Incoming Feeders Research Articles

Evaluasi Kinerja Sistem Proteksi Penyulang Trawas PT. PLN (PERSERO) ULP Pandaan

The primary objective of this research was to minimize disruptions in the feeder at ULP Pandaan by analyzing the coordination between recloser outgoing and incoming feeders. This study addressed the frequent issue of recloser trips, which caused instability in power supply. The purpose of this research was to provide conclusions and solutions to mitigate these disruptions. The methodology involved a detailed analysis of OCR (Over Current Relay) settings for protective devices on Trawas feeder. This included measurements of primary current settings and TMS (Time Multiplier Setting) values using both standard inverse and normal inverse configurations. Specific settings, such as 25518 A for the Trawas Recloser primary current and a TMS of 0.07, were determined to yield optimal performance. Additional settings for the Outgoing CB (Circuit Breaker) (357061 A, TMS 0.04) and the Incoming CB (181865 A, TMS 1.0) were also established. The important findings revealed that these settings significantly enhanced the reliability of the protective devices, ensuring better coordination between the recloser and CB systems. The implications of this research were substantial, as the optimized settings were expected to reduce the frequency and impact of feeder disruptions. This improvement in system reliability directly benefited both the electricity provider, PT. PLN (Persert), and the consumers by providing a more stable and efficient power supply. In conclusion, this study offered a comprehensive analysis and practical solutions for enhancing the protection system's performance on the Trawas feeder, which could be applied to similar electrical distribution networks to achieve better stability and reliability.

A novel production profile classification system for incoming calves that predicts feedlot growth performance

Context Mitigating financial risk in the feedlot environment is an ongoing occurrence, and good production is a key risk mitigator. However, production protocols are based on historic averages because of the inability to predict growth potential of incoming calves. Production profiling of individual incoming feeder calves could address these limitations. Aims The aim of this study was to establish criteria for optimal sorting of incoming feeder calves into various cattle groups in a feedlot that maximises feedlot profit. Methods South African feeder calves (n = 436) were classified into four production-profile (PP) categories according to a predetermined set of phenotypic traits: PP 3 (n = 72) representing feeder calves with the poorest feedlot growth potential, PP 2− (n = 191) with below-average potential, PP 2+ (n = 139) with above-average potential and PP 1 (n = 34) with above-average feedlot growth potential. After combining the data of PP 2− and PP 2+ into PP 2, mixed modelling of economically important feedlot growth traits (average daily gain (ADG), carcass ADG, and carcass exit weight) was performed to evaluate the effect of PP classification (PP 1 and PP 3), while adjusting for potential confounding effects such as starting weight (entry weight) and gender. Key results Carcass weights for calves with a PP classification of 3 and 1 were 15.54 kg less (P < 0.000), and 11.34 kg more (P = 0.007) respectively, than those with a PP classification of 2 (261.27 kg, 95% CI 257.94–264.57), after adjusting for entry weight, calf gender and the random effect of the feeding pen. Similar to carcass weight, calves with a PP 3 classification were outperformed by other classifications in all the measured traits (P < 0.05). Conclusions This is the first report demonstrating the ability of subjective production-profile classification to predict growth performance of individual feeder calves. Implications The opportunity of the PP classification system lies in value-based procurement of incoming feeder calves based on their growth potential at the start of the feeding period, and then to use technology to improve and finalise the current subjective PP classification system.

Optimasi Koordinasi Rele Arus Lebih Menggunakan Metode Algortima Kunang Kunang Pada Penyulang Pantry Gardu Induk Cipinang

Pantry Feeder reconfiguration at the Cipinang substation requires readjusting its relay parameters so it can work fast, selectively, and sensitively. The conventional relay parameter calculation method requires a manually iterative process, which may result in inaccuracy. To avoid this error, the parameters of the main relay (Relay CBO E146) and the backup relay (Relay Incoming Feeder) at the Pantry Feeder are set using the metaheuristic method, in this case the Firefly Algorithm. This algorithm's goal is to find the shortest relay coordination time given the relay working time limits and coordination time intervals. The optimization results obtained were validated using the ETAP application and compared with the results of conventional parameter calculation at four different fault points. The Firefly algorithm method can produce faster yet still selective relay coordination with a coordination time interval are 0.273; 0.349; 0.389; 0.456 seconds, while the conventional method is 1.072; 1.162; 1.302; 1.482 seconds.

IEC 61850-Based Protection Scheme for Multiple Feeder Faults and Hardware-in-the-Loop Platform for Interoperability Testing

The existing Overcurrent Protection Function (OCPF) of distribution systems is vulnerable to Multiple Feeder Faults (MFF), which involve at least two feeders simultaneously, leading to the incoming feeder relay trip faster than the faulted feeder relays, although the OCPF of the relays can be coordinated for all fault current values. In this case, all feeders connected to the power transformer are de-energized, even the healthy ones, directly impacting the network reliability, service quality and availability of the electricity utilities and ultimately leading to outage costs for the customers. In light of this, an IEC 61850-based OCPF scheme with the directional element is proposed to support existing OCPF to deal with MFF and encompass the integration of distributed generation, and can be directly implemented in the digital substations without requiring further equipment installation. Moreover, an hardware-in-the-loop platform is developed for testing the interoperability of the proposed scheme with multi-vendor protection relays, which can assist electricity utilities also in the validation of their protection and control schemes based on their requirements before the field implementation. Test cases are specifically elaborated to study the interoperability of the proposed scheme with three real devices—whose configuration details are also provided to aid protection engineers—in a real distribution system, under different conditions such as switching operations, MFF types, resistance and location, integration of distributed generation. The results show that the proposed scheme manages to enhance the selectivity and reliability of the digital substation protection system, hence representing a valuable complement to existing OCPF schemes.

Continuous mixing technology: Validation of a DEM model

Continuous powder mixing is an important technology used in the development and manufacturing of solid oral dosage forms. Since critical quality attributes of the final product greatly depend on the performance of the mixing step, an analysis of such a process using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) is of crucial importance. On one hand, the number of expensive experimental runs can be reduced dramatically. On the other hand, numerical simulations can provide information that is very difficult to obtain experimentally. In order to apply such a simulation technology in product development and to replace experimental runs, an intensive model validation step is required. This paper presents a DEM model of the vertical continuous mixing device termed CMT (continuous mixing technology) and an extensive validation workflow. First, a cohesive contact model was calibrated in two small-scale characterization experiments: a compression test with spring-back and a shear cell test. An improved, quicker calibration procedure utilizing the previously calibrated contact models is presented. The calibration procedure is able to differentiate between the blend properties caused by different API particle sizes in the same formulation. Second, DEM simulations of the CMT were carried out to determine the residence time distribution (RTD) of the material inside the mixer. After that, the predicted RTDs were compared with the results of tracer spike experiments conducted with two blend material properties at two mass throughputs of 15 kg/h and 30 kg/h. Additionally, three hold-up masses (500, 730 and 850 g) and three impeller speeds (400, 440 and 650 rpms) were considered. Finally, both RTD datasets from DEM and tracer experiments were used to predict the damping behavior of incoming feeder fluctuations and the funnel of maximum duration and magnitude of incoming deviations that do not require a control action. The results for both tools in terms of enabling a control strategy (the fluctuation damping and the funnel plot) are in excellent agreement, indicating that DEM simulations are well suited to replace process-scale tracer spike experiments to determine the RTD.

Studi Kinerja Relay Proteksi pada Transformator II 150/20 KV 50 MVA dengan Penyulang Lakarsantri di GIS Karangpilang PT. PLN (Persero) UPT Malang ULTG

Abstract: The substation is one of the components of the electric power system that is an important role in the distribution of electrical energy and load regulation. In the process of distributing electrical energy, continuity of good service is needed, but the interferences still often occur, both internal and external. On Sunday, July 21, 2019 there was an interference, Lakarsantri feeder CB failed to trip so make the incoming 20kV CB trip. That interference was caused by the burning of the Switching Substation in the Citraland area. Therefore, a new relay setting is needed as a recommendation to use transformator 2 to avoid the recurrence of a similar fault.
 The relay settings have shown good results where the working time of the relay on the outgoing feeder side is faster than the incoming feeder 20kV and the incoming transformator 150kV side, when coordination simulated using the E-TAP 12.6.0 software by entering the current setting and the time setting, it shows good coordination because when there is an interference on the outgoing feeder, CB outgoing feeder works first, not the incoming feeder 20kV CB or the incoming transformator 150kV CB.
 Preventive maintenance on other equipment such as CB and CT need to be be done to increase of equipment reliability to reduce the occurs of protection failure or damage to the equipment

Studi Kinerja Relay Proteksi pada Transformator II 150/20 KV 50 MVA dengan Penyulang Lakarsantri di GIS Karangpilang PT. PLN (Persero) UPT Malang ULTG

The substation is one of the components of the electric power system that is an important role in the distribution ofelectrical energy and load regulation. In the process of distributing electrical energy, continuity of good service is needed, but theinterferences still often occur, both internal and external. On Sunday, July 21, 2019 there was an interference, Lakarsantri feeder CB failed to trip so make the incoming 20kV CB trip. That interference was caused by the burning of the Switching Substation in the Citraland area. Therefore, a new relay setting is needed as a recommendation to use transformator 2 to avoid the recurrence of a similar fault. The relay settings have shown good results where the working time of the relay on the outgoing feeder side is faster than the incoming feeder 20kV and the incoming transformator 150kV side, when coordination simulated using the E-TAP 12.6.0 software by entering the current setting and the time setting, it shows good coordination because when there is an interference on the outgoing feeder, CB outgoing feeder works first, not the incoming feeder 20kV CB or the incoming transformator 150kV CB. Preventive maintenance on other equipment such as CB and CT need to be be done to increase of equipment reliability to reduce the occurs of protection failure or damage to the equipment.

SIMULASI PELIMPAHAN BEBAN PMT OUTGOING PWI 06 SAAT TERJADI OVERLOAD SHEDDING PADA TRAFO INCOMING 03 GARDU INDUK PURWODADI DENGAN MONITORING VT SCADA BERBASIS ARDUINO MEGA 2560

Reza Rizkifadhla, Heru Winarno, in this article explains that overload shedding in incoming transformer occurs due to an increase in load current that exceeds the capacity of the transformer. If overload shedding is not handled, it will cause damage to the transformer, and even cause incoming trip feeders and a very wide blackout effect. Relay overload shedding mounted on incoming feeders works to anticipate overload shedding by deliberately releasing outgoing feeders gradually to reduce the load. This study aims to provide a simulation of the conditions of incoming feeders during normal times, during overload shedding and handling of outgoing feeders deliberately released by carrying out load maneuvers to other feeders with different incoming transformers. Maneuvers are carried out to maintain the reliability of the continuity of electricity distribution. In this study one simulation tool was designed. The design of this tool uses a relay and Arduino Mega 2560 as a control center. Arduino Mega 2560 reads the current using the ZMCT 103C sensor. The simulation is based on the overload shedding event that has occurred in Purwodadi Substation. As for controlling switching equipment and monitoring current and voltage is done using HMI with VT Scada software. In the experiment, 3 incoming normal currents were 2.2 A with a load of 5 12 VAC 5W lamps. Simulated maneuvering error, the load on incoming 3 increased to 2.60 A. This situation is considered to have reached the condition of overload shedding, relay PMT C trip to reduce the load. Incoming 3 returns back to normal, namely 1.68 A. Loads on PMT C that are extinguished are maneuvered to PMT E or PMT F which have different incoming.

A Communication-assisted Scheme in Radial Distribution Systems Using Phasor Measurement Units

Automation of the distribution system may be an essential requirement in the smart grid architecture. In this paper, the architecture of the distribution system has been proposed, where Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) has been placed at the main substation receiving supply from the grid through the incoming feeder, as well as at all distribution transformers (DTs). PMU installed at the main substation is linked to master controller through IEC 61850. PMUs placed at DTs are connected to the corresponding local controller through the IEC 61850. Estimated voltage and current phasors together with frequency are transmitted from PMU to the local controller through IEC 61850 communication protocol. Controllers perform different tasks based on the data received from PMUs. Each local controller is linked to master controller as well as to all smart meters placed at loads supplied by the DT. Bidirectional exchange of information takes place between master and local controllers as well as between local controller and smart meter. PMUs are also linked with the smart meters using PLC communication link. In this paper, information about the available power at the substation and at the distribution transformer is developed in real-time with the help of PMU by considering the load disconnection/connection based on available power (from time t = 0.56sec to time t = 0.75sec), protection of feeder against overcurrent (from time t = 0.15sec to time t = 0.20sec), and power theft detection and elimination (from time t = 0.21sec to time t = 0.23sec) through eMEGASim® OP5600 OPAL-RT real-time simulator.

Разработка усовершенствованной методики расчета параметров фильтрокомпенсирующих цепей статического тиристорного компенсатора электродуговой печи

Relevance. A lot of Russian as well as foreign metallurgical feature electrical steel-mashing complexes based on electric arc furnaces (EAF) and ladle furnaces (LF). These steel-making units generate high-power electrical load, have non-linear volt-ampere characteristics and leaping unbalanced load variation. For this reason, an operating EAF aggravates power quality and causes an increase in the reactive power factor on the incoming feeders of the main electrical substations. To provide for the appropriate power quality and voltage stabilization on the primary side of the furnace transformer, the additional reactive power compensation devices are used. More than 85% of reactive power compensators for EAF and LF are currently released as static var compensators consisting of a thyristor- controlled reactor (TCR) and filter circuits (FC). The analysis of the rated parameters of SVC produced by different companies shows that there is no universal selection method for the harmonic filters configuration. In that regard, a pressing task is to develop a complex approach to determine an optimum configuration of harmonic filters, provided that its their rated power is known. Research objective: developing the improved method used to select the parameters of filter circuits of SVC for electric arc furnace, accounting for different relevance criteria such as: the cost of FCs, active power losses in harmonic filters, filtration coefficient, and the total harmonic distortion of voltage. Methods: experimental arrays of electrical parameters saved on existing electrotechnical complexes “EAF-SVC” and the methods of mathematical modeling of SVC and EAF. Novelty: the suggested developed method of SVC’s filter circuits parameters selection is original as it features the distribution of the total reactive power using the group optimal criteria, which provides for the best technical and economical indexes of FC, as well as accounting for the peculiar features of a certain steel-making unit and its power supply system. This method is also more accurate in terms of analysis of the electrical regimes of FC as it uses real instantaneous current of EAFs of different classes and power. Research outcomes: 1) the executed analysis of parameters of existing SVC produced by different companies; 2) the existing methods of distribution of total reactive power between harmonic filters have been analyzed; 3) the improved mathematical model of complex “EAF-SVC” allowing for the detailed studies of FC operation modes taking into account the real EAF’s current been mode; 4) the patterns of variation of filtration coefficient for different variants of distribution of total reactive power between harmonic filters have been determined on the basis of mathematical model; 5) the improved method of calculation of SVC’s FC providing for the optimum distribution of reactive power between the harmonics filters taking into account a group of different optimal criteria has been developed. Practical significance: the results have significant theoretical importance for electrical engineering of arc furnaces and may be employed in the calculation of static var compensators in power supply systems of steel-making complexes.

KOORDINASI SETTING RELAI ARUS LEBIH PADA INCOMING 2 KUDUS TERHADAP OUTGOING KUDUS 5 DAN 6 YANG MENGGUNAKAN JARINGAN DOUBLE CIRCUIT DI GI 150 KV KUDUS

Sartika Kusuma Wardani, Subali, in paper coordination of flow over relay setting in incoming 2 kudus to outgoing 5 and 6 using double circuit network on GI 150 KV kudus explain that PT PLN make every effort to improve service to customers , one of them by increasing the reliability of the distribution of electrical energy . Reliability of the distribution network is very important for both consumers and PLN. One measure of the reliability of the system / network is a factor SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index) and SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index). Steps that have been done one way to minimize the possibility of interference is by installing protective devices on medium voltage networks. However, installation of protection equipment is not enough if the relay setting coordination between the incoming and outgoing imprecise. In fact in recent months, an interruption in the feeder distribution network which affects the incoming relay tripnya due to failure of the feeder protection system. One of the events that have happened several times is the same disorder in a double feeder circuit (network supplied from a single source by using two networks ( two feeder ) were included in the bus and in 1 pole) and holy 5 and 6 which causes the incoming PMT trip. It is very risky to happen, because the resulting trip relays at all incoming feeder that gets supply voltage of the incoming. So it takes coordination of overcurrent relay settings right so that the incidence of the incoming trip Sacred 2 does not happen again . Keywords: distribution, protection, relay settings, incoming, outgoing

Live-Grid Installation and Field Testing of the First Italian Superconducting Fault Current Limiter

Since 2009, Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico S.p.A. has been involved in the development of a resistive-type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) for MV applications to be installed in the A2A Reti Elettriche S.p.A. distribution grid in the Milan area. The project started with simulations, design, and testing activities for a single-phase device; this first step paved the way for developing, testing, and live-grid installation at the hosting utility site of the final three-phase SFCL prototype. The result of this research activity is a resistive-type 9 kV/3.4 MVA SFCL device, based on first-generation (1G) BSCCO tapes, nowadays permanently installed as a single-feeder fault protection. This device is the first SFCL successfully installed in Italy. In this paper, we report on installation of the three-phase device and field-testing activity. The next step of the R&D activity will consist in the design of a three-phase SFCL demonstrator 9 kV/15.6 MVA to be installed at the same substation in an incoming feeder to limit the contribution of this feeder to the total short-circuit current of the network. This application is very demanding in terms of SFCL reliability and availability, but also the most interesting one for the A2A hosting utility needs.

Required limiting impedance and capacity of fault current limiter installed in customer system with synchronous generator

AbstractWe investigated the required limiting impedance and capacity of a fault current limiter (FCL) installed at an incoming feeder of a customer system with a synchronous generator in a utility distribution system. It was assumed that two types of FCL were installed, i.e. a resistive type (R‐type) FCL and an inductive type (L‐type) FCL. A fault current out of the customer system and a voltage in the customer system were calculated following a three‐phase, short‐circuit fault occurrence. It was found that the required type of FCL and the required limiting impedance depended on the rated capacity of the generator in order to obtain the suppression of the fault current under 0.1 kAS and to maintain of customer voltage between 85 and 100% of the nominal voltage (6.6 kV). The capacity of FCL consisting of the smallest limiting impedance is discussed. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

発電機連系需要家引き込み口への限流器適用による配電系統故障電流の抑制効果

発電機連系需要家引き込み口への限流器適用による配電系統故障電流の抑制効果

Potential use of video imaging and real-time ultrasound on incoming feeder steers to improve carcass uniformity

A study was conducted to evaluate two feeder cattle sorting systems for their ability to improve carcass backfat uniformity. One thousand and thirty-one yearling steers (407 kg; SD = 46.2 kg) were assembled and processed at three Alberta feedlots. Each steer was weighed and ultrasonically assessed for backfat thickness and l. dorsi area 88 to 154 d before slaughter. Rump height, frame score and muscle score were also recorded using an automated video imaging system, called the Musculo-Skeletal Imaging (MSI) Scanner. Sorting System 1 (MSI sorting system) used initial body weight, frame score and muscle score to hypothetically cluster animals into five "predicted days on feed" (PDOF) groups. Sorting System 2 (Oltjen sorting system) used initial body weight, rump height, backfat thickness, feeding inputs and a computer model of cattle growth to hypothetically cluster animals into five PDOF groups. Each sorting system was compared with the traditional system of visually sorting cattle at the end of the feeding period for its ability to reduce the variability in carcass backfat thickness. Steers were identified for slaughter when they reached the body weight and condition desired by the feedlot manager. The MSI sorting system decreased the variability in slaughter weight by 14.3% (P < 0.001), but had no effect on the variability in carcass backfat thickness compared with the observed variability. The change in predicted net return resulting from the MSI sorting system varied between feedlot from $−4.09 to $8.82 head−1 slaughtered. The Oltjen sorting system increased the variability in slaughter weight by 33.9% (P < 0.001) and decreased the variability in carcass backfat thickness by 15.5% (P < 0.001). The predicted net return from the Oltjen sorting system varied between feedlot from $−3.65 to $11.55 head−1 slaughtered. Further work is required to determine the actual effect of sorting systems on feed efficiency, carcass quality and net return. Key words: Sorting, computer model, electronic identification, steers

Use of nutritional consultation in beef cattle practive

When first becoming involved with herd health maintenance activities with feedlot producers it became obvious that although respiratory disease caused a substantial loss to the producer, improved management of the ration and related matters could provide an improved financial return to the producer.
 To address the topic of feedlot nutritional consultation it is appropriate to begin by discussing the ration of incoming feeder cattle.

Role of Interleukin 2 in the Immune Response of Incoming Feeder Cattle

Current thinking on the etiology of many production diseases suggests that the homeostatic stress responses in the animal are important contributing factors to disease susceptibility. Solutions to the problems of production diseases will be found only when a better understanding of resistance and cellular messenger mechanisms is available to modify production methods. Significantly, interleukin 2 (IL 2) has been shown to be involved in immune interferon regulation. Studies suggest that environmental and management stressors in feeder calves may lower immune reactions by altering IL 2 production or activitiy in vivo. Data from our in vitro studies indicate that cortisol at physiologically attainable concentrations lowers IL 2 production and that increasing concentrations of cortisol are correlated with both lower lymphocyte proliferative responses and lower IL 2 activity. The results of a recent experiment indicate that lymphocytes from calves injected with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), in addition to displaying lower lymphocyte proliferative responses, produce less IL 2 than salineinjected controls. These results lead us to believe that our hypothesis of stress-induced immune alterations via lymphokine regulation may be correct.

Possible Fescue Toxicosis in Incoming Feeder Cattle

Cattle are received into feedyards in the Southwest from nearly all parts of the nation, including groups off of summer fescue pastures. This paper presents a case of epidemic heat stroke in several groups of cattle received during June from summer fescue pastures known to be infected with the endopytic fungus Epichloe typhina ( Acremonium coenophialum). Given the absence of a definitive diagnostic test to confirm fescue toxicosis or "summer syndrome" it is based on circumstantial evidence, history, clinical observations, laboratory and post-mortem findings and rule outs.