Income Opportunities Research Articles

Exclusion for Public Safety or Inclusion for Gig Employment: Managing the Tension with a Trilogy of Guardians

Gig platforms seek to create income opportunities, particularly for socially and economically marginalized people who find it challenging to engage in regular employment. Alongside this empowerment, safety concerns over unregulated drivers for Transportation Network Companies (TNC) platforms such as Uber and Lyft have led to discourse among policymakers on the necessity of background check laws (BCLs) with different stringency to exclude individuals from TNC jobs. Drawing on theories of labeling, routine activity, and rational choice theory, we conceptualize a trilogy of guardians—the government, TNC platforms and community, to safeguard ridesharing while mitigating social costs from excluding marginalized citizens from TNC jobs. Empirically, we document the shifting of crimes into the property domain as an unintended consequence of the exclusion solution (i.e., BCLs by the government). We find digital safety technologies deployed by TNC platforms to deter crimes (i.e., in-app safety features) can serve as an alternative to BCLs. Moreover, we show that resources provided by the community can inhibit the negative impacts of exclusion by stringent BCL (i.e., through alternative income sources) and enable the effectiveness of deterrence by in-app safety features (i.e., through policing). Our study surfaces a holistic social justice assessment that involves examining the risks of excluding marginalized individuals from gig work and showing that digital technologies expand the solution space to achieve public safety of citizens and inclusivity in gig employment through enabling the role of each guardian as well as their interdependence.

Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Its Association with Socioeconomic Factors in the Wof-Washa Natural State Forest, North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia.

The Wof-Washa Natural State Forest (WWNSF) in Ethiopia harbors remarkable biodiversity but faces threats from local communities, climate change, and a lack of awareness regarding its preservation. Although numerous studies exist, the economic value of the forest's ecosystem services (FESs) has been largely overlooked. Thus, the purposes of this study were to identify FESs, estimate their total economic value, and assess challenges with possible strategies for sustainable forest management. The research employed Google Earth to estimate forest area and socioeconomic surveys with field visits to gather data from 368 participants for analyzing the FESs, monetary values, and challenges with possible strategies. Analyses included descriptive statistics, total economic valuation (TEV), and an ordinary least squares regression model. The study revealed that the WWNSF provides crucial provisioning services (timber, honey, water, and firewood), regulating services (soil erosion control and climate change mitigation), and supporting services (soil formation and nutrient cycling). The forest's annual contribution to sampled households averaged $1152.30, with regulating and cultural services valued at $14,112 and $622.00, respectively. The study also revealed that male-headed households, larger families, and those having limited farmland and off-farm income depended more heavily on the forest. Therefore, farmland scarcity, settlements, and tree harvesting for firewood, timber, and agricultural tools, as well as the lack of employment opportunities, were the main challenges encountered in the study area. This suggests that despite degradation and reduction in size due to human pressures, the WWNSF remains a significant source of socioeconomic and ecological benefits, supporting local livelihoods and biodiversity. To ensure the forest's restoration, prioritizing community participation, promoting family planning, providing alternative income opportunities especially for youth, and balancing resource use with conservation efforts are possible strategies that should be taken into account.

The Pattern Of Travel Decisions And Tourist Expenditures For Local Tourism Revenue In Wonosobo Regency

Every tourism destination wants sufficient economic impact from tourists visit and tourist expenditure for the destination. In fact, each region has set revenue targets for both the number of visitors and amount of various tourist expenditures. However, it is often found that not all of these revenue targets are met. Therefore, this research conducts a comprehensive study on tourist profile, travel decision and the amount of tourist expenditure with the case in Wonosobo Regency. In this study, quantitative research methods is used. Data collected by survey to 100 visitors in several tourist attractions, accommodation and local restaurants. The data is processed using SPSS and display in descriptive statistics. The result of this research found that tourist profile mostly come from Java Island, male gender, tend to be young in age, graduate from hinger education, middle-lower income level. Tourists utilize various sources information but dominantly by social media, with primary visit purpose for holidays, many repeaters tourist, in average visit for one day, able to reach 4-5 attractions, and the most popular attractions are Si Kunir Hills and Arjuna Temple Complex. There are 8 types of tourist expenditures that can provide tourism income opportunities for the region, include accommodation, food and drink, transportation, attraction tickets, services at travel agents, tourist attraction tickets, souvenirs. Amongst 8 types of tourist expenditures, the main expenditure component for one day tourist is buying souvenir or gift, but for 2 days tourist is spending for accommodation.

Motivation and entrepreneurship in the students of the last cycles of administration of the National University of Cañete

Introduction: motivation is fundamental in the entrepreneurship of the students of the National University of Cañete. Motivation is the drive that a person feels to achieve their goals.Objective: the contribution that this study will provide will be to encourage students to undertake, in turn new jobs will be generated, a source of income and greater economic development in the province of Cañete. This research work was carried out at the National University of Cañete, which is in the district of San Vicente, belonging to the province of Cañete – department of Lima. The objective was to determine how motivation is associated with entrepreneurship in students in the final cycles of Administration at the National University of Cañete, 2021.Method: the type of research used was basic, with a quantitative - deductive, correlational - descriptive level and non-experimental - cross-sectional design. The variables used were motivation and entrepreneurship, the dimensions of the research were the following: need for achievement, need for affiliation, need for power, innovation, risk management and proactivity. The population was made up of 178 students from the last cycles of the professional Administration degree at the National University of Cañete. The total sample was 73 students. For the data collection process, the questionnaire was used as an instrument and the survey of the study variables according to the Likert scale was used as a technique. Likewise, in the descriptive and inferential analysis of the data, Microsoft Excel programs and SPSS version 25 statistics were used.Results: finally, to determine the correlation between the variables, the Pearson parametric test was used, through which the following results were obtained with a P-Value = 0,00, that is, a P < 0,05, which establishes that motivation is associated with entrepreneurship of the students of the last administration cycles of the National University of Cañete.Conclusions: in conclusion, the results of this research reveal a clear and significant association between motivation and entrepreneurship among students in the final cycles of Administration at the National University of Cañete. Additionally, the importance of entrepreneurship education in the academic curriculum to prepare students for an entrepreneurial future and the potential impact on local economic development by generating employment and income opportunities is highlighted. These findings establish a solid foundation for future research and emphasize the relevance of promoting entrepreneurship in academic and community settings

Analyzing the Impact of Digital Transformation in Islamic Philanthropy using Utaut Model

This study aims to assess individual habits in adopting digital payment technologies in Islamic philanthropic institutions. This research uses the UTAUT model, which explains user behavior in relation to information technology adoption. The population of this study was people who have used digital payments in philanthropic institutions, e.g., M-banking, QRIS, e-wallet, e-money, crowdfunding, marketplace, etc. A sample of 250 respondents was obtained using a random sampling technique. The UTAUT model was performed using structural equation modeling (SEM) via SmartPLS. The results showed that all constructs had a significant positive impact, except for the effect of facilitating conditions on usage behavior. This study shows that the digitization of payment transactions is still aimed at the segment of well-informed technology users. Policyholders, therefore, need to become more involved in the digital transformation campaign, which targets all potential segments, e.g., the middle-aged working class. Due to this segmentation, they have a high awareness of donations in addition to the income opportunities.

Socioeconomic status of the people and their attitude toward conservation in Parsa National Park, Nepal

This study aims to investigate the socioeconomic status of communities living in proximity to a park and their attitudes towards conservation. The questionnaires used in this study were carefully designed to achieve the desired research objectives. The majority of people living adjacent to the park depend on agriculture and livestock farming for their livelihood. People also benefit from the forest's resources in many aspects. People’s perceptions of wildlife conservation vary widely and are influenced by various factors such as economic status, cultural background, education status, awareness level, and personal experiences. Respondents with higher education status have been found to exhibit positive attitudes towards conservation. Results have shown that 70% of respondents who live near the park claim that coexistence with wildlife is becoming increasingly problematic. While the respondents are pleased with the practical conservation strategies that have contributed to the rise in wildlife populations, they are concerned about the increasing conflicts with wildlife. Crop raiding is a serious problem in several villages located near dense forests. Livestock depredation is another major issue that has been observed in the same area. Wildlife has been known to attack and kill livestock, causing a significant loss of income for the farmers in these villages. Many people feel that the lack of effective compensation mechanisms has led to a sense of antagonism towards both authorities and conservation efforts as a whole. The importance of effective compensation mechanisms in conservation efforts cannot be overstated. Some of the respondents have noted that the development of ecotourism has the potential to mitigate human-wildlife conflict. Ecotourism provides jobs, income, and other economic opportunities that help improve their socioeconomic status and, in turn, promote conservation.

Child ‘streetism’ through Kinaesthetics

The term child ‘streetism’ refer to a group of children that has emerged as a result of rapid technological development that led to the migration of people from rural areas to cities. However, due to various other factors that thwart efforts to improve their lives, a class of street children is emerging. This paper examines the children living on the streets in Malaysia. They are subjected to multiple forms of abuse, neglect and often engage in informal economic activities to survive. Children basic needs can be effectively met through empowerment and holistic approaches that utilize art and creativity. Such approaches recognize that children’s well-being is linked to various aspects of their lives, such as physical, emotional and social. Arts and creativity provide street children with a safe space for self-expression, increase self confidence and self-esteem, develop life skills, and create alternative income opportunities. In addition, arts and creativity-based interventions have been shown to promote positive mental health outcomes, improve social inclusion and reduce stigma among street children. This study draws on several perspectives on the issue of child ‘streetism’ in Malaysia. However, the mandatory focus is about analysing the empowerment and holistic approach to children’s ‘streetism’ via art and creativity in education to help children realize their full potential and overcome their obstacles. Interviews, and thematic analysis will be conducted to obtain a collective opinion and gather more information on the research topic. Arts and creativity via education can play an important role in addressing the challenges faced by children living in the streets, by providing opportunities for self-expression, skill development, social inclusion, trauma recovery, advocacy and especially education. Ultimately, by incorporating Kinaesthetic Learning methods via arts and creativity can empower them, promote their well-being and contribute to their holistic development which can be effective strategies to foster the resilience of the street children and help them to build a better future.

Green trees preservation: A sustainable source of valuable mushrooms for Ethiopian local communities.

In Ethiopia, Pinus radiata and Pinus patula are extensively cultivated. Both plantations frequently serve as habitats for edible fungi, providing economic and ecological importance. Our study aims were: (i) to investigate how plantation age and tree species influence the variety of edible fungi and sporocarps production; (ii) to determine edaphic factors contributing to variations in sporocarps composition; and (iii) to establish a relationship between the most influencing edaphic factors and the production of valuable edible mushrooms for both plantation types. Sporocarps were collected weekly from permanent plots (100 m2) established in 5-, 14-, and 28-year-old stands of both species in 2020. From each plot, composite soil samples were also collected to determine explanatory edaphic variables for sporocarps production and composition. A total of 24 edible species, comprising 21 saprophytic and three ectomycorrhizal ones were identified. Agaricus campestroides, Morchella sp., Suillus luteus, Lepista sordida, and Tylopilus niger were found in both plantations. Sporocarp yields showed significant variation, with the highest mean production in 28-year-old stands of both Pinus stands. Differences in sporocarps variety were also observed between the two plantations, influenced by factors such as pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and cation exchange capacity. Bovista dermoxantha, Coprinellus domesticus, and A. campestroides made contributions to the variety. The linear regression models indicated that the abundance of specific fungi was significantly predicted by organic matter. This insight into the nutrient requirements of various fungal species can inform for a better plantation management to produce both wood and non-wood forest products. Additionally, higher sporocarps production in older stands suggests that retaining patches of mature trees after the final cut can enhance fungal habitat, promoting diversity and yield. Thus, implementing this approach could provide supplementary income opportunities from mushroom sales and enhance the economic outputs of plantations, while mature trees could serve as a source of fungal inoculum for new plantations.

Survey of millets explored for the traditional food and medicine by the Rural Inhabitant of Salem District, Tamil Nadu-India

This study investigated communication traits influencing awareness and adoption of recommended small millet cultivation practices among tribal millet farmers in the Salem District's Kolli hills and Salem forest divisions, Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu. Data, collected through personal interviews and informal discussions, aimed to address agrarian and nutritional challenges, emphasizing the potential of millets in dry lands for increased grain production. Millets, climate-resilient and nutritionally rich, offer benefits such as gluten-free composition, phytochemicals, and micronutrients crucial for immune function. Traditionally cultivated by Malayali tribes, millets exhibit medicinal and nutraceutical properties, contributing to the prevention of various health issues. The study highlights the rising interest in millets among scientists, technologists, and nutritionists, emphasizing their potential for value addition and processing to create ready-to-eat items. This not only benefits the masses but also provides income opportunities for rural and tribal farmers, promoting food security, employment, and revenue generation. Researchers focus on innovative approaches to enhance millet production, further underlining its significance in addressing current agricultural and nutritional challenges.Top of Form

Sustainable tourism development in Bangladesh: Challenges and opportunities to promote the Sundarbans

Purpose: The main objective of this study is to determine what needs to be managed and what obstacles make this World Heritage Site more attractive to tourists through sustainable development. Research Methodology: The study was mainly quantitative in nature. To acquire primary data, the upazilas of Koira and Dumuria in the Khulna district, as well as Shyamnagar, Debhata, and Tala in the Satkhira district, were conveniently sampled because a sizable portion of Sundarbans are located there. A total of 365 individuals from five preselected locations completed a standardized questionnaire to provide information, and respondents were selected using a simple random sampling procedure. Statistics, such as frequency and percentage, and the logistic regression (LR) model were used to examine the data. Results: Among the independent variables included in the NES framework, only eight variables—advantages of natural diversity, natural complications, compatibility, multi-culture opportunity, diversity of life, job opportunity, GDP contribution, and income opportunity—significantly influenced the sustainable development of tourism in the Sundarbans area. Limitations: This research is based on the selected sample about the sustainability, protection, and promotion of Sundarbans, but most of the respondents had limited ideas about these key issues. Contributions: If a sustainable communication system and a standard resort or hotel-motel are built, domestic and foreign tourists will be interested. Additionally, specific policies and adequate security arrangements should be implemented. Above all, the concerned ministries of the government should come forward to create awareness among the people living in the Sundarban area to protect the natural diversity of the region.

Sustainable tourism development in Bangladesh: Challenges and opportunities to promote the Sundarbans

Purpose: The main objective of this study is to determine what needs to be managed and what obstacles make this World Heritage Site more attractive to tourists through sustainable development. Research Methodology: The study was mainly quantitative in nature. To acquire primary data, the upazilas of Koira and Dumuria in the Khulna district, as well as Shyamnagar, Debhata, and Tala in the Satkhira district, were conveniently sampled because a sizable portion of Sundarbans are located there. A total of 365 individuals from five preselected locations completed a standardized questionnaire to provide information, and respondents were selected using a simple random sampling procedure. Statistics, such as frequency and percentage, and the logistic regression (LR) model were used to examine the data. Results: Among the independent variables included in the NES framework, only eight variables—advantages of natural diversity, natural complications, compatibility, multi-culture opportunity, diversity of life, job opportunity, GDP contribution, and income opportunity—significantly influenced the sustainable development of tourism in the Sundarbans area. Limitations: This research is based on the selected sample about the sustainability, protection, and promotion of Sundarbans, but most of the respondents had limited ideas about these key issues. Contributions: If a sustainable communication system and a standard resort or hotel-motel are built, domestic and foreign tourists will be interested. Additionally, specific policies and adequate security arrangements should be implemented. Above all, the concerned ministries of the government should come forward to create awareness among the people living in the Sundarban area to protect the natural diversity of the region.

How Disney Plus Helped Disney out of Financial Crisis

This paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 on The Walt Disney Company and the measures taken by the company, particularly the launch of the streaming service Disney Plus, to mitigate the economic crisis. The pandemic led to the closure of Disney's theme parks worldwide, resulting in significant revenue losses. The film industry also suffered as movie theaters closed and production was disrupted. As a result, Disney's stock price fell, and the company faced financial difficulties. However, the launch of Disney Plus in November 2019 provided a new source of income and profit opportunities. When people had to stay home, the demand for streaming services surged, and Disney Plus capitalized on this trend. As a result, the success of Disney Plus exceeded expectations, surpassing 60 million subscribers by August 2020. The paper analyzes the strategies employed by Disney to promote Disney Plus, including releasing blockbuster films directly on the platform and extensive advertising campaigns across various media channels. The company's public statements emphasizing its commitment to streaming media and its confidence in Disney Plus further contributed to its success. Overall, Disney Plus played a crucial role in mitigating the financial impact of the COVID-19 on The Walt Disney Company.

Mini-Kilns for Charcoal-Making: An Eco-Friendly Solution for Small-Scale Production of Charcoal and Wood Vinegar

Charcoal is one of the most essential energy sources in the world and is used mainly for domestic and industrial purposes. Brazilian charcoal production occurs in rudimentary masonry kilns without concern for process safety or energy waste. This work aimed to develop a mini carbonization system of three kilns coupled to a vertical smoke burner for optimized and environmentally correct charcoal and wood vinegar (WV) production on small farms. The project was divided into three parts for dimensioning: the three-kiln set, the WV condensing device, and the smoke burner. The condenser was designed following the procedures from the standards of TEMA (Tubular Exchangers Manufacturers Association); ASME (Society of Mechanical Engineers of the United States) Section VIII, Division 1; and the NR-13 (Regulatory Standard) of ABNT (Brazilian Association of Technical Standards). In contrast to the current scenario, in which primitive carbonization technologies are still employed, bringing about low charcoal yields and significant pollution release, the use of a mini-kiln that allows charcoal production and wood vinegar recovery combined with pollutant smoke burning is an interesting eco-friendly solution. Thus, the mini-kiln model presented here brings a low cost and environmental safety to the charcoal production chain, reaching sustainability parameters and offering higher income opportunities to small producers.

Pelatihan Manajemen Kas Bagi Pelaku Usaha Mikro dan Kecil di Kelurahan Kandang Limun Kecamatan Muara Bangkahulu Kota Bengkulu

Cash management training is provided for business owners in the Kandang Limun Village, Muara Bangkahulu Sub-district, Bengkulu City. This activity is carried out to foster a spirit of productivity in running their businesses. It also serves as an opportunity to prevent loss of income and business opportunities that they have had so far. The business community in Kandang Limun Village, Muara Bangkahulu Sub-district, Bengkulu City, has a strong desire to improve their businesses, both in terms of funding and basic family needs. However, their desires are not accompanied by the ability to manage their finances. In order to realize organized and optimal cash utilization, cash management training is provided for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Kandang Limun Village, Muara Bangkahulu Sub-district, Bengkulu City. Through this service activity, MSME entrepreneurs are equipped with knowledge and procedures for cash management. With the skills and abilities acquired, entrepreneurs can enhance productivity in their businesses. This service activity is conducted through lecture/demonstration and discussion (question and answer) methods. The training aims to stimulate responses from business players. The cash management training activity will be implemented with intensive mentoring and active involvement from the academic community of Bengkulu University.

Socio-economic Conditions of Dry Fishers and Wholesalers: A Case Study of the Coastal Dry Fishing Communities of Bangladesh

The coastal areas of Bangladesh, particularly the southeast region, is notorious for producing a majority of dried fish products in the country by recruiting numerous dry fishers and wholesalers (locally called Mohajon). This study examines the socio-economic condition and livelihood status of small scale dry fish producing communities in Nazirartek, a renowned fish drying village situated in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. It was perceived that the dry fishers lived in a very underdeveloped state with low income and literacy rates, poor living standards and malnourished condition, whereas the livelihood of wholesalers was comparatively better. The inadequate compensation during rainy seasons was another reason for the unimproved livelihood of the fishers. Because of this, they had to take up substitute agricultural or other occupations during the off-seasons of fish drying activities. Majority (60%) of the wholesalers had attended secondary school, considering 56.66% fishers went up to primary school with no further secondary school education. Furthermore, over 50% fishers had an annual income of 81,000 to 100,000 BDT while 70% wholesalers earned above 100,000 BDT year-1. Primarily, the major constraints encountered by the communities are vulnerability to extreme weather, reliance on loans due to low wages, inadequate off-season income opportunities, lack of good treatment facilities, no prior training and scarcity of technological facilities. With appropriate management strategies, comprehensive marketing systems, national co-operation and employment opportunities, the dry fishing industries of Bangladesh can be developed to its’ full potential.

Juridical Review Of The Criminal Act Of Online Fraud Is Reviewed From Law Number 19 Of 2016 Concerning Information And Electronic Transactions

The crime of fraud is currently increasingly developing following the times and advances in technology, the Internet can also be used as a forum that can generate income opportunities to meet life's needs, namely by carrying out online business activities. This research discusses the legal regulations for criminal acts of fraud. online, what are the factors that cause online criminal acts of fraud, how to resolve online criminal acts Research Studies at the Binjai Police. This research was carried out using an empirical juridical method with a field research method, in which case the research method used was that the researcher went directly into the field to conduct interviews with sources and collected secondary data consisting of primary legal material and secondary legal material. The criminal act of online-based fraud is based on evidence or means of action, namely using an electronic system (computer, internet, telecommunications equipment). Law enforcement regarding this criminal act of fraud can still be accommodated by the Criminal Code and Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. Barriers to law enforcement against criminal acts of fraud based on electronic transactions are still influenced by five factors, namely legal factors, law enforcement factors, means or facilities that support law enforcement, community factors and cultural factors. Legal rules governing criminal acts of fraud in the Criminal Code and protection of consumers, factors for criminal acts of online fraud which include economic, environmental, social and cultural, intellectual and security factors.

Contribution of Participatory Forest Management Program in Non-Timber Forest Products to balance Livelihood Improvement and Conservation: a case of Sera Forest, Amigna District, Southern Ethiopia

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) have a significant role as a local source of medicine, fiber, forage, and sustenance and offer income opportunities mainly in rural families. As sustainable use of NTFPs is imperative to provide ecosystem services and biological resources, this study focused on the identification and documentation of plant species used for NTFPs, their availability, and conservation status in Sera Forest, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The study applied a combination of plant ecological and ethnobotanical methods. Ethnobotanical data were gathered through semi-structured questionnaires and interviews which involved 206 randomly sampled general and 24 purposively selected key informants, group discussions, guided field walks, and market surveys. Data were analyzed and presented using analytical methods of ethnobotany, including descriptive statistics, informant consensus factor (ICF), and ranking. Species diversity, richness, and evenness were also computed using Shannon–Wiener diversity indices. A total of 137 plant species belonging to 49 families used as a source of NTFPs were documented from the study area. Eleven major use categories of the NTFPs were identified. Out of these, medicine, firewood, charcoal making, and construction materials were the most dominant uses requiring large volumes of NTFPs. Direct matrix ranking of plant species with multipurpose use revealed, that Hagenia abyssinica was ranked highest, followed by Olea europaea ssp cuspidata, Grewia mollis, Croton macrostachyus, Ximenia americana and Carissa spinarum. Local communities of the study area possess rich indigenous knowledge in the regulation of grazing and extraction of forest products, forest patrolling, firebreak clearance and maintenance, selective preservation of tree species and nursery activities focused on the restoration of indigenous woody species, which all help in using their natural resources for sustainable livelihood. Sera forest is rich in NTFP-bearing plants and associated indigenous conservation knowledge. However, nowadays illegal timber extraction, grazing, over-harvesting of NTFPs, farm expansion, and fire hazards are found to be threatening the plant resources, irrespective of the Participatory Forest Management (PFM) principles. Therefore, it is important to have strong evaluation and monitoring mechanisms for setting harvesting quantities and regulating types of collection. Besides developing a sense of ownership, and responsibility, integrating their traditional forest management practices with modern conservation approaches is desirable for higher livelihood outcomes with lower environmental impacts.

Dependency and Social Recognition of Online Platform Workers: Evidence From a Mixed‐Methods Study

This article is about those who need or want to make a living from working on online platforms. Moreover, questions of financial dependence are related to why this work is done and what social recognition the workers expect from it. Our mixed‐methods approach captures this heterogeneous field of online platform work by dividing it into three categories: (a) microwork, (b) mesowork, and (c) macrowork. Microwork involves offering short, repetitive tasks to an anonymous crowd, such as human intelligence tasks. Macrowork consists of market‐based freelance platforms offering highly skilled professionals complex and more extensive tasks. In between, mesowork covers platforms offering specialized tasks such as software testing or content creation. While income opportunities and working conditions vary widely between these platforms, common features include self‐employment and the ability to work from anywhere. Quantitative results show that only for a few highly skilled workers does income from platform work account for a crucial share of their household income. Surprisingly, workers’ household incomes do not differ by skill level. Qualitative results complement this picture by giving us a more contextual understanding of the significant variation among workers. We find cases in which monetary remuneration is not the only reason for doing platform work. So, despite all the criticism of precarious working conditions, platform work does have some positive aspects and can also hold the potential for the social inclusion of people who cannot participate in traditional labor markets. This article contributes to these discussions by providing workers’ perspectives on the risks and challenges of online platform work, acknowledging their different living situations, socioeconomic status, and health issues.

Melalui Workshop Tingkatkan Kreatifitas Remaja Menuju Kemandirian Ekonomi di Gampong Releut Timu Kecamatan Muara Batu Kabupaten Aceh Utara

Releut Timu is a village located in the Muara Batu sub-district of Lhokseumawe City, Aceh Province. This sub-district has a significant population, including a large number of youth aged between 15 and 24 years old. In terms of the economy, the youth in Releut Timu face limited opportunities. The majority of them still rely on their parents or families for financial support. Unemployment rates among the youth are also quite high, making it difficult for them to find decent jobs. This can result in limited access to income and economic opportunities. Furthermore, the economic infrastructure in Releut Timu is also limited, leading to limited business opportunities or job prospects for the youth. Some of them may be forced to work in the informal sector, such as street vendors or daily laborers, which provides unstable and insufficient income. To address these challenges, it is necessary to conduct a workshop that can stimulate creativity and enhance the growth of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), thereby increasing income. The outcome of this workshop would be the emergence of creative ideas from the youth, and their ability to implement these ideas into various products, such as flowers, bags, hijab accessories, and more. Key words: Workshop, Creative Ideas, Products, Youth

Identification of Digital Intellectual Assets and Features of Their Commercialization

The need to identify, define the types, specifics and features of the commercialization of digital intellectual assets is due to the prevailing realities and the opportunities for additional income associated with the digitalization of the economy and the legislative consolidation of new objects of civil turnover — digital rights. The purpose of the work is to characterize digital intellectual assets as objects of commercialization, to identify the features and conditions of its implementation, as well as factors affecting the type and amount of license fees for the transfer of rights to these assets. The methodological basis of the research was the categorical apparatus of management methods in the field of intellectual property and digital rights, methods of classification, statistical and comparative analysis, a systematic approach, scientific works of leading domestic and foreign scientists in the field of evaluation of intellectual property and digital assets. Results of the study are as follows: two interpretations of digital intellectual assets have been identified: 1) as rights to intellectual property objects that exist and have value in digital form; 2) as digital rights to intellectual property objects, the disposal of which is carried out exclusively in an information system based on blockchain technology; the typologization of digital intellectual assets with the allocation of separate types within each interpretation is carried out; the features of commercialization of digital intellectual assets, factors influencing the choice of the type and amount of license remuneration are revealed. The findings can be used in practice by the management of companies when developing strategies for managing new types of assets in order to increase the efficiency of their commercialization.