Income Variables Research Articles

THE IMPACT OF CASH TURNOVER, INVENTORY TURNOVER, AND RECEIVABLES TURNOVER ON PROFITABILITY IN PHARMACEUTICAL SUB-SECTOR COMPANIES LISTED ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE FOR THE PERIOD 2019-2023

The profitability of a company refers to its ability to generate net profit from activities conducted during an accounting period. Profit reflects the performance achieved from transactions undertaken by the company over a specific period. Stakeholders use profit as an indicator to assess the effectiveness of management in running the company. One sub-sector that plays an important role in the national economy is the pharmaceutical sub-sector. The pharmaceutical industry is one of the mainstay sectors that plays a major role in the main movement in the future. This subsector's investment development isn't always fascinating, according to the Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM). Variations in profit income or profitability were observed between 2019 and 2023, as per the yearly report study. Finding out how the variables of cash turnover, inventory turnover, and accounts receivable turnover affect profitability is the main goal of this study. Sampling in this study was done by purposive sampling technique, which is a sampling technique based on certain criteria so that a sample of 11 Pharmaceutical Sub-Sector Companies was obtained. The analysis technique used was multiple linear regression using the SPSS Version 11 analysis tool. The results showed that cash turnover had a positive and insignificant effect on profitability, inventory turnover had a negative and insignificant effect on profitability and receivables turnover had a positive and significant effect on profitability.

Testing the Solow Hypothesis for Fiscal Convergence: a Dynamic Spatial Analysis

The study of regional fiscal convergence is a recent extension of the neoclassical growth theory. Various studies have shown the existence of fiscal convergence across countries or states in federally governed countries. This paper tests the growth theory on income and fiscal variables differently in a centrally ruled country. Therefore, we estimate spatial and non-spatial panel models from 2004 to 2022 for Türkiye. A general-to-specific methodology is applied for selecting an appropriate model to determine spatial interactions of the variables by using the panel data at the level of 81 Turkish provinces. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation results from the non-spatial model partially validate the growth theory as the study does not find evidence of absolute convergence for government expenditures. The results, however, confirm the conditional convergence for all variables. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) method is applied for the estimation of the dynamic and static spatial panel models to explain their spatial interactions. The ML findings are consistent with the OLS results. Moreover, unlike direct and total effects, it is not possible to define indirect effects explaining spatial spillover effects in the short and long terms.

Multiple Drivers Influencing Residents’ Perception of Ecotourism in a Biodiversity Rich Forest Protected Area of Bangladesh

Local people have both positive and negative attitudes towards ecotourism. It is because they are the beneficiaries of ecotourism, though they are sometimes the victims of its activities. Expression of the residents’ perception depends on multiple drivers. This study assesses the drivers influencing local peoples’ perception of the impacts of ecotourism in Satchari National Park (SNP) - a biodiversity rich forest protected area and famous ecotourism spot in Bangladesh. Interview surveys on local people of purposely selected four villages in and around SNP supplemented by the questionnaire were conducted from September to October 2022. This study reveals that socio-cultural aspects secured higher ranks by processing higher mean values, which follow economic and environmental elements. It was also found that local people’s attitudes towards ecotourism vary with the variation in education, occupation, and income. Policymakers and forest department officials should take the necessary actions to solve the negative impacts of ecotourism. The negative impacts of ecotourism were ‘increased noise pollution and waste’ and ‘overcrowding’.

Modelling the Banni social-ecological system using participatory system dynamics for building insights on invasive species management and stakeholder engagement

Invasive species are a significant driver of environmental change in social-ecological systems (SES) globally. Given that SES are inherently complex adaptive systems (CAS), they continuously reorganize themselves and adapt to change, including changes in ecological composition, as well as in associated lives and livelihoods. Decision-making on invasive species management in such systems can be contested and fraught with tradeoffs. The Banni Grasslands in Kutch, India, is one such system where the introduction of Prosopisjuliflora (P.juliflora), an invasive woody species, has over decades resulted in deeply coupled social-ecological change. Removal of P.juliflora for land restoration is as of date a contested policy choice. Through a participatory transdisciplinary process comprising workshops and consultations with the local community (Maldharis), civil society and researchers involved in long term research on Banni, a system dynamics simulation model was developed which synthesizes the SES dynamics as a set of feedback loops. The model was used to simulate ‘what-if’ scenarios of interest up to 2050, to study consequences of restoration and the impact of climate extremes, to generate insights which could be useful in aiding decision making. The runs show how vis-à-vis a Business-As-Usual Scenario, restoration could help Maldharis increase livestock populations and livestock income, although there would still be a limit to the growth, with livestock reaching a higher normal. The runs show how it would also mean a loss in the P.juliflora-dependent charcoal-based income and livelihoods, and the extent of the loss, raising the question of finding alternative livelihoods. In a climate extremes scenario, the system, being more resource-intensive owing to growing livestock population, and loss of the relatively climate proof P.julilfora-based income, counterintuitively shows higher sensitivity to climate change impacts resulting in more pronounced impact on income variation. In order to engage stakeholders via ‘live’ simulation and scenario building, a user-friendly app encoding the simulation model was developed and used to carry out a participatory scenario planning exercise with the community to allow for live appraisal of the scenarios and their implications for decision-making. The paper summarizes insights from the simulation runs and from taking the app back to the community.

Examining the impacts of school bus travel on students' academic performance in two major cities

AbstractSchool buses are a prevalent mode of school travel that may negatively affect students’ academic performance due to numerous factors, including longer commutes. These extended travel times can introduce or exacerbate mental and physical stressors, including air pollution exposure and bullying, while reducing opportunities for health‐promoting activities like physical activity and sleep. While a few researchers have explored the effects of school bus transportation on academic achievement, the research is limited. In this study, we used data from two major Canadian cities, Toronto and Ottawa, to investigate the relationship between the proportion of students commuting by bus to and from school and the percentage meeting standards on standardized tests. We employed beta regression models to analyze performance in reading, writing, math, and literacy across Grades 3, 6, 9, and 10 while controlling for family and income variables that may influence school travel mode and student achievement. Our findings indicate a significant inverse correlation between school bus transportation and academic achievement for Grade 10 literacy. Longer commutes appear to impair academic performance, given that Grade 10 students presumably spend more time on the bus than younger students. Notably, the negative effects on literacy outcomes are greater than on math.

Livelihood diversification and household welfare among farm households in the Philippines

AbstractDiversification of income sources is one of the most common strategies households employ to minimize household income variability and to ensure a minimum level of income that guarantee their food security. This study examines the impact of livelihood diversification on farm profits among smallholder rice farmers in the Central Luzon Region (CLR) of the Philippines using long‐term farm‐level panel data spanning from 1966 to 2016. We employed a random‐effects ordered probit model to investigate the drivers of livelihood diversification and then used the mixed Markov chain model to analyze the transition of households from less to more diversified livelihoods and its impact on farm profits over time. Our findings reveal substantial diversification among households over time. In particular, the elevation of the farm location is a key driver of rice farm households’ probability to diversify. The estimates show that an increase in the latitude of the farm location increases the probability of rice farmers in the CLR to diversify. We find that 64% of the rice farm households constitute farmers for whom diversification can be a strategy for survival. For medium‐ to high‐profit farm categories, diversification tends to protect farmers against farm profit losses arising from adverse climatic and weather variability.

Investigating the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Consumer Preferences (A Little Study in the Tehran Market)

Accurately predicting consumer preferences is one of the key success factors in marketing strategies. This research investigated the effectiveness of different artificial intelligence models in predicting consumer preferences in the Tehran market. The required data was collected through a questionnaire including demographic characteristics and purchase preferences from 400 consumers in Tehran. After data preprocessing, random forest, support vector machine (SVM) and logistic regression models were implemented to predict consumer preferences. The results showed that the random forest model has the best performance among the investigated models with an accuracy of 87%. Also, the data analysis showed that the variables of age, income and education have the greatest influence in predicting purchase preferences. These findings can help local businesses to optimize their marketing strategies and achieve better results in attracting customers.

Variability of agricultural income for empowerment: Case of cucumber and potato leaves producers in Goréké (San Pedro – Côte d’Ivoire)

Female entrepreneurship in rural areas in French-speaking Africa is more related to rural, processing and marketing activities. The objective of this study is to present the variability of agricultural income of female producers for their empowerment. To this end, fifty female producers from the village of Goréké were interviewed. The areas, poultry droppings + sawdust, NPK 12 22 22, masses and incomes were observed. A Principal Component Analysis showed that on a hectare of cucumber, reasonable amounts of NPK 12 22 22 (80 kg) and organic residue (6,000 kg) provided the best mass (16,000 kg). At the level of potato leaves, 1,600 kg of organic residue and 20 kg of NPK provided the best mass (1,600 kg). Furthermore, the potato leaf producer had an average income during the shortage period of 2226,642 ± 1602,093 CFA francs compared to that of cucumber which is 584,714 ± 296,718 CFA francs. On the other hand, during the abundance period, the average incomes are respectively 713,793 ± 536,983 for potato leaves and 467,771 ± 237,374 CFA francs for cucumber. This difference is explained by the higher selling price per kilogram of potato leaves. In conclusion, the potato leaf producer would be more financially independent. In perspective, training will be provided to market gardeners to optimize the masses produced by rationalizing the masses of fertilizer used for an improvement in income.

The Effect of the Rice Income Compensation Payment Program on the Variability of Farm Household Income

The Effect of the Rice Income Compensation Payment Program on the Variability of Farm Household Income

Bridging digital divides in Wisconsin: an examination of policy efforts and effectiveness over the past five years

ABSTRACT The digital divide, generally characterized by unequal Internet access, represents the gap between individuals who benefit from the use of digital technologies and those who do not. Many social inequalities are associated with the prevalence of the digital divide, particularly across the rural-urban divide. This research seeks to characterize the status of the digital divide, and related sociodemographic variables, within the context of the US state of Wisconsin. In addition, this research investigates the effectiveness of broadband expansion grants, within the state of Wisconsin, on bridging the digital divide. The findings indicate that, at the county level, variations in education, household income, age, and location on a rural-urban continuum are all associated with variations in county broadband adoption rates. Also, despite increasing broadband funding, the amount of money sent to a county is not associated with the need of that county or the change in county level broadband adoption rates from the year 2017–2021. The findings of this study have theoretical implications as they add to our understanding of how broadband adoption is related to social aspects of life. In addition, there are political implications in terms of how grant funding allocation is determined.

Energy efficiency in middle-income countries with DEA: An approach for Latin America

Latin America and Caribbean countries are focused on meeting their 2030 sustainable development goals, with the promotion of actions that increase energy efficiency being a key pillar. Recent studies have applied various data envelopment analysis (DEA) models to this end, but few include Latin American countries. This study assesses energy efficiency in 18 middle-income Latin American countries from 2008 to 2019 using two super-efficient DEA radial models that are particularly adept at distinguishing between highly efficient units. The analysis incorporates a broader set of countries through clustering techniques to ensure homogeneity. From this analysis, the production function, the technical efficiency, the total energy efficiency factor and their respective correlation coefficients versus the per capita income variable are obtained for each country. Costa Rica and Argentina stand out among the Latin American middle-income countries with the highest energy efficiency within quintile Q1 and Q2, whereas Paraguay and Chile obtain the lowest efficiency within quintile Q5 and Q3. For the 18 countries studied, a higher level of income is not significantly related to a higher level of energy efficiency. This study provides policymakers an alternative indicator for effective monitoring of energy efficiency.

The indirect costs of motherhood and fatherhood: impacts on income, working hours, and perceived health across 32 European countries

Abstract Background Parenthood may affect men’s and women’s personal lives, professional careers, and well-being differently. In the last decades, structural modifications in gender norms, the labor market, and family-supporting policies have occurred, but with cross-country variations, even within European borders. This study aimed to update the estimates on the impact of parenthood on men’s and women’s income, working hours, and perceived health status, and better comprehend their variation across 32 European countries, using a longitudinal approach. Methods Data from the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (2004-2020) were used to estimate the income variation and the likelihood of transitioning into a non-income status, less than 40 weekly hours, and less than very good health status, from one year before to one year after parenthood. Estimates were done by sex and country. Pooled effects were estimated using random effects meta-analysis. Results We found a short-term 29% income penalty for women and a 12% income premium for men after parenthood. Seventy percent of women who transitioned their status after motherhood shifted to work less than 40 hours per week while no effect was found for men. Regarding perceived health, no shifts were overall observed. A large cross-country heterogeneity was found. Conclusions Motherhood-related income penalties concurred with losses of employment and reductions of weekly working hours, while among men the income premiums were not necessarily coupled with transitions to employed status or 40 weekly working hours. The cross-country heterogeneity is, probably, multifactorial, depending on countries’ policies, norms, labor market, and social structure.

Social class origin and income variations among degree holders: evidence from Italy

Social class origin and income variations among degree holders: evidence from Italy

Postpartum depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder and resultant risk factors among teenage mothers: a community-based study

The prevalence of postpartum depression in teenage mothers is higher than that in adult mothers. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression, distress, and post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) following childbirth and its resultant risk factors among teenage mothers. Material and Methods. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 167 teenage women aged 11–19 years, 8-week after giving birth, in Tabriz, Iran. The data were collected using by socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist and Postpartum Distress Measure scale. Results. The study results revealed that 12.6% and 7.2% of the participants had postpartum depression and PTSD, respectively. The results showed that the variables of the number of children, dissatisfaction with marriage, and history of preconception depression were among the risk factors associated with postpartum depression. The results indicated that unwanted pregnancy, lack of spousal support, insufficient income, and infant restlessness variables were predictors of PTSD. Conclusion. Based on our findings, it is crucial to identify teenage mothers with predisposing factors for postpartum depression and PTSD. Providing family planning counseling to reduce unwanted pregnancies, training fathers to support their spouses, and ensuring timely referral of high-risk individuals are essential interventions to address the mental health challenges faced by teenage mothers.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Kredit Usaha Rakyat Terhadap Pendapatan UMKM (Studi Kasus Umkm Komplek MMTC Medan)

This study aims to determine the effect of the use of People's Business Credit (KUR) on the income of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the MMTC Complex in Medan City. MSMEs have a strategic role in driving economic growth, but still face capital constraints. KUR, as a government-subsidized financing program, is expected to help overcome these constraints. The research method used is quantitative with a survey approach. Primary data was obtained through questionnaires distributed to 32 MSME respondents in the MMTC Complex in Medan who had received KUR facilities. Data analysis used a simple regression test to determine the relationship between the KUR variable and MSME income. The results showed that KUR had a positive and significant effect on MSME income. This is indicated by the t-count value of 9.951 which is greater than the t-table of 1.66088, and a significance value of 0.000. The coefficient of determination (R²) shows that 76% of the variation in MSME income is influenced by KUR, while the rest is influenced by other factors outside the study.

The Effect of Sharia Financial Inclusion on Creative Industry Financing (KSPPS BMT-NU Lenteng Branch, Sumenep)

This study aims to analyze the effect of Islamic financial inclusion on creative industry financing in KSPPS BMT-NU Sumenep. Multiple linear regression analysis technique was applied to identify the influence of independent variables.The research design used in this study is a questionnaire to customers of BMT-NU EAST JAVA Lenteng Branch Office who are willing to be respondents and fill out a questionnaire, the purpose of which is to find out how much influence the independent variables, namely, Profile (X1), Income (X2), Accessibility (X3), and Product (X4) on financing the creative industry in Sumenep Regency. The results of the research obtained through multiple Linear Regression dummy variables are profile variables and products that have a significant positive effect on financing the creative industry of BMT-NU Lenteng Branch Sumenep customers. While the accessibility variable has a significant negative effect on financing the creative industry of BMT-NU Lenteng Sumenep Branch customers. While the income variable has a positive, but insignificant effect on financing the creative idustry of BMT-NU Lenteng Sumenep Branch customers.

An Analysis of the Factors Affecting Real Estate Taxes Literacy in Türkiye

This research aims to determine taxpayers’ literacy level about the financial obligations related to real estate, an important investment instrument in Türkiye, and the factors determining literacy. In this context, primary data were collected through surveys administered to 500 people who resided in Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir. Primary data analysis was carried out using two methods. First, the real estate tax (RET) literacy was calculated through percentage analysis. Second, using discrete selection models, variables likely to affect the literacy of real estate taxes collected could be estimated. As a result, the primary data show that RET in Türkiye is 30%. According to the estimation results, the gender, age, and income variables are effective regarding fiscal rights related to property in Türkiye.

Determinan Belanja Modal Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota Di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan Periode 2018-2022

This research aims to determine the effect of regional taxes, regional levies, and other legal income on district/city capital expenditure in South Sumatra Province, which consists of 17 districts/cities in 2023. The sample collection technique used in this research is sampling. fed up. This research uses secondary data with data hypothesis testing tools using Static Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) software version 26, with data analysis methods using multiple linear regression. The results of partial hypothesis testing show that regional tax variables and regional levies have a negative effect on capital expenditure. Furthermore, the results of simultaneous hypothesis testing show that the regional tax variables, regional levies, and other legal income variables together have a negative influence on capital expenditure

Socioeconomic Profiling and Dynamics: Insights from a Rural Community Study in Kedah

This study provides a socio-economic profile of Mahang and Nagalilit, two sub-districts in Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia. Residents of Mahang primarily rely on rubber tapping and oil palm cultivation, industries vulnerable to monsoon weather. In Desa Keda Nagalilit, locals are employed in the nearby hi-tech industrial area, oil palm plantations, or as shop assistants. Many households earn below the minimum wage, compelling residents to take on multiple jobs for financial stability. Data was systematically collected through questionnaires focusing on household demographics, socio-economic conditions, and lifestyle patterns. The analysis offers valuable insights into the living conditions and challenges these communities face, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research revealed income disparities and variations in living standards between sub-districts, underscoring the socio-economic impact of the pandemic. It further examined how variables such as age, income, employment status, and education correlate with financial strain, mental health issues, and disruptions to daily life. Findings demonstrate significant relationships between socioeconomic factors and the pandemic's effects, emphasizing the need for targeted measures to alleviate poverty, improve education, and enhance residents’ overall quality of life while addressing financial and mental health challenges

Spatial Cyber Loss Clusters at County Level and Socioeconomic Determinants of Cyber Risks

This study investigates whether cyber loss events occurring in the United States are spatially correlated and if so, which socioeconomic factors are associated with the spatial correlation. We analyze 3132 counties of the 50 U.S. states from 2005 to 2020 using the largest existing dataset of cyber risks and socioeconomic data. While previous literature found no or little spatial correlation at the state level, we are the first to document that such correlation exists at the county level; positive Moran’s I indicates that more exposed (i.e., a relatively large number of cyber events and losses) and less exposed counties are clustered. Spatial regressions show positive direct and negative indirect effects of county-level population and average income on loss frequency and severity. Large and wealthy counties thus tend to be more exposed to cyber risk events, but their geographically neighboring counties are less affected. We further investigate relatively exposed regions (California and the Northeast Coast) and three risk types (malicious, unintended, and privacy risks) and show consistent spatial effects for the key variables of population size and average income. Our findings can aid risk managers, cyber insurers, and policymakers to geographically differentiate cyber risk, recognize relatively more exposed regions, and develop more effective risk management strategies.