Incoming Path Research Articles

Neutralization and inelastic scattering energy loss of low energy He + ions at InP(110) surfaces

The InP(110)-l × 1 surface is investigated with a high-resolution low energy ion scattering system. Attention is paid to the precise measurement of energy spectra of the scattered He + ions from indium atoms on the surface at incident energies ranging from 300 to 1300 eV. The single scattering peaks are found to be composed of two components (peaks P1 and P2) of which the energies are shifted toward the low side with respect to the binary elastic collision model. The peak P2 is concluded to be due to the ions which are neutralized in the incoming path and subsequently re-ionized in the violent collision. The energy shift of the peak P1 has a continuous character, showing a gradual increase with increasing incident ion energy. Apparent neutralization is observed for the ions incident along the channel direction [10] at the (110) surface, and this is discussed in connection with the continuous energy loss.

A Flow of Funds Analysis of Crowding out: Some International Evidence

In a pioneering article in this Journal, Zahn [22] investigated the separate and combined influences of increase in government spending and government borrowing on the time path of income. The investigation was undertaken within the framework of a small quarterly model of the U.S. economy consisting of both commodity and financial (flow of funds) sectors. By explicitly using government borrowing, Zahn tested the crowding out hypothesis as one involving both government spending and borrowing effects on the flow of funds between commodity and financial markets. The combination of both the expansionary influences of government spending and contractionary influences of government borrowing on the time path of income determine the extent of real crowding out. Zahn distinguishes between pure and partial multipliers. The influence of an increase in government spending, financed strictly by an increase in government borrowing, is measured by the pure multipliers. They are based on the assumption that increases in endogenous net taxes as a result of an expansionary fiscal policy are held in a Treasury account and offset in the government budget constraint by equal decreases in the monetary base. On the other hand, the influence of an increase in government spending, financed in part by endogenous net taxes and the remainder by government borrowing, is measured by the partial multipliers. The major results in Zahn [22] may be summarized as follows. The pure multipliers show that the greatest influence of an increase in government spending, financed strictly by borrowing, is registered during the first two quarters but afterwards crowding out occurs. The partial multipliers show similar results, but crowding out is substantially less because borrowing requirements are reduced. Lastly, the cumulative multipliers indicate that a sustained increase in government spending, financed either by borrowing or by both endogenous net taxes and borrowing, increases income during the sample period, but at a decreasing rate, and after many years the influence falls to zero. In other words, crowding out occurs as a result of the negative sign of the government borrowing multipliers, but it is not large enough to outweigh the expansionary influence of government spending except in the very long run, when the steady state government spending multiplier approaches zero. Zahn's conclusions are, in principle, compatible with those found in most previous and

Atomic Remote Procedure Call

Remote procedure call (RPC) is a programming primitive that makes building distributed programs easier. Atomicity, whkh implies totality and serializability, has been recognized as an important property to assure consistency in spite of computing node crashes. We have implemented an atomk remote procedure call mechanism which provides users a simple and reliable language primitive. Concurrency is controlled by attaching a call graph path identifier to each message representing a procedure call. Procedures keep their last accepted calling message paths to compare against incoming message paths. Only calls that can be serialized are accepted. Associated states of static variables are saved in backup processors on procedure entry and restored to corresponding variables in case of procedure crash. Detailed concurrency control and recovery algorithms are given, and illustrated with examples.

AGGREGATE CONSUMPTION AND DEFICIT FINANCING: AN ATTEMPT TO SEPARATE PERMANENT FROM TRANSITORY EFFECTS

Many previous empirical studies of the Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis have found a relatively high degree of future tax liability discounting such that current deficits appear to have relatively little or no influence on current consumption demand. However, the validity of these empirical estimates can be questioned as they may not have adequately distinguished between permanent and transitory income flows. This paper attempts to address this problem by using cycle‐averaging as a simple method of capturing the permanent path of income over time. The empirical evidence generated in this paper rejects the strict debt neutrality proposition of the Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis.

Physical Design of the SL Branching Repeater

Since undersea fiber-optic cable can carry multiple transmission paths, it is now possible to conceive of a device which allows physical separation of the fiber paths and the subsequent routing of these paths to different landing points. This paper describes such a device now being designed for TAT 8. It has the capability of switching power from shore such that in the case of branch failure (such as might be caused by surface activities like fishing, etc.) the service in the other branch can be maintained. It also can have the capability of switching the incoming transoceanic signal paths to either shore-end cable so that all transoceanic capability can be maintained in the face of such failure.

Anomalous enhanced backscattering of fast light ions from amorphous solid targets

The anomalous enhanced backscattering of fast light ions from heavy amorphous solid targets is studied within the formalism of transport theory. The angle distribution of emerging ions is obtained by a variational procedure, where the correlation in the collisions on the incoming and outgoing paths is treated as a perturbation. When using a power potential for the ion-target interaction this distribution can be expressed in terms of reduced variables for the emerging angle and backscattering depth, and the dependence on the collision energy and atom species appears only on the scale factors. The observation of the enhancement in the distribution of backscattered ions will depend on the value of these scale factors as compared with the experimental resolutions.

Physical design of the SL branching repeater

Since undersea fiber-optic cable can carry multiple transmission paths, it is now possible to conceive of a device which allows physical separation of the fiber paths and the subsequent routing of these paths to different landing points. This paper describes such a device now being designed for TAT 8. It has the capability of switching power from shore such that in the case of branch failure (such as might be caused by surface activities like fishing, etc.) the service in the other branch can be maintained. It also can have the capability of switching the incoming transoceanic signal paths to either shore-end cable so that all transoceanic capability can be maintained in the face of such failure.

Central-city income redistribution and the flight to the suburbs: A stylized model

This paper characterizes the optimal tax policy of a central-city government whose goal is to redistribute income from the rich to the poor to maximize the intertemporal utility of the latter group. Since redistribution erodes the tax base by stimulating suburban flight on the part of the rich, choosing the optimal path for the income tax rate is a problem in optimal control. The nature of the solution to the problem is shown to depend crucially on the level of the discount rate and the time path of exogenous income for the poor.

Stochastic Dominance in Human Capital

The paper considers the choice between two finite income paths that are subject to random variations. It is shown that if one income path, X, has more cumulative variation at the outset and less variation toward the end than another income path, Y, then X dominates Y in the sense that (almost) every decision maker prefers X to Y. The intuitive reasoning is that a decision maker with income path X can, by engaging in a fair gamble, create the random variation of the cumulative income under Y and still have the advantage that more of the uncertainty is resolved at an earlier stage.

Origin of the Anomalous Enhancement of 180° Backscattering Yields for Light Ions in Solid Targets

The origin of the enhancement of the near-surface yield of backscattered projectiles at angles close to 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for swift light ions in solid targets is shown to be a correlation between outgoing and incoming paths which occurs when an ion scatters by almost 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in one of its collisions in a solid. The theory does not invoke the crystal structure, or the disturbance of the medium by the ion. Calculations agree with experiment for 1-MeV ${\mathrm{He}}^{++}$ in Pt.

Predicting Neighborhood Decline within a Large Central City: An Application of Discriminant Analysis

This paper investigates the use of discriminant analysis as an empirical technique for assisting the urban planner in predicting patterns of neighborhood change. A discriminant model estimated for ninety low-income census tracts within the city of Pittsburgh predicts 97% of upgrading income paths and 92% of downgrading paths over the period 1960 to 1970. Some form of the discriminant model would appear to be a useful guide to policymakers and a reasonable technique for limiting the areas of immediate policy concern.

Rate of Growth Effects on Aggregate Savings: Further Analysis

The basic question investigated in this paper is whether or not individual saving for retirement and (possibly) bequests can generate aggregate rates of accumulation of capital close to those which are observed. A quite understandable reaction to this question is that it was disposed of many years ago by Modigliani and Brumberg [1], [2], when they showed with a very simple model of the consumers' lifetime income process that rates of savings akin to those of the US could be generated using US demographic data. It is important to note, however, that the model which Modigliani and Brumberg use does not assume that the individual has perfect foreknowledge of his future income stream. This forces the individual annually to replan consumption, using each year whatever new information is available on the likely future income path. This periodic replanning assumption has a number of consequences.' From our point of view the most important of these is that it makes aggregate consumption sensitive to the procedure used to forecast future income. Modigliani and Brumberg assume that the individual forecasts future income in the following myopic fashion. At each point of time, wage income till retirement will be the current wages earned at that time. After retirement, of course, wage income will be zero. When productivity growth is taking place, this amounts to the assumption that the individual never learns that income is growing. As M. J. Farrell [3] has pointed out, this is a sufficiently unusual assumption to warrant testing the sensitivity of the model's results to it. Farrell [3], for example, keeps all the other Modigliani-Brumberg assumptions but assumes that the individual correctly foresees the growth of future income, and in this case shows that the model not only yields markedly different predictions of the savings/income ratio but, for a growth rate of 4 per cent, actually yields the prediction that the savings/income ratio will be negative. This possibility had been noted earlier by Modigliani [4]. However, in defence of the myopia assumption, Modigliani argued that even if individuals did correctly foresee a rising income, institutional capital market constraints would prevent them from borrowing against this rising income. Thus the consumption plan chosen would not differ very much from the myopia path. Institutional constraints on capital markets are one thing, however, and assumptions about expectations formation are another. To quote Farrell [3, p. 879]: Ideally some sort of asset constraint should be included in the model, and might give Modigliani the approximation he seeks; but it is of little help to us in choosing between two expectational hypotheses. In this paper we examine the Lifetime Income model under a number of different assumptions both with regard to expectations and with regard to capital market imperfections. In particular we compare aggregate consumption and savings under three different planning regimes, utility maximisation with perfect foresight and perfect capital markets (Model 1), utility maximisation with perfect foresight but borrowing constraints (Model 2) and the original Modigliani-Brumberg case of equal planned consumption in each period but with imperfect foresight of future income (Model 3).

Impact of Export Fluctuations on Income--A Cross Country Analysis

The degree of export fluctuations and its impact on income have been subject to a number of investigations. A major bone of contention has been whether developing countries experience a greater degree of fluctuation in exports than developed countries, and whether such fluctuations affect the growth-rate of developing countries. This study examines this contention y constructing comparable econometric models for 11 countries, including both developing and developed countries. From these models it seeks to derive the export-income multiplier which can throw light on the question as to which countries are affected more than others by export fluctuations. The study shows that the long-run multiplier relating to both income and investment are generally larger for developing countries than for developed countries. In addition, for each country the dynamic multipliers have been used to derive the income path which is attributable to changes in exports as they actually occurred. The income path has been derived on the assumption that “real” exports grow at a constant rate every year. A comparison of these two simulated income series definitely shows that an increase in the instability of exports leads to an increase in the instability of income in every country. However, the impact of instability in exports on income growth rate is not in the same degree in all counties. In the case of only five countries, there is a decline in growth rate when there is an increase in instability of exports, even though a cross country regression shows that in general countries with higher instability in exports have on the average a lower growth rate.

A New Type of VF Repeater for Two-Wire Transmission Loops

Power loss at voice frequencies in two-wire telephone lines is presently overcome by employing electronic repeaters which produce bidirectional amplification without undue interaction between the outgoing and incoming paths. This isolation between the directional gain elements is achieved by employing balanced transformer windings or negative impedance transformations. Both methods rely heavily on complex line matching circuits to minimize the chance of instability or singing. This paper describes a simple repeater that achieves bidirectional amplification while using conventional 1:1 line transformers. The obtainable return loss against fixed terminal impedances is only limited by the quality of these transformers. The new device reproduces the action of a hybrid transformer using very simple electronic circuitry and has a potentially wide application both in two-wire systems and in two to four wire conversions.

A Practical Way to Select an Optimum Farm Plan Under Risk

AbstractThis paper uses quadratic programming to calculate the variance‐efficient mean income path and associated lower income bounds and suggests a way to select an optimum farm plan under risk based on the farmer's own self‐assessed income‐risk preference function. An empirical example from a Midwest corn‐soybean farm is presented.

On the Estimation of Lifetime Income

Abstract Lifetime income, say Vs, may be defined as Vs = ΣT t=sctyt where yt is income (earnings) at age t, ct is some discount rate and s is the age an individual enters the labor force. Obviously, yt i.e., the income path over the individual's span of active life, plays a crucial part in the calculation of Vs. Mostly graphical methods have been employed for estimating the income age profile. This article presents a statistical framework for estimating lifetime income. Moreover, the first and second moments of the distribution of lifetime income are derived, and these results are applied to Dutch income data.

On the Estimation of Lifetime Income

Abstract Lifetime income, say Vs, may be defined as Vs = ΣT t=sctyt where yt is income (earnings) at age t, ct is some discount rate and s is the age an individual enters the labor force. Obviously, yt i.e., the income path over the individual's span of active life, plays a crucial part in the calculation of Vs. Mostly graphical methods have been employed for estimating the income age profile. This article presents a statistical framework for estimating lifetime income. Moreover, the first and second moments of the distribution of lifetime income are derived, and these results are applied to Dutch income data.

Termination of the olivocerebellar system in the cat.

FROM current electrophysiological studies, it has been concluded that the major, if not the exclusive, source of climbing fibers of cerebellar cortex lies in the inferior olive, 1-3 a view also espoused upon anatomical grounds by Szentagothai and Rajkovits. 4 The early literature related to this topic was largely anatomical and contained conflicting evidence concerning which of the extrinsic systems leading to cerebellum could be presumed to end as mossy and which as climbing fibers. For example, Ramon y Cajal believed that the pontocerebellar system ends as climbing fibers, while Lorente de No 6 proposed that all incoming paths end as mossy fibers, reserving for the climbing ones the termini of the short inter cortical systems. Much of the evidence acquired since has used a reduced silver method to display terminal degeneration consequent upon interruption of one of the entering systems at its source. In general, the reduced silver

On the Relative Stability and Optimality of Consumption in Aggregative Growth Models

Since Ramsey's pioneering work2 on the optimality of savings over time, a number of attempts have been made in the recent economic literature to specify the implications of optimal growth paths of consumption and income in the framework of aggregative economic models of growth. Very recently Professor Goodwin,3 by using a Bernoullitype logarithmic utility function, derived some interesting policy implications of the Ramsey-type optimal growth path, where optimal growth is defined as the maximum of welfare over a finite period, welfare being taken as per capita real consumption valued in some manner. By using more or less the same sort of logarithmic valuation function but in a more general context of an inter-sectoral model, we investigate here the conditions of relative stability of the optimal path of consumption, when the time horizon of planning, although finite, is very large. It is shown that our conditions of relative stability are more general than those derived by Uzawa4 and others5 who have developed a bi-sector model of growth on the same pattern as the Harrod-Domar model. We also examine how far the optimality principle of the Ramsey-Goodwin-type models could be extended to a more general situation, where we are required to derive the optimal time path of a control variable, e.g., public investment, when the time paths of private investment and aggregate consumption are derived partly from the observed behaviour relations and partly from other optimizing considerations.

Pitfalls in Contracyclical Policies: Some Tools and Results

IT is not generally recognized by economists that where governmental contracyclical policies are concerned common sense is a particularly dangerous tool. Policiesautomatic or notwhich appear to be properly designed may very well turn out to aggravate fluctuations.' Miscalculations on delicate questions of timing or magnitudes can be crucial, and these matters may well be out of the range of competence of the good judgment and experience of most of the practical men who determine or advise on our monetary and fiscal policies. This article describes tools which can be used to deal with at least some simple variants of these problems. Such tools can be particularly useful in indicating the nature of the pitfalls in the area. In particular, I will describe two rather plausible types of contracyclical fiscal policy and show that they can lead to some rather surprising results. i. The model and some contracyclical policies. The discussion assumes that we are living in the world of the Samuelson accelerator-multiplier model.2 It will be recalled that the time path of national income, Y,, in that model is described by the second-order linear difference equation: Y, = consumption + acceleration investment + autonomous investment + net government outlay = kYt_1+c(Yt_Yt2) +A +Gt where k is the marginal propensity to consume and c is the relation of the acceleration principle. In other words, we have: