Income Variables Research Articles

Pengaruh Literasi Keuangan, Pendapatan dan Technology Acceptance Model (Tam) Terhadap Minat Penggunaan Quick Response Indonesian Standar (QRIS) pada Pelaku UMKM di Kecamatan Temanggung

QRIS is a payment instrument officially issued by Bank Indonesia to be used in daily payment transaction activities by the public. MSMEs are an important sector in the use of QRIS as a transaction tool. However, MSMEs in Temanggung District have not fully used QRIS as part of their payment transaction activities. There are many factors that cause these problems to occur including financial literacy, income, and the basic concepts of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), namely perceptions of usefulness and perceptions of ease in applying interest in using QRIS. This study aims to analyze the effect of variables related to these problems, namely financial literacy, income, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use on interest in using QRIS for SMEs in Temanggung District. This research uses multiple regression analysis methods in empirical testing. The data used are primary data obtained from distributing questionnaires using a Likert scale, with the subject of active MSMEs in Temanggung District. This study uses the SPSS 26.0 application as an analytical tool. From the results of the analysis carried out, this study shows that the financial literacy variable has a significant influence on the interest in using QRIS. The income variable has no significant effect on interest in use. Variables of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use also have no significant effect. The variables of financial literacy, income, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use simultaneously have a positive and significant effect. Of these variables, financial literacy has the greatest influence on interest in using QRIS. Therefore, the government needs to pay attention to and strengthen policies, especially in the field of financial literacy as the main factor in increasing the interest of MSMEs and the public in using QRIS as a means of payment transactions.

Association of Income and Wealth with Self-reported Health Status: Analysis of European Countries during the Financial Crisis

In this paper, we evaluate the association of changes in income and wealth with self-perceived health for the European Union (EU) countries, using a longitudinal sample of individuals. We estimated generalized linear mixed models for three waves of the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (2011, 2015, 2017), adjusting for family and individual heterogeneity and for temporal trends. Results show that variations in income have a positive and significant impact on changes in self-perceived health during the financial crisis, but not after 2015. In conclusion, we find that income, rather than wealth, played an important role in protecting health.

Can crowdsourcing improve prediction accuracy in fashion retail buying?

Fashion retailers’ buyers must decide how much to buy of merchandise well before a selling season. This order quantity decision is always challenging due to limited historical data and high demand unpredictability arising from the novelty of fashion merchandise. Despite many attempts to solve this longstanding problem, industry reports consistently show that fashion buyers’ predictions of product salability and future sales are frequently inaccurate, leading to loss of profits for retailers. In this research, the authors take an “Empirics-First” approach to explore an alternative solution, crowdsourced forecasts from ordinary customers, and investigate whether crowdsourced forecasts would be more accurate than those of expert fashion buyers and if so, how should a crowd be formed in terms of size and composition? After conducting an online experiment, finding that forecasts by a “crowd” of ordinary customers are significantly more accurate than those of expert fashion buyers, the authors test a contingency framework in a second empirical study examining how crowd size and composition impact forecasting accuracy for products of varying fashionability. The results revealed that heterogeneity in a crowd is a key factor in prediction accuracy. Specifically, crowds with more variation in income and shopping frequency made notably accurate predictions. Another key finding of the study pertains to the required crowd size; increasing the size of a crowd at first sharply decreased the crowd's prediction error. However, after a certain point, there were diminishing returns in prediction accuracy. Given the interesting results, the paper concludes with guidelines for implementing crowdsourced forecasting by fashion retailers and directions for future research.

Time to treatment initiation of lung cancer and contributing factors from 2015-2020 utilizing Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program database.

1540 Background: Time from diagnosis of cancer to definitive therapy, or time to treatment initiation (TTI), has significant impact on prognosis. Kohorana et al performed an observational study in 2019 that found that TTI has increased in the United States with an absolute increased risk of mortality ranging from 1.2-3.2% per week in early-stage breast, lung, renal and pancreatic cancers. This study aims at identifying contributing factors and trends that can assist in shortening TTI of lung cancer. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted by review of Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program database. Participants included 212,607 adults ages 18 and older diagnosed with lung cancer during 2015-2020. Variables contributing to TTI were studied like age, sex, race, marital status, geographic location, household income, stage and grade. TTI was measured as less than 30 days and greater than 30 days. ANOVA analysis was performed with SPSS and BlueSky Statistics, with p-value of <0.05 as significant. Results: TTI was 1.30 months in males and 1.31 months in females (p=0.038). In patients less than 65 years, TTI was 1.14 months, while those greater than 65 had a delay of 1.38 months (p<0.001). White patients had TTI of 1.26 months versus non-white patients, 1.44 months (p<0.001). Married patients had TTI of 1.24 months versus 1.44 months in widowed patients (P<0.001). Income less than $35,000 had less TTI (1.22 months) than income greater than $75,000 (1.33 months) (p<0.001), but the population earning <$35,000 was smaller (n=3,082) compared to >$75,000 (n=209,525), therefore not representative of the total population. Metropolitan had longer TTI than nonmetropolitan at 1.34 months versus 1.24 months, p<0.001. Grade IV had shorter TTI at 0.94 months with grades I and II having TTI of 1.42 and 1.46 months, respectively (p<0.001). Localized cancers had the longest TTI at 1.71 months versus distant at 1.01 months (p<0.001). More aggressive cancers had shorter TTI such as grade IV + distant at 0.76 months versus grade I + localized at 1.42 months. Association between grade and stage and impact on TTI was significant at p<0.001. Conclusions: This study revealed significant factors influencing the duration from cancer diagnosis to treatment among adult patients greater than 18 years old diagnosed with lung cancers. Shorter TTI intervals were observed for females, younger individuals (<65 years-old), white patients, married and those with higher tumor grades and distant cancer. Addressing these disparities requires targeted interventions that consider socioeconomic status, geographic location and cancer characteristics to ensure equitable access to timely and high-quality cancer care. Further investigation is warranted to fully understand the impact of factors such as household income and regional variations on treatment delays.

Robotics applications, inclusive employment and income disparity

Robots are outstanding representatives of contemporary high-end intelligent equipment and high-tech. Widespread industrial robot adoption has profound implications for employment quality now and in the future. This study utilizes international and Chinese data to estimate provincial robot density. Fixed-effects models reveal industrial robot adoption improves labor conditions, especially for low-skilled and agricultural workers, indicating inclusive employment gains. However, quantile regression demonstrates an inverted U-shaped relationship between robot adoption and employment quality, suggesting diminishing marginal returns. Further analysis uncovers rising income inequality from robot adoption, shown by increased labor income variation. The study aims to inform policies promoting quality employment in the digital era while optimizing income distribution as automation reshapes work. Understanding robotics' nuanced impact on employment and inequality is critical for evidence-based policymaking. Key findings show robots presently boost job quality for vulnerable workers but may also widen income gaps. More research is needed on sustainable policies maximizing the benefits of automation while ensuring broadly shared prosperity. As automation diffuses through the economy, policymakers must carefully balance productivity with equity. This study contributes robust data analysis illuminating the complex interactions between robot adoption, employment gains, and income distribution. The results highlight the need for calibrated policies targeting inclusive growth as automation transforms the labor market. Further research should explore these dynamics across countries and industries. With thoughtful governance, robotics can raise productivity and living standards for all.

Food Hygiene-Sanitation Labels: Is It Important? Analysis of Consumer Attention and Perception Across Age, Gender, Education and Income Groups

The suitability of a product's perceived value to consumers’ needs determines the success of offerings. Food safety labels as product attributes have not yet become a concern for most consumers. This research analyzed consumer attention to NKV certification and perceptions of choosing NKV-certified livestock food products regarding demographic profiles. This research was conducted using a survey and data collection was carried out online via social media between June and August 2023. Respondents were determined using a purposive sampling method with the criteria that they had ever shopped for processed livestock products in the last month and were over 18 years old. A total of 210 data were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods and non-parametric Chi-Square. The results showed that behavior regarding NKV certification is positively related to age, education level, and income variables but not to gender. Further analysis showed that the perception of purchasing NKV products is wise and a first choice is greater in groups with older age and higher education levels. Furthermore, the perception of this purchase has the potential to occur in the group of respondents with an income of at least IDR 1,500,000. Furthermore, NKV has not been considered by all respondents, only 14.28% of respondents thought NKV was an important attribute. This study concluded that demographic variables such as age, education level, and income should be deliberated in profiling the market segment for NKV-certified livestock food products. Behavior to purchase NKV products increases in older age groups, higher levels of education, and income.

Penerapan Produk Blue Economy Melalui Pembuatan Nugget Udang Di Kampung Matara Merauke Papua Selatan

and sustainability of natural potential so that marine resources are maintained and can be used by the next generation. Matara Village is a coastal area in Merauke, south papua South Papua Province which has abundant marine potential. One of them is shrimp which is a leading commodity in this village. The use of shrimp is still limited to selling them whole. In the process, the shrimp are sold at cheap prices to agents and often the small shrimp are not sold so they are wasted which ultimately causes an unpleasant smell on the beach. Apart from that, fishermen in Matara Village generally live in the lower middle economic strata. The abundance of marine products has not been processed optimally. In fact, if the Blue Economy is implemented optimally, it can increase the income of the people there. Training and assistance in making Blue Economy products in the form of shrimp nuggets was provided to the women of Matara Village. as an effort to increase the economic value of shrimp, increase the variety of healthy foods that are contemporary and popular with all groups, overcome waste caused by unsold small shrimp, and can increase income variations This activity was carried out by Musamus University KKN lecturers and students for 1 month. This activity was carried out by observing the community, lectures about the importance of implementing the Blue Economy concept in coastal areas, demonstrations and assistance in making shrimp nuggets, and surveying community satisfaction. This activity was responded very well by the community and said that assistance should be carried out in the manufacture of Blue Economy products in the future

Factors influencing the quality of life of women with rheumatoid arthritis in Indonesia

IntroductionRheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is one of the highest contributors to disabilities in the world. RA causes both physical and mental problems, which can lead to a worsening of their quality of life (QoL). To date, no study has evaluated factors associated with the quality of life of women with RA, especially in Indonesia. MethodologyThis was a cross-sectional study of 90 women with RA who seek treatment in an Allergy Immunology Outpatient Clinic, in February–July 2022, using interviews, clinical laboratory examinations, medical record evaluations, and a 12-item QoL short form (SF-12). The results were analyzed with the Mann Whitney-U test for bivariate analysis and linear regression for multivariate. ResultsA significant relationship was found in monthly income (p = 0.002) and RA disease control (p = 0.013) variables toward Physical Component Summary (PCS). Meanwhile, for Mental Component Summary (MCS), a significant relationship was only found in the control of RA disease (p = 0.009). After an adjustment with multivariate analysis, monthly income and control of RA continued to have an independent effect on PCS (p = 0.003 and p = 0.01), and control of RA also had an independent effect on MCS (p = 0.001). ConclusionThe quality of life of women with RA in Indonesia is good in the mental component but poor in the physical dimension. Monthly income has a significant effect on PCS and has an independent effect on PCS. In addition, disease control has a significant and independent effect on PCS and MCS.

Efficiency of Bank Aceh Syariah and Bank NTB Syariah After Conversion

This study aims to compare the efficiency levels of Islamic commercial banks using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Hahslm Reflexivity Dynamics (HEFDYN) methods before and after the spin-off period from 2008 to 2021. The implementation of Law (UU) No. 21 of 2008 concerning Sharia banking requires conventional commercial banks (BUK) to separate their Sharia business units (UUS) and establish Sharia commercial banks (BUS) when the assets of the UUS reach at least 50% of the total assets of the parent bank or after 15 years from the enactment of the Law. This research adopts a quantitative approach and focuses on a case study of two converted banks, namely Bank Aceh Syariah and NTB Syariah. The research methodology involves employing the data envelopment analysis with the VRS approach and the Hahslm Reflexivity Dynamics (HEFDYN) method. Based on the results of the DEA analysis, Bank Aceh Syariah successfully achieved a perfect efficiency value after undergoing conversion, demonstrating effective resource utilization and optimal operational performance. Conversely, Bank NTB Syariah experienced a slight decline in efficiency values, primarily attributable to decreased income variables and financing output in 2019. The HEFDYN analysis also revealed that although Bank Aceh Syariah attained perfect efficiency post-conversion, there is still potential for improvement, particularly in terms of financing growth. Similarly, Bank NTB Syariah, despite the decrease in efficiency values, has the opportunity to enhance its financial performance through targeted improvement efforts. Keywords: efficiency, conversion, DEA, HEFDYN

The Effect of Capital and Labor Wages on Income in Islamic Economics Perspective: A Case in CV of Ibu Kartini Serang District of Banten Province

This study aims to determine if labor wages and capital have a simultaneous impact on income in a company, as well as whether capital influences income just partially. The Kadugenep Lightning village’s Mrs. Kartini’s resume is the subject of this investigation. The approach used is quantitative and makes use of several linear regression methods. The traditional assumption test, partial test, or simultaneous test is the one that is conducted. While labor wages do not affect income, capital has a partial effect. Prob. capital value of 0.0000 (<5% or 0.05), t-count of 8.970087 > t-table 1.67793, and labor wages of 0.1485 (> 5% or 0.05) and t-count of 1.480135 < t-table 1.67793. Meanwhile, simultaneously, capital and labor wages influence the income of Mrs. Kartini’s CV. This is evidenced by the results of the F test with an F-statistic value of 0.000000 (<5% or 0.05) and the F-count is 89.68561 > F-table 4.05. The R-squared value is 0.79440 which means that 79.44% of the income variable can be explained by capital and labor wages and the rest is explained by other factors. In the production process, CV Ibu Kartini uses capital that is not contrary to Islamic law and has provided fair and proper wages to workers in an Islamic view. Keywords: MSMEs, capital, labor wages, income

Pengaruh Pendapatan Rata-Rata Terhadap Tingkat Konsumsi di Sumatera Utara

Income plays a very important role in determining individual consumption patterns, reflecting consumers' purchasing power towards goods and services. This study investigated the impact of average income on consumption levels in North Sumatra, focusing on the relationship between income and shopping behavior in the region. The purpose of this study was to study how variations in average income affected consumer spending habits and general economic activity in North Sumatra from 2020 to 2022. This study used secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) North Sumatra, which included per capita consumption levels and average income. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression method. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between average income and consumption levels in North Sumatra in 2020–2022; In other words, the higher the average income, the greater the per capita consumption. The research highlights the importance of stability and income growth in stimulating consumer spending, thereby boosting economic growth.

The public debt sustainability and its determinants in Sub-Sahara African countries

PurposeThis paper aims to answer the following important questions: Is public debt in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries sustainable? What are the determinants of public debt sustainability in these countries, and do these determinants exhibit heterogeneity due to regional, natural resource, and income differences among SSA countries?Design/methodology/approachThis study analyzes the public debt sustainability in SSA countries using the theoretical model known as the Present Value Budget Constraint (PVBC) model developed by Hamilton and Flavin (1986), and adopts the econometric testing method proposed by Trehan and Walsh (1991). Moreover, to empirically investigate the determinants of public debt sustainability in SSA countries, the System-Generalized Method of Moments (System-GMM) method is applied. Furthermore, this study conducts heterogeneity analysis by categorizing the sample based on different regions, natural resource endowments, and income levels. The data of this study are sourced from the IMF and World Bank databases for 45 SSA countries from 2005 to 2021.FindingsFindings reveal that public debt in SSA countries is not sustainable in the long run, with factors such as the previous government debt, long-term debt ratio, debt repayment capacity, economic growth rate, inflation rate, export to GDP, and government fiscal deficit rate influencing sustainability. Additionally, the factors exhibit heterogeneity attributed to regional, natural resource, and income variations among SSA countries.Practical implicationsThe findings of our study will serve as a catalyst for policymakers in the SSA countries to embrace and sustain robust fiscal consolidation and debt stabilization measures. Moreover, countries with distinct characteristics should implement tailored approaches. Additionally, policymakers in SSA countries should implement economic measures to address public debt issues. These measures include improving the macroeconomic structure, promoting economic transformation and diversification of industries, fostering sustainable economic growth, ensuring price stability, and strengthening resilience against external shocks and debt risks. Specifically, countries endowed with indigenous species, resources, and tourism potential should adopt a well-coordinated strategy that utilizes agriculture, tourism, ecotourism, and the hospitality industry as instruments for sustainable local community and rural development.Originality/valueFirstly, it assesses the sustainability of public debt and its determinants for countries in SSA, which distinguishes it from previous studies that only focus on either debt sustainability or determinants of debt separately. Secondly, by including multiple SSA countries in the analysis, this study stands out from prior research that predominantly concentrates on specific nations. Thirdly, the utilization of the System-GMM method for analyzing determinants adds a novel dimension to this study, departing from earlier literature primarily focused on debt thresholds. Lastly, the heterogeneity analysis conducted in this study provides an empirical foundation for tailoring policies to different countries, addressing a facet often overlooked in earlier literature.

Integration Of Green Monetary and Green Fiscal Policies In Supporting The Effectiveness Of Economic Transformation Towards Development Sustainable In Indonesia

This research aims to determine Renewable Energy, Emission Intensity, Life Expectancy, and Unemployment Rate on Gross National Income (GNI) in Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, and Norway. The variables in this research are Renewable Energy, Emission Intensity, Life Expectancy, and Unemployment Rate as independent variables, while the Gross National Income variable is the dependent variable. This research uses secondary data taken from the OECD from 2011-2023. The data analysis technique used is the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) panel. The research results from the ARDL model analysis show that the country that is able to become a leading indicator for the stability of the GNI rate is only Norway. This is because all the variables or indicators in the research, namely (Renewable Energy, Life Expectancy, and Unemployment Rate), this country has a significant effect on GNI. while the Emission Intensity variable does not have a significant effect on GNI. If we look at the stability of the short run and long run, the Unemployment Rate variable, both in the short and long term, significantly controls the stability of GNI.

Beyond "Blind Spots": Illuminating Financial Pathways for Thriving Agrotourism as a Family Business

Purpose: This scientific research study aims to highlight the management of blind spots in agrotourism with the clear goal of helping farmers by offering them useful financial ratio analysis. Design/Methodology/Approach: Conducted in-depth interviews with agrotourism owners and conducted a comprehensive review of existing academic literature, industry reports, and government publications on financial management in family-run businesses and agrotourism. Findings: By acknowledging and addressing core "blind spots," family-run agrotourism businesses can cultivate a culture of financial awareness and proactive planning. The project appears to have a benefit-cost ratio (1.478) that is positive, meaning that benefits exceed expenses. Given the high internal rate of return (45.56%), the investment may out to be quite beneficial. The project's financial viability is further supported by the profitability index (1.37), which is higher than 1. Practical Implication: We have analyzed financial ratios, such as profitability index, benefit cost ratio, payback period ratio, current ratio, net profit margin, fixed turnover assets ratio, Internal rate of return, working capital turnover ratio, return on investment, gross margin etc. to assess the profitability and performance of the agrotourism. In order to maximize revenue from agrotourism, we monitored a number of factors before calculating break-even analysis. These included financial risks, profitable revenue streams, and seasonal variations in demand and income during off-peak seasons, off-farm income, and operating costs. This type of all analysis useful for avoid blind spots in agrotourism. Originality/Value: Offering concrete strategies and frameworks tailored to family agrotourism business can directly benefit practitioners, enhancing their financial resilience and contributing to business success.

Strengthening the agricultural entrepreneurship: Insights on transformative influence

Agri-entrepreneurship being very important component of attracting youth to agriculture, the efforts made by different public agencies in India in this direction through various interventions and enterprises needed to be studied. Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production is one of the most popular enterprises promoted to pursue this objective throughout India. This study considered 2016–17 as the base year and 2020–21 as the assessment year. Mushroom production in India almost doubled during the assessment period (1.29 lakh tonnes in 2016–17 and 2.59 lakh tonnes in 2020–21) at a robust compound annual growth rate of 19.17%. The net agricultural income of the respondents at national level (other than mushroom income) was ₹1.25 lakh/annum during 2020–21 while their net income from mushroom cultivation was 2.48 lakh/annum. On an average 532 man-days of employment per unit was generated by the mushroom entrepreneurs at national level with considerable variation in income and employment generation across the states/UTs. Age of the entrepreneur was found having negative effect on employment generation, validating the relevance of attracting rural youth to agriculture in India. The lack of ability of resource centres for building capacity of the entrepreneurs for generating net income to the level of sizeable proportion of their annual expected livelihood was observed to be the strong reason for higher attrition rate in this enterprise. The insights suggest that redesigning of capacity building programs and institutional supports as per the current challenges in entrepreneurship development can better influence the ultimate outcomes.

Socioeconomic constraints on low‐income individuals' perceptions toward food safety

AbstractFood safety has emerged as a critical concern in Vietnam, posing a significant threat to public health due to the prevalence of unsafe foods in the market. Among those most vulnerable to contaminated foods, low‐income individuals are significantly affected. This study aimed to investigate the perceptions of food safety among this demographic, utilizing qualitative and quantitative approaches, including focus groups, survey questionnaires, and behavioral experiments using steamed bun as a stimulus. Participants were generally from low‐income classes with certain variations in household monthly income. Results from focus groups and the survey highlighted that the factors influencing food purchases included perception of safety, sensory properties, and acceptable pricing. The behavioral experiment revealed that participants with lower incomes were more inclined to select foods containing unsafe chemicals. In conclusion, the study underscored the heightened vulnerability of low‐income individuals to unsafe foods, with their perception of food safety bounded by socioeconomic status.Practical ApplicationsThe study highlights the high risk of contaminated food consumption among low‐income individuals in Vietnam, intensified by economic struggles and heightened vulnerability to food insecurity. With this demographic relying on regulations for their health, urgent actions are needed. Governmental policymakers should focus on implementing food safety educational campaigns, promoting affordable and safe alternatives, and providing food aid to economically disadvantaged communities. Mandatory food safety training programs for street food vendors, food handlers, and small businesses, coupled with regular safety practice monitoring, can play a crucial role in mitigating serious consequences. In addition, the research methodologies employed in this study, especially the behavioral experiment approach, can serve as valuable tools for researchers in the field of consumer behavior, enabling them to attain valid and reliable results.

Pengaruh Pembiayaan terhadap Peningkatan Pendapatan UMKM pada PT. BTPN Syariah KC. Tanjung Balai

This research is aimed at customers of banks in particular UMKM perpetrators need sufficient funding to conduct their business which in the end improve their opinion. The influence of financing on the revenue of UMKM category customers on BTPN Shariah KC. Tanjung Balai. BTPN Shariah contributes to the Indonesian economy by creating jobs and reducing poverty. However, the limited capital available to UMKM hampers its development, and this is where Sharia financing can play an important role, so explore how Sharia funding can provide opportunities for UMKM with limited capital to develop its business and contribute to the economic growth of UMKM in Tanjung Balai. With primary data collected through questionnaires, quantitative methods are used in this research. BTPN Shariah KC. Tanjung Balai was asked to answer the questionnaire. A simple linear regression method is used to analyze data using the SPSS 23 program. The results of the research show that the financing variable affects the customer income variable of 69%, as demonstrated by the t-value of 8,048 less than 2,051 with a significance of 0,000. The remaining portion is affected by additional variables that are not included in the research model.

EFEKTIVITAS DAN DAMPAK REVITALISASI PASAR TRADISIONAL TERHADAP PENDAPATAN PEDAGANG DAN JUMLAH KUNJUNGAN

One of the links in the company's business chain is the world center. The government aims to overcome the weaknesses of traditional markets by reviving traditional markets. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness and traces of the revival of traditional markets on business income and the number of visits to Pasar Anyar Sari Denpasar City. For this study, 152 respondents were selected from a total population of 590 using random sampling method. Descriptive analysis and two-dimensional differential test with paired samples were used as data analysis methods. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion, it can be interpreted that based on the income, process and output variables, it shows that the traditional market stimulation program at Anyar Sari Market is quite effective, namely 72.08 percent and traditional. The marketing stimulus program for Anyar Sari Market has had a positive impact on revenue and traffic of traders at Anyar Sari Market, Denpasar City. The effectiveness of the implementation of the traditional market revitalization program at Pasar Anyar Sari is quite effective. It is hoped that market leaders will continue to improve service and speed of response to various complaints from sellers.

Segregação espaço-temporal: tempo de deslocamento que une e separa classes e raças

Abstract The intense growth of Brazilian cities is remarkable, characterized by peripheralization and socio-spatial inequalities. However, studies that focus on the temporal dimension to understand spatial segregation are still scarce. This paper aims to understand the role played by commuting time in explaining the process of spatial segregation in the São Paulo metropolis. Its methodology is based on statistical data obtained from the weighting areas of the Demographic Census sample, by means of the variable usual commuting time, combined with other socioeconomic variables of income and race. This research contributes to the understanding of spatio-temporal segregation and shows that commuting time unites the poorest and black individuals, separating them from the richest and white individuals in the São Paulo metropolis.

Income variability and incident cardiovascular disease in diabetes: a population-based cohort study.

Longitudinal change in income is crucial in explaining cardiovascular health inequalities. However, there is limited evidence for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk associated with income dynamics over time among individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Using a nationally representative sample from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, 1 528 108 adults aged 30-64 with T2D and no history of CVD were included from 2009 to 2012 (mean follow-up of 7.3 years). Using monthly health insurance premium information, income levels were assessed annually for the baseline year and the four preceding years. Income variability was defined as the intraindividual standard deviation of the percent change in income over 5 years. The primary outcome was a composite event of incident fatal and nonfatal CVD (myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke) using insurance claims. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated after adjusting for potential confounders. High-income variability was associated with increased CVD risk (HRhighest vs. lowest quartile 1.25, 95% CI 1.22-1.27; Ptrend < .001). Individuals who experienced an income decline (4 years ago vs. baseline) had increased CVD risk, which was particularly notable when the income decreased to the lowest level (i.e. Medical Aid beneficiaries), regardless of their initial income status. Sustained low income (i.e. lowest income quartile) over 5 years was associated with increased CVD risk (HRn = 5 years vs. n = 0 years 1.38, 95% CI 1.35-1.41; Ptrend < .0001), whereas sustained high income (i.e. highest income quartile) was associated with decreased CVD risk (HRn = 5 years vs. n = 0 years 0.71, 95% CI 0.70-0.72; Ptrend < .0001). Sensitivity analyses, exploring potential mediators, such as lifestyle-related factors and obesity, supported the main results. Higher income variability, income declines, and sustained low income were associated with increased CVD risk. Our findings highlight the need to better understand the mechanisms by which income dynamics impact CVD risk among individuals with T2D.