systems. The floating system makes the drug float so it can be retained longer in the stomach. There are two mechanisms in the floating system: the effervescent and non-effervescent mechanisms. The mucoadhesive system works by adhering to the mucus or epithelial cells of the stomach. The mechanisms of mucoadhesive systems involves two stages: the contact and consolidation stages. The combination of the floating and mucoadhesive systems is aimed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a preparation for prolonged retention in the stomach. The choice of polymer is one of the crucial factors affecting this system. Chitosan is a natural polymer that has been evaluated for its potential in a gastroretentive floating beads delivery system. It has various advantageous properties, such as non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability.

Review On Prodrug : An Advance Approach for The Drug Design to Enhance the Therapeutic Efficacy

Prodrugs are derivatives of drug molecules that are pharmacologically inactive but require either chemical or enzymatic transformation to release the active drug in vivo in order to exert a pharmacological effect. Prodrugs have better delivery properties that surpass the parent drug molecule. Prodrug concept is justified because it enables the active drug to overcome the barrier that would impede it from reaching the site of action to exert the required pharmacological activity. Some of the barriers that the prodrug approach helps to surmount are as follows, low bioavailability due to poor aqueous solubility (corticosteroids); poor permeability or absorption (ampicillin); high first pass metabolism (propranolol); metabolic instability leading to short half- life, (dopamine); poor site specificity (anticancer agents); incomplete absorption (epinephrine); unfavorable organoleptic properties (chloramphenicol); difficulties during formulation and adverse effects and toxicity. The prodrug approach is rapidly becoming a crucial part in the stratagem of delivery of drugs. The prodrug strategy implementation in the last 20 y has led to a steady advancement in the biopharmaceutical, physicochemical and/or pharmacokinetic attributes of the pharmacologically active compounds

Synergetic effects of in-plane and interlayer dual regulation on sandworm-like graphitic carbon nitride for high-efficiency photocatalytic performance

Carbon nitride with tailored atomic structure has recently attracted considerable attention, however, the fast carrier recombination and incomplete visible light absorption great limited the practical application. Here, novel intramolecular synergetic effects of in-plane and interlayer dual regulation on sandworm-like graphitic carbon nitride (CN-NiC) was constructed for promoting the photocatalytic performance. Benefiting from the visible light band tail resulted from the extended π-conjugated system from carbon bridged doping, CN-NiC possesses expanded visible absorption range, and reduces the bandgap. More importantly, the Ni intercalation acts as an electron transport channel between the interlayer to reinforce the transfer of charge carriers. With this unique molecular structure, the optimized CN-NiC2 photocatalyst exhibits a high photocatalytic performance with 23.9 and 11.1-fold improvement as much as that of CN for H2 evolution and RhB degradation, respectively. In addition, the photocatalytic performance remains stable after several times cycles. This research provides an idea to obtain atomic structure tailored CN-based photocatalyst for high efficiency photocatalytic application.

Formulation and Characterization of Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System of Teneligliptin

The aim of the study is an attempt to prepare and characterize the Teneligliptin floating tablets. Drugs having a short half life are eliminated quickly from the blood circulation. Several controlled delivery systems have been designed which can overcome the problems of unpredictable gastric emptying due to physiological problems and presence of food and also release the drug to maintain its plasma concentration for a longer period of time. The Teneligliptin a orally administered of BCS class-2 drug, which has low solubility and high permeability, which is widely use in the management of type 2 diabetes, is an oral anti- hyperglycemic agent, shows incomplete absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and from the gastrointestinal track and absolute bioavailability is 40-70%. This has to development of oral gastro retentive floating dosage forms.Teneligliptin is a DPP4 inhibitor and is to exert its mechanism of action on management of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Teneligliptin is poorly soluble in acidic environment and hence the absorption of drug to diabetic patient is slow due to this gastric motility and emptying capacity.Thus it can be converted into a suitable dosage form like Floating Drug Delivery System. Around 10 formulations were prepared and are characterized by various pre compression and post compression evaluation studies. The preformulation results of Angle of repose, Bulkdensity, Tapped density, Compressibility index, and Hausner’s ratio were found to be within pharmacopoeial limit.The post compression evaluation results of all formulation were within the pharmacopeial limit. The present study revealed that the Teneligliptin can be formulated to enhance the bioavailability which can reduce the frequency of dose.

Pre-Compensation of Thermal Error for Laser-Assisted Diamond Turning.

The laser-assisted diamond turning (LADT) method can effectively improve the machinability of hard and brittle materials based on the laser heating effect, resulting in prolonged diamond tool life and better surface integrity. However, due to the incomplete absorption of laser beam energy within the workpiece cutting zone, simultaneous heating of the tool holder occurs, resulting in a structural thermal expansion that affects the workpiece form accuracy. In this article, the form accuracy of a LADT-machined workpiece was systematically studied. Accurate calculations of the tool shank and tool holder thermal fields and thermal expansion were performed using thermodynamic coupled finite element analysis. In addition, the LADT tool path was precisely pre-compensated by taking into account the structure expansion. The experimental results demonstrate that the form accuracy can be significantly improved with a pre-compensated tool path, which provides crucial technical support for achieving a high-precision finish on optical elements using the LADT method.

Key Principles of Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Systematic Analysis of Current and Future Perspectives of the Removal of Antibiotics from Wastewater

In line with the development of industrial society, wastewater has caused multiple environmental problems. Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in water and wastewater are persistent, and for this reason they can cause serious problems for human health, animal health, and the whole environment. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to apply efficient methods for the treatment of wastewater that has a high concentration of organic compounds. Over recent years, the prescribed and non-prescribed consumption of antibiotics has increased significantly worldwide. Large quantities of antibiotics are discharged into wastewater because of their incomplete absorption by living organisms. However, even small concentrations present in aquatic environments represent a major risk to human health and environment protection. This paper presents the main advantages and disadvantages of advanced oxidation processes, and the current state and new perspectives in the field of environment protection. This study summarizes data from the most recent specialized scientific literature that focuses on the topic of advanced oxidation processes, thus bringing all these aspects to the attention of researchers in a single work that adds comments and interpretations related to the presented processes. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are often used in the treatment of different types of wastewater. AOPs are based on physicochemical processes that create significant structural changes in chemical species. The majority of antibiotics may be eliminated using physicochemical processes, such as photo-Fenton oxidation, photolysis, ozonation, electrooxidation, heterogeneous catalysis, and other bioprocesses. In comparison to conventional chemical processes, AOPs provide superior oxidation efficiency, ideal operating costs, and zero secondary pollutants.