Income Variables Research Articles

THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES ON CARBON EMISSIONS: A STUDY ON SELECT EU MEMBER STATES

This study investigates the effects that national income, public expenditures, research and development (R&D) investments, and environmental taxes (ET) have on carbon emissions. The variables of national income, the square of national income, public expenditures, R&D, total ET, transport taxes, and energy taxes are used in conjunction with carbon emission data for this analysis. Three distinct models are used herein: Model 1 employs the total ET, model 2 utilises transport taxes, and model 3 makes use of energy taxes. A Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality analysis was employed to investigate the relationship between the variables, which demonstrates that there was a Granger causality from national income, the square of national income, and public expenditures to carbon emissions. However, there was no Granger causality from R&D expenditures to carbon emissions. Finally, there was a one-way Granger causality relationship from total ET, transport taxes, and energy taxes used as ET to carbon emissions. Therefore, this study concludes that R&D investments are important for the development of environmentally friendly production structures and for increasing the importance of these structures in the economy. Finally, the findings emphasise that ET in particular can be effective in reducing carbon emissions within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement

The Effect of Local Government Characteristics on GRDP in Indonesia during the Pandemic Period

This research aims to analyze the influence of local government characteristics, specifically Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), on Indonesia during the pandemic. Economic growth is a key component of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as outlined in point eight of the 17 SDG goals. The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly impacted local government administration, leading to a decrease in regional income in some regions of Indonesia. This research employs a quantitative approach, utilizing multiple linear regression analysis for the analysis. The results reveal that the variables of area size and the number of Regional Apparatus Organizations (OPD) do not have a significant impact on economic growth in Indonesia. In contrast, the variable of Regional Original Income (PAD) demonstrates a significant influence on Indonesia’s economic growth. Moreover, when considered simultaneously, the area size, the number of OPD, and PAD collectively exert a significant impact on the economic growth in Indonesia during the pandemic. These findings suggest that local governments should allocate greater efforts and resources to foster economic growth, recognizing it as a crucial element for achieving the SDGs in Indonesia. Keywords: economic growth, local government characteristics, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Analisis Faktor-faktor yang Memengaruhi Pola Pangan Harapan pada Rumah Tangga di Kelurahan Ngijo Kota Semarang

A diverse food composition indicates good quality in the consumption pattern of the community. Desirable Dietary Pattern (DDP) is an indicator to assess the nutritional quality and diversity of food consumption in the community, so that the results can be the basis for evaluation in building food security. This study aims to analyze the achievement level of DDP in households and analyze the factors that influence it. The research location is Ngijo Village, Gunungpati District, Semarang City. The research method used is a survey with quota sampling of 80 housewives. The data collection methods used are 2 x 24-hour food recall, interviews, and observations. Data analysis used are DDP analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that Ngijo Village had a DDP score of 85,07 and was classified as a good category in describing the diversity and quality of household food consumption patterns in it. Simultaneously, the variables of household income, number of household members, education of housewives, age of housewives, land utilization, and nutritional knowledge of housewives have an influence on the DDP score. While partially, the variables that influence the DDP score are household income, housewife education, and housewife nutritional knowledge.

The effect of local original revenue (PAD), special allocation fund (DAK) and general allocation fund (DAU) on capital expenditure in Bengkulu Province

Abstract: The implementation of regional autonomy will directly affect the regional financial financing, management and supervision system. Background: The regional financing system in the context of regional autonomy is one of the most important aspects. To realize this, regional governments have rights and obligations over regional finances in organizing their regional government. Therefore, the regional government creates a Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) as an annual regional financial plan that is determined through Regional Regulations. APBD contains regional government revenues and expenditures in a certain period. This research aims to prove whether there is an influence of Regional Original Income, General Allocation Funds, and Special Allocation Funds on capital expenditure of district/city governments in Bengkulu Province. Method: This research uses samples from the financial reports of district/city governments throughout Bengkulu Province which have been audited by the BPK from 2019-2022. Finding: Theoretically, it is hoped that this research will be useful as material for building new concepts and can be useful as a reference for further research. A limitation in this research is the availability of data or reports needed to carry out this research. So, researchers look for data or reports on other websites which takes quite a long time. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the Regional Original Income and Special Allocation Fund variables have no effect on capital expenditure, and the General Allocation Fund variable has an effect on capital expenditure. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the influence of Local Revenue, General Allocation Fund, and Special Allocation Fund on capital expenditure in districts/cities in Bengkulu Province from 2019-2022. The results of this study provide new insights into the dynamics of regional finance in the context of regional autonomy in Bengkulu Province, which can be used as a reference for optimizing regional budgets in the future.

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Status Gizi pada Remaja di SMP Negeri 262 Jakarta Timur Tahun 2024

Teenagers are a group that is easily influenced by external cultural influences because they are going through a period of searching for theirs identify. Nutritional status is the condition of the body as a result of the food consumed every day. The aim of this research was to determine factors related to nutritional status in students at SMP Negeri 262 East Jakarta. The type of research that will be used is quantitative research with a cross sectional design. Data collection was carried out by direct measurement with a weight scale, microtoise. The sampling technique in this research used Proportional Random Sampling with a total population of 452 students at SMP Negeri 262 Jakarta, classes VII and VIII, and the sample taken was 156 students. The analysis that will be used includes univariat analysis and bivariate analysis, while the statistical test used is the chi square test. Univariate results showed that 58,3% of teenager’s had poor nutritional status, 73,7% of teenager’s had low family income, 55,1% of teenager’s feel dissatisfied, and 62,8% of teenager’s have insufficient nutritional knowledge. The result of statistical test show that there is a significant relationship between maternal education p value (0,002) and body image p value (0,007) with nutritional status in adolescents. Meanwhile, the variable that did not have a significant relationship were the family income variables p value (1,000), physical activity p value (0,359), nutritional knowledge p value (0,117).

Peran Moderasi Altruisme: Literasi Zakat, Pendapatan dan Minat Muzakki

This study aims to look at the moderating role of altruism in influencing zakat literacy and income on muzakki intention whether the role of altruism is able to strengthen or otherwise weaken the interest of muzakki at the Dompet Dhuafa Singgalang institution. The methodology in this research is a quantitative approach by applying SmartPLS 3.0 software. Primary data was obtained through distributing questionnaires to Dompet Dhuafa Singgalang donors. The sample was taken through the purposive sampling technique method and the calculation of the sample size using the Isaac and Michael formula resulted in 360 respondents. the results of these findings provide the fact that the direct effect of altruism and muzakki intention has a positive but insignificant effect. While the direct effect of zakat literacy and income variables on muzakki intention has a positive and significant effect. Furthermore, the moderating role of altruistic is not able to provide a moderating effect on the effect of zakat literacy and muzakki intention, so it can be said that the moderating role of altruistic weakens the moderating effect. The role of altruistic is also unable to provide a moderating effect on income and muzakki intention, so it can be categorized that the moderating role of altruistic weakens the moderating effect.

Discriminant analysis for valuing voluntary work among university youth in the United Arab Emirates

This study aimed at identifying the extent to which university youth value voluntary work by using discriminant analysis to compare two groups of people who value and who don't value voluntary work according to a number of variables, referred to as discrimination variables. The study sample consisted of 250 male and female students from social departments in some universities in the United Arab Emirates, where an electronic questionnaire was distributed to the sample individuals. The results revealed that most male and female university students generally value voluntary work, and that there was a significant difference between the study groups in most independent variables, except for the variable of monthly income of the youth or their families. Discrimination variables accounted for 44.6% of variance between the two groups, with Wilks' Lambda (λ) =0.554. The percentage of the right classification of those who value and who don't value voluntary work was 88%. The results of (Tau) value revealed that the respondents with positive attitudes towards voluntary work who have a good social and health status, good educational level, a younger age, higher affiliation and citizenship, good economic status, and belong to larger families agree with the opinion stating that the university youth in the United Arab Emirates value voluntary work with a percentage of 76%. The study concluded with a number of recommendations.

Measuring national resilience: Israel in the first week of the Gaza war

The current study examines Israel's national resilience during the first week of the war with Gaza, as perceived by the Hebrew-speaking population. We examined the psychological variables (indicators of coping) and demographic characteristics as predictors of the mean national resilience score as well as four national resilience (NR) factors separately. Validated quantitative tools were used to collect the data from a sample of adult Israelis (n = 2002) through an internet panel. Path analyses were used to identify the variables that are associated with national resilience. The results indicate a difference between the variables found to relate to the mean composite NR index and that of each of the four factors as tested separately. The best variable that was found to relate to the composite NR as well as factor 1 (patriotism) and factor 3 (solidarity) means was hope: the higher the hope, the higher the composite NR, patriotism and solidarity reported. In contrast, the best associated with Factor 2 (trust in the government) was the degree of supporting the government, while the best associated of factor 4 (trust in state institutions was the level of religiosity. Community resilience was the second-best predictor of all factors and the composite NR score. The demographic variables of age and family income were positively associated, while religiosity and education were negatively associated with the composite NR average score. However, the demographic characteristics together explained only a small percentage of the NR average and each of its four factors. At the same time, the five coping and government support together explained more than 40 % of the composite NR mean. Practitioners and policymakers should thus invest efforts during crises to build public trust and enhance solidarity and patriotism, thereby sustaining national resilience that is vital for coping with adversities.

Beyond COVID-19: assessment of learning loss on human capital

Purpose This study aims to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on K-12 education using County level data. Design/methodology/approach The authors use County-level data and charts to look at enrollment, performance in different grade levels, poverty measures, access to internet, etc., to shed light on educational losses after the pandemic. Findings In remote education after the pandemic, access to the internet has emerged as the foundational element of educational equity. While declines in academic engagement during remote schooling affected many schools, the potential for learning loss was significantly higher in lower-income communities. A thorough examination of end-of-grade level assessment data revealed a concerning trend of declining Math and Language Arts performance post-pandemic. Research limitations/implications One of the major limitations that the authors have faced in this research is that the authors did not have access to the individual/household level data regarding the high-speed internet connection, household income, poverty level and other relevant socio-economic variables. That made it impossible to control for variables of interest, and hence a distinction between correlation and causation was not possible. Practical implications Learning loss implications can be potentially long-term and complex. Therefore, targeted and intentional interventions are essential to decrease the disparity gaps, increase resources and raise learning levels to exceed prepandemic outcomes. Such interventions can impact skill development and the potential for future economic success, both individually and collectively. Social implications The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to address the digital disparities intensifying learning loss in Clayton County, Georgia. Effective strategies must prioritize equitable access to internet resources and technology, particularly for students in high-poverty areas. By bridging these gaps, schools and communities can reduce the potential for long-term consequences of pandemic-induced learning loss and create pathways for a more equitable future in education. Originality/value The main idea of this paper is to compare and contrast the learning losses in K-12 education after the COVID-19 pandemic within neighboring counties and see if the digital divide and/or poverty had any impact on the extent of those learning losses.

Closed-Loop Control of Dynamic Oblique Shock with Arc Plasma

The fluctuations caused by the dynamic shock wave and its interaction with the boundary layer bring formidable challenges for aerodynamic design and stable control of supersonic aircraft. The mechanism of closed-loop control for dynamic oblique shock stabilizing with arc plasma is numerically studied. Two types of dynamic oblique shocks are formed in supersonic airflow by a compression ramp rotation and incoming Mach number variation, respectively. A closed-loop controller is established to connect the arc plasma deposited power with the pressure ratio across the dynamic shock by using the proportional-integral method. It realizes the shock pressure ratio stabilized in the desired target value with a local overshoot appearing at the initial excitation and a more stable flow downstream of the oblique shock during excitation state for both types of dynamic shock control. The effects of arc plasma length and ramp rotating speed on the closed-loop control for the dynamic shocks induced by ramp rotation are further discussed. Results show that the arc plasma with longer length is more favorable to the dynamic oblique shock control with lower energy consumption and total pressure loss. The pressure ratio fluctuation is increased at higher ramp rotation speed, but its standard deviation is still limited to 0.3% of the desired target value during excitation state.

Suicidal Risk Factors and Youth Population: A Study on Bangladeshi Urban and Rural areas Perspective.

Suicide is an urgent matter of public health that presents a substantial peril to young populations worldwide. This research aims to conduct a comprehensive overview of the risk factors linked with Suicide among the young population in Bangladesh. Understanding these risk factors could expand targeted prevention strategies and interventions to tackle the issue and endorse mental health. This study utilized quantitative research with a survey questionnaire design to collect data from 764 close family members who committed suicide. The data were randomly selected from Dhaka and Jhenaidah districts in Bangladesh. The study revealed that aged 23-25 years have a higher risk for Suicide, where females 62.96% are at higher risk than males 37.04%. The result finds a significant relationship between family and social environment risk factors. Further findings show that education, married status, family size, and monthly family income variables have various degrees of effect on suicide risk among young people based on their age. Despite the inherent limitations of national surveillance in this study, the research findings catalyze further investigation into delineating specific suicide risk factors. Such endeavors aim to mitigate suicidal behaviors and foster positive psychological development across the lifespan.

Assessment of Income Differentiation of Different-Sized Households in Poland

The household is the basic economic unit that participates in both economic and social life. It must generate income, the level of which may change over time and vary depending on the size of the household. The aim of the research was to assess the scale of differentiation of household income in Poland in the years 2014-2021 due to their size. The study used the comparative analysis method. Secondary data on disposable income per person in the household was compared. The variation in income in particular years was examined using the classic coefficient of variation. In the years under study, in each type of household (taking into account its size), disposable income increased, with a higher growth rate recorded by larger households. In all years, the size of the farm significantly differentiated the level of disposable income of households, and this differentiation showed a decreasing trend.

Pengaruh Gaya Hidup dan Income terhadap Financial Management Behavior

In this era of increasingly advanced and easily accessible technology, especially information technology which offers comfort, convenience and speed in accessing various information, we are spoiled by the changes it brings, both positive and negative. This is especially seen among young people or the millennial generation, who tend to be more active in using social media. This research aims to determine the influence of lifestyle and income on financial management behavior in case studies of factory employees located in the MM2100 area, either partially or simultaneously. Sampling was carried out using random sampling technique, resulting in 95 respondents. This research collects data using a questionnaire. The data analysis techniques used include multiple linear regression analysis, hypothesis testing (t test and f test), and coefficient of determination. Data processing was carried out using the SPSS version 26 software program. The results of this research show that lifestyle and income partially or simultaneously have a significant influence on the financial management behavior of factory employees in companies located in the MM2100 area. The results of the R-Square determination test of the influence of lifestyle and income variables on financial management behavior were 94.0%. And the remaining 5.1% is influenced by other variables not included in this research.

Pengaruh Modal Usaha, Kompetensi Kewirausahaan dan Pendapatan Terhadap Keberlangsungan Usaha Pelaku UMKM di Kecamatan Toapaya Kabupaten Bintan

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Business Capital, Entrepreneurial Competence and Income on Business Sustainability of SMEs Actors in Toapaya District, Bintan Regency. The research object in this study is SMEs actors in Toapaya District. The method used in this research is Quantitative Method with data collection techniques using a questionnaire, the sampling technique in this study used Simple Random Sampling. With a population of 213 SMEs players in Toapaya District, the sample in this study was 120 samples. The data analysis technique uses multiple linear regression analysis so that the results of the study are found, namely Personally, the Business Capital Variable has a positive and significant effect on the Business Continuity of SMEs Actors with a Thitung value (4.608> 1.980), the Entrepreneurial Competency Variable has a positive and significant effect on the business continuity of SMEs Actors with a Thitung value (2.177> 1.980) and the Income Variable has a positive and significant effect on the Business Continuity of SMEs Actors with a Thitung value (3.990> 1.980). While simultaneously the variables of business capital, entrepreneurial competence and income have a positive and significant effect on the business continuity of SMEs actors in Toapaya District, Bintan Regency.

Elevating Sugarcane Farming: Effects of Certified Seed Adoption on Production and Income in East Java, Indonesia

The use of certified seed is essential for sugarcane agricultural intensification method, emphasizing input quality improvements. In this context, varietal validity has the potential to increase sugarcane output volumes and ensure quality variations. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the variables affecting farmers' decisions on seed varieties, output, and revenue. The type of data used was cross-sectional with a sample of 1,763 respondents, consisting of 303 and 1,460 adopter and non-adopter farmers, respectively. Propensity score matching and logistic regression were the analysis methods used. The results showed that farmers' age, number of workers, land ownership status, extension participation, and partnerships significantly influenced the decisions in selecting seed types. Significant variations in output, gross income, total expenses, net income, and net earnings were also reported using statistical test analysis, with certified seed adopters having higher profits. In this context, young farmers should be targeted to promote the use of certified seed, provide sufficient labor support for intensive farming, ease access to land, and enhance persuasive messages about partnership benefits. Moreover, ensuring the continuity of production and distribution was important to maintain reasonable seed prices and facilitate farmers' access.

New perspectives on multiple fuel use: Energy flexibility in household cooking solutions in Tanzania

There is a tendency to approach multiple fuel use mainly as a problem. This has limited how it is understood and addressed. This article uses a mixed-methods approach to advance understandings of multiple fuel use. We apply social practice theory to analyse multiple fuel use through a survey (n = 354) and 32 qualitative interviews in peri-urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. We find multiple fuel use with charcoal to be common, mostly in combination with LPG. Cooking solutions are combined in a complementary manner for their material qualities, but also by social factors. Multiple fuel use enables effective use of different energy types, saving money, coping with low and fluctuating incomes, and securing household energy supply. Flexibility also helps women navigate time constraints and multiple responsibilities, cook for larger families, maintain food culture, and make nutritious food affordable. Characteristics such as income level and variability, housing type, family size and children's age, are analysed as social differences influencing cooking patterns. We find multiple fuel use to be more than simply “stacking” of new fuels: it is an expression of competence and innovation. Efforts for change must build on holistic understandings of people's lived realities and should acknowledge their competent ways of manoeuvring difficult life conditions to a greater extent. Continued use of polluting cooking solutions through multiple fuel use is a barrier to clean energy transition, but solutions are more likely to succeed if recognising the multiple reasons and benefits from practicing multiple fuel use, rather than focusing on its negative impacts.

PERAN LOKASI DAN STRATEGI PENJUALAN DALAM MENSTABILKAN PENDAPATAN UMKM: STUDI KASUS RUMAH MAKAN PADANG

Padang restaurants are one of the micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) offering a variety of typical Minangkabau cuisine from Padang, West Sumatra. In the capital city of Jakarta, there are many Padang restaurant MSMEs with tight competition and various sales methods. Each Padang restaurant has different incomes, depending on its sales strategy and competitiveness in the market. To compete and maintain its income, business owners must have an effective sales strategy. This study aims to understand how the location of the business, sales strategies, and income variations affect the performance of Padang restaurant businesses. The subject of this research is the Padang Restaurant Ampera Saiyo Tipar Cakung. Data collection methods were carried out through field research, direct observation, interviews with owners and employees, and collection of related business documents. The collected data were analyzed using a qualitative case study approach. The observation results show that at the location of Padang Restaurant Ampera Saiyo, there are also two other competitors. When one competitor is not operating, customers tend to switch to Ampera Saiyo restaurant, and vice versa. The problem often faced by Padang Restaurant Ampera Saiyo is income instability. The factors influencing this instability are competition among Padang restaurants. To overcome this challenge, one of the sales strategies applied is to utilize digital marketing, such as GoFood and GrabFood, to expand market reach and increase visibility of Padang Restaurant Ampera Saiyo among potential customers.

Dissecting household carbon and energy inequality: A decade's insight into regional disparities and urban-rural dynamics in China

Substantial inequalities exist in carbon and energy footprints across households in China, due to variations in income and consumption patterns. Examining these inequalities and their driving factors amid the rapid economic and energy transition is crucial for making informed climate policies. Here, we investigate the variations and driving factors of household carbon and energy inequality across urban and rural areas and ten income groups in China during 2007–2017 by employing the environmentally extended multiregional input–output approach and national household consumption survey data. The results reveal that urban regions tend to exhibit higher carbon and energy footprints, coupled with greater inequality, compared to rural regions. The carbon and energy inequalities in the less developed provinces are mainly attributed to urban-rural differences, whereas in the more developed provinces, intra-urban differences play a dominant role. The carbon and energy inequality declined in China during 2007–2017. We argue that the reduction in carbon and energy inequality in China can be attributed to footprints increases in rural regions, a trend that should be carefully considered in future low carbon development policy formulation.

The Effect of Groundwater Tax and Advertising Tax on Regional Original Income (PAD) in Medan City

This study aims to determine the Effect of Groundwater Tax and Advertising Tax on Regional Original Income (PAD) in Medan City. The research methodology used is a quantitative descriptive method. The type of data used in this research is quantitative data, which is obtained in the form of numbers and numbers. Source of data in the form of secondary data. The population and sample in this study were Medan City's Regional Original Income every month for 5 (five) years from 2016 - 2020 which was obtained from the Medan City Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency for 60 months. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression. The results of the research analysis show that groundwater tax has a significant effect on Regional Original Income (PAD) in Medan City. The results of the research analysis show that Advertising Tax has a significant effect on Regional Original Income (PAD) in Medan City. The results of the research analysis show that Groundwater Tax and Advertisement Tax have a significant effect on Regional Original Income (PAD) in Medan City. the coefficient of determination (R Square) is 0.227 or 22.7%, which means that the Regional Original Income (PAD) variable can be explained by the Ground Water Tax and Advertising Tax variables of 22.7% and the remaining 77.8% is explained by other variables such as hotel taxes

The Effect of Hotel Tax Contribution and Hotel Tax Effectiveness on Regional Original Income in Medan City

This study aims to determine the significant effect of Hotel Tax Contribution and Hotel Tax Effectiveness on Regional Original Income in Medan City. From analysis, results of regression analysis are obtained which give the equation Regional Original Income = 23.160 - 0.730 Hotel Tax Contribution + 0.824 Hotel Tax Effectiveness + e. Results of the research analysis show that the Hotel Tax Contribution does not have a significant effect on Regional Original Income partially, namely tcount < ttable, namely -10,621 < 2.00172 and a significance value of 0.000 <0.05. Results of the research analysis show Hotel Tax Effectiveness has significant effect on Regional Original Income partially, namely tcount > ttable, namely 9.744 > 2.00172 and a significance value of 0.000 <0.05. Simultaneous Regional Original Income is Fcount > Ftable, namely 58.020 > 3.16 and the significance value is 0.000 <0.05. Results of this study are supported by the value of R Square = 0.671 or 67.1% which means that 67.1% of the Regional Original Income variable can be explained by the Hotel Tax Contribution and Hotel Tax Effectiveness variables, while the remaining 32.9% is explained by the influence of other factors or variables outside the model such as Tax Efficiency.