Minimum Wage Income Research Articles

Consumption Response to Minimum Wages: Evidence from Chinese Households

Abstract The paper evaluates the impact of the Chinese minimum wage policy on consumption of low-wage households for the period 2002-2009. Using a representative panel of urban households, we find that the consumption response to minimum wage income hikes increases in the share of minimum wage income in total household income. In particular, poorer households fully consume their additional income, while meaningful negative employment effects are absent. The large marginal propensity to consume is driven by households with at least one child, while poor, childless households save two-thirds of a minimum wage hike. The expenditure increase is concentrated in health care and education with potentially long-lasting benefits to household welfare.

Comprehensive Analysis of Chinese Child Labor Status quo with Assessment of Maneuverability

According to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), child labor directly indicates work inequality. Mainstream opinions towards this issue argue that underage labor participation is detrimental to the educational development of child workers. Their indispensable vulnerability, especially in highly intensive workplaces, places a greater possibility for injuries, disabilities, and even casualties. The essay contrives points through close-up observation of the Chinese society and governmental system by examining multiple measurements, documents, and phenomena. Placing too much attention on economic development, the central government of China inevitably falls short of the experience of child labor regulations. Legal and regulatory documents pertinent to this topic are still at the phase of literal recognition, instead of solid and feasible clauses meticulously designed for employment management. Private sectors, along with the specialized institutions for underage prospective workers, have been cooperating to jointly suppress adolescents by misinterpreting child labor regulations. Additionally, labor education and internship receive heated debates throughout the years, for some companies are taking advantage of this policy to circumvent punishment for employing child laborers. Participants of the programs are forced to work overtime under hazardous conditions, with only the minimum wage income or a null return several treaties for internship unilaterally deprive their rights for returns. Insufficient awareness of both the low-income parents and the overall society is probably to blame for forming and sustaining the operation of such a system.

PENANGANAN KREDIT PEMILIKAN RUMAH SUBSIDI BERMASALAH PADA BANK SYARIAH DALAM PANDANGAN ISLAM (STUDI BANK TABUNGAN NEGARA KANTOR CABANG SYARIAH BOGOR)

This research is motivated by the increasing demand for housing, but the effort to get a house atthis time is not an easy thing. The increasingly limited amount of land makes house prices moreexpensive, especially for people with an average regional minimum wage income, encouragingrepair parties, especially at the State Savings Bank for the Bogor Sharia Branch Office (BTN KCSBogor) to facilitate this need. BTN KCS Bogor hereby distributes its funds through subsidizedmortgage financing. The amount of funds disbursed by the BTN KCS Bogor is classified as highenough that the bank has a risk of non-performing financing. It is necessary to make efforts tohandle non-performing financing carried out by BTN KCS Bogor which is different fromconventional BTN, namely the handling of non-performing financing in accordance with Islamicvalues. This research is qualitative and the data collection method is by conducting interviews atBTN KCS Bogor. The analysis used in this study is a qualitative descriptive analysis. The resultsshowed that the handling of non-performing financing at BTN KCS Bogor was in accordance withthe regulations of Bank Indonesia and the Financial Services Authority, and Islamic values

Perception of pregnant women in Primary Health Care about healthy eating

Pregnancy promotes several transformations in the female organism, leading to a greater energetic and nutritional demand. If the demand is not met, there will be a competition between the fetus and the mother, which can cause harm to fetal development. Although widely discussed, it is not very clear how pregnant women see healthy eating and whether they can follow it during their daily life. Therefore, it is important to know how pregnant women understand this theme, whether they are receiving guidance, what they do with the acquired knowledge, and what factors are influencing their dietary choices. The aim of this study was to verify the knowledge of pregnant women assisted in primary health care in Belém, PA concerning healthy eating, such as characterizing the socioeconomic and demographic profile and nutritional status of the participants. This is a quantitative-qualitative study conducted with 27 pregnant women enrolled at MHC Guamá using a questionnaire with socioeconomic and demographic data and a semi-structured form with questions about their perception of healthy eating and self-declared weight, height, and gestational age. Qualitative data were analyzed using the Similitude Analysis and Word Cloud methods. The study pointed out that most pregnant women are young, have a high school education, are single, have one minimum wage income, and know how to achieve a healthy diet. However, several factors influence their food choices such as the conditions of their food, nutrition, and health, and the access and consumption of healthy foods on a daily basis. Regarding nutritional status, the same percentage of eutrophic and overweight pregnant women was observed, which may be related to the various factors that influence their dietary choices.

Profile of tutors and the importance of correct nutrition for companion animals in the Rondônia state

The population of small animals reached 52.2 million canines and 22.1 million felines, dogs and cats have cohabited with humans for thousands of years and people who live in a healthy way with their pets have a lower rate of depression, this human/animal connection has brought benefits to humanity and with that the dogs and cats are being considered by the tutors as part of the family. Natural food has been conquering the world of pets mainly because it does not contain chemicals, artificial preservatives and the raw material is easy to acquire. The data were acquired through a virtual platform and consisted of a questionnaire that had 3 questions about the tutor's profile: sex, age group and minimum wage income, 2 questions to know the population of dogs/cats and 3 last questions: if the tutor has already consulted a professional in pet nutrition, if he would like to take his pet to the nutritionist to obtain a balanced diet and how many he would be willing to pay for an appointment. 109 responses were obtained, 68.8% women, 28.4% men and 2.8% non-binary tutor. Most of the people who participated were young people aged between 18 and 33 years old. of the people interviewed, only 8 individuals did not have dogs and for cats, it is observed that 63 people do not have this species at home. most tutors have never consulted a pet nutrition professional for information on what best suits their diet. The importance of the tutor's profile in relation to the population of dogs and cats was observed, as well as the awareness of the need to consult a professional before purchasing any new diet on the market to maintain the health and well-being of pets.

Rational drug use habits of patients with chronic diseases: A cross-sectional examination focusing on the use of technological devices.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting rational drug use habits and the use of technological devices in patients with chronic diseases. Adults who applied to the internal medicine outpatient clinics of a university hospital between March and December 2019, who used medications for chronic disease were included in the study. Using a questionnaire, data on demographic characteristics, technology use, smoking and alcohol use, knowledge and behaviour on rational drug use were collected. Of the patients, 73.3% (n=220) had smartphones, 28.0% (n=84) tablets, 8.7% (n=26) smartwatches, 6.0% (n=18) were using smart bracelets, 52.3% (n=157) knew the e-pulse application of the Ministry of Health, 53.3% (n=160) forgot on occasions the time to take their medications, 51.7% (n=155) threw away some drugs because the expiration date has passed, 64.0% (n=192) had at home never-used or unfinished medications, 21.3% (n=64) had medications to be used 'in case', 19.0% (n=57) recommend drugs to others and 34.3% (n=103) were getting advice from their environment on drug use. Women were 2.35 times more likely to use technology than men (95% CI: 1.19-4.64). Decreasing age was associated with an increased likelihood of using technology. Those with an income of more than twice the minimum wage compared with those with an income of minimum wage and below had 3.41 times (95% CI: 1.06-10.94) higher possibility of using technological devices, while compared with the illiterate, those with secondary education or university education had 14.96 times (95% GA: 3.67-60.93) higher possibility of using technological devices. The patients with chronic diseases demonstrate crucial deficiencies regarding rational drug use. The widespread use of technological devices may be an opportunity for preventive and remedial projects to be developed through these devices. Smartphone-based self-management tools should be developed and introduced to chronic patients.

High rates of unprotected receptive anal sex and vulnerabilities to HIV infection among Brazilian men who have sex with men

This study aimed to evaluate unprotected receptive anal sex intercourse (URAI) rates and vulnerabilities to HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) that use geosocial networking dating apps in Brazil. An online, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out with 2,250 MSM. The analyzed variables were grouped according to domains of vulnerability and analyzed by bi and multivariate statistics to calculate the Adjusted Odds Ratios (aOR). The prevalence of self-reported HIV was 7.1%; and of URAI, 23.4%. The studied variables that increased the chances of engaging in URAI were: identifying as homosexual (aOR = 8.30; 95%CI = 5.68:12.04), pansexual (aOR = 5.01; 95%CI = 2.04:12.38), or bisexual (aOR = 3.14; 95%CI = 2.03:4.80), using apps for obtaining sex (aOR = 1.3; 95%CI = 1.0:1.5), engaging in group sex (aOR = 1.6; 95%CI = 1.3:2.0), and reporting chemsex (aOR = 1.5; 95%CI = 1.1:2.0). Self-reported positive HIV status was associated with: less than a minimum wage income (aOR = 1.78; 95%CI = 1.22:2.58), lower education (aOR = 1.86; 95%CI = 1.31 CI; 2,64), not knowing the partner's HIV status (aOR = 1.84; 95%CI = 1.06:3.19), practicing group sex (aOR = 1.67; 95%CI = 1.04; 2.68), and chemsex (aOR = 2.03; 95%CI =1.06:3.19). The applications interaction is shaped by their own users to better meet their desires and needs. However, this behavior exposes individuals to HIV vulnerabilities.

Atividade física, propósito de vida de idosos ativos da comunidade: um estudo transversal

INTRODUÇÃO: A atividade física feita de maneira regular tem grande eficácia no retardo do declínio fisiológico do processo do envelhecimento, mantém e otimiza a capacidade física, melhora a funcionalidade e tem expressão no propósito de vida na velhice. OBJETIVO: caracterizar e descrever as condições sociodemográficas, físicas e de propósito de vida em um grupo de idosos praticantes de atividade física regular no interior do Amazonas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com idosos ativos da comunidade que realizam atividade física em suas comunidades por pelo menos 3 vezes na semana em torno de 50 minutos. Estes foram avaliados através de questionários e escalas validadas: Mini Exame Exame Estado Mental (MEEM), Teste de Trilha, Propósito de Vida, Teste Short PhysicalPerformanc e Battery (SPPB), Índice de Comorbidades Funcional, Escala numérica de dor e foram coletados dados referentes às características sociodemográficas. RESULTADOS: Dos 36participantes,100% são naturais do interior do Amazonas; 28 (77%) sobrevivem com renda mensal de salário mínimo; 27(75%) relatam sentir dor em alguma parte do corpo e 21(58,3%) apresentaram sobrepeso ou obesidade grau 1,33(91,6%) diz se sentir bem quando pensam no passado e no futuro. CONCLUSÃO: apesar de sentir dor, de baixa renda e baixa escolaridade,os idosos praticam atividade física que traz benefícios como manutenção da saúde física, diminuição dos sintomas depressivos, percepção de realização, motivação, satisfação e felicidade em viver.

ERGENLERDE SOSYAL GÖRÜNÜŞ KAYGISI, EBEVEYN VE AKRANA BAĞLANMANIN DEPRESYONU YORDAMADAKİ KATKISI1

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sosyal görünüş kaygısı, ebeveyn ve akrana bağlanmanın ergenlerde depresyonu yordamadaki katkılarını incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemi, 2018-2019 eğitim öğretim yılında, Alanya’da 9., 10., 11. ve 12. sınıfta öğrenimlerine devam eden toplam 512 lise öğrencisinden oluşmuştur. Verilerin toplanmasında Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Beck Depresyon Ölçeği, Sosyal Görünüş Kaygısı Ölçeği, Ebeveyn ve Arkadaşlara Bağlanma Envanteri Kısa Formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Depresyon ile sosyal görünüş kaygısı, anneye bağlanma, babaya bağlanma ve arkadaşa bağlanma arasında anlamlı düzeyde ilişkilerin olduğu, adı geçen değişkenlerin birlikte depresyona ilişkin varyansın yaklaşık % 32’sini açıkladığı görülmüştür. Depresyonu yordamaya katkı sırası; sosyal görünüş kaygısı, babaya bağlanma, anneye bağlanma ve arkadaşa bağlanma şeklindedir. Bunun yanında depresyon ile cinsiyet, gelir durumu ve algılanan anne baba tutumu arasında anlamlı ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuçlara bakıldığında, kızların erkeklere göre; asgari ücret altı geliri olanların asgari ücretle 4000 TL arası geliri olanlara göre; otoriter, tutarsız veya ilgisiz anne baba tutumu olduğunu algılayanların demokratik anne baba tutumu olduğunu algılayanlara göre depresyon düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Sınıf düzeyine göre ise depresyon düzeylerinde anlamlı bir fark görülmemiştir.

HEGEMONYA VE SINIF(SIZLIK) BİLİNCİ

Continuity of the hegemony is largely achieved by the socialization process and construction of the social consciousness in the process.While hegemony provides a window to see the world through the eyes of the ruling class, it also prevents ideas that are harmful to it from spreading, studied and accepted. So it is unrealistic to expect a social consciousness that was constructed in favor of the ruling class to include class consciousness. Foundation of the class consciousness is the feeling of belonging to a class. However the class consciousness is a threatening element to hegemony. So this study was done believing that social consciousness acts for the continuity of the hegemony, based on ''an ordinary person doesn't have a clear 'social class concept' in their mind, which brings belonging feelings and class consciousness, the notion is vague in their minds.'' hypothesis. In a research that was conducted between March-July 2019 by stratified random sampling method, the participants were asked in an open ended way ''Which class do you feel belonging to?''. Instead of a question aiming to make the participants choose between multiple answers of already existing class templates, the open ended question aimed to discover what the participants know about class structures that are used in defining them and how they interpret these classes in their minds. During the study it has been observed that one third of the participants didn't have a meaningful interpretation of the class concept corresponding in their minds thus being unable to answer the question. Nearly half of the participants who answered the question stated they think themselves as ''middle class''. Among the participants who stated they belonged in the ''middle class'', it is remarked that a quarter of them never once bought a book, 31 percent never visited the theatre, 6.7 percent never traveled out of their city and 5 percent never dined in a restaurant in their lives. When evaluating the income level of the participants who thought they belonged in the ''middle class'', it was discovered that 45.3 percent of the participants were of minimum wage to lower or no income for themselves while 51 percent of the participants had an income of minimum wage to 6k liras which showed that over half of the participants who thought themselves belonging in ''middle class'' were on the border of the poverty threshold. When factors like education, income level, social and cultural way of life considered, it was understood that the participants who gave the response ''middle class'' were implying the middle class of their vicinity, not the middle class defined by ranking of 20 percent income groups.

CIAM and Its Outcomes

CIAM, the Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne, founded by a coalition of European architects in 1928, was an international forum for new ideas about the urban design of housing and cities in an emerging socialist context. Its most influential concepts were the Existenzminimum, the small family housing unit affordable on a minimum wage income and the focus on CIAM 2, 1929; the design of housing settlements of such units, the focus of CIAM 3, 1930; and the Functional City, the idea that entire cities should be designed or redesigned on this basis. This article briefly explains these ideas and considers some of their subsequent outcomes.

Minimum Wage and National Basic Food Basket: Analysis on the Evolution of Milestones in Brazilian Food Security Policy (OR21-02-19)

ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to analyze the role of minimum wage policy in Brazil for assurance of food security among low income individuals using two approaches: (1) evolution of its purchase power in relation to the cost of national basic food basket throughout time, and (2) nutritional adequacy of food items comprising the national basic food basket in relation to nutritional requirements of individuals relying on minimum wage income. MethodsHistorical data on the evolution of the Brazilian minimum wage and national basic food basket ranging from 1959 until 2018 were compiled and updated using official inflation rates. The food items comprising the national basic food basket were converted in nutrients according to Brazilian food composition tables. Additional information from the National Household Expenditures Survey in 2002–2003 and 2008–2009 were used to estimate the distribution of individuals according to income level, and calculate nutritional requirements. Overall nutritional quality of national basic food basket was also assessed using the Healthy Eating Index Revised, adapted for the Brazilian population. ResultsThe average income earned in the lowest quintile of income was lower than the minimum wage in 2002–2003 and 2008–2009. Additionally, the cost of the national basic food basket comprised approximately 60% to 140% of one minimum wage during major part of the period. The nutritional composition of the national basic food basket, initially proposed to estimate the minimum wage, presented high content of calories, sodium, saturated fat and added sugar in comparison to recommendations for adults, and insufficient amounts of important nutrients (calcium, potassium and vitamin A) and food groups (fruits, vegetables and cereals). ConclusionsThe minimum wage policy has historical importance in the assurance of food security in Brazil; however, it is important to acknowledge the need for revision in the national basic food basket and its use as standard measure for estimation of living standards in Brazil. Funding SourcesThe study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001; and by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - Brasil (CNPq - Proc. 430850/2016-6). Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs▪

Quality of life, sociodemographic and occupational factors of working women.

This article aims to evaluate the quality of life of working women and its relationship with sociodemographic and occupational aspects. Cross-sectional study in a sample of 579 working women in a city with a population of 318,000. Data was collected by means of questionnaires for sociodemographic, occupational and WHOQOL-BREF characteristics. For the analysis, we used descriptive statistics, t-student test and the Pearson correlation. The working women on average were 42.70 ±13.74 years old; there was a predominance of Caucasians with 9 to 12 years of formal education and an individual monthly minimum-wage income at a single job as a registered employee or civil servant. The average Quality of Life was 72.87, with a better result in the area of Social Relations and the lowest in the area of Environment. The Environment domain was significantly more compromised in women who did not have rest breaks during work, those who did not have good relationships with their coworkers, had more diseases or injuries, less formal education and lower monthly income. The Social Relations domain was significantly compromised by the number of injuries or diseases.

Numbers and Attitudes towards Welfare State Generosity

Between pro-retrenchment politicians and segments of the media, exaggerated claims about the generous benefits enjoyed by those on welfare are relatively common. But to what extent, and under what conditions, can they actually shape attitudes towards welfare? This study explores these questions via a survey experiment conducted in the UK, examining: (1) the extent to which the value of the claimed figure matters; (2) if the presence of anchoring information about minimum wage income has an impact; and (3) whether these effects differ based on egalitarianism and political knowledge. Results suggest that increasing the size of the claimed figure decreases support in a broadly linear fashion, with anchoring information important only when (asserted) benefit levels are modestly above the minimum wage income. Egalitarianism, in turn, primarily matters when especially low figures are placed alongside information about minimum wage, while low-knowledge respondents were more susceptible to anchoring effects than high-knowledge ones.

Minimum Wages and Economic Justice: A Classroom Exercise

This paper presents a classroom exercise for an introductory economics course that allows students to discover the economic and social impacts of working for minimum wages. Students are asked to estimate a budget necessary for both a desirable and sustainable standard of living for those earning a minimum wage income. By engaging in active learning on topics such as economic justice, normative economic policy, living wages, and non-material needs, the exercise is an effective vehicle for integrating social economics into a principles course; and offers an opportunity to augment traditional economic pedagogy. Extensions, variations, and a suggested assessment tool for the exercise are also provided.

Uso etnofarmacológico de plantas medicinais em infecções geniturinárias por moradoras da Chapada do Araripe, Crato, Ceará – Brasil - doi: 10.5020/18061230.2012.p278

Objetivo: Conhecer o uso etnofarmacológico de plantas no tratamento de infecções do trato geniturinário (ITU) por mulheres residentes no município de Crato, na Chapada do Araripe, no interior do Estado do Ceará, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal com abordagem quantitativa, realizado entre setembro e novembro de 2010, com 25 moradoras da Chapada do Araripe que utilizam e/ou recomendam plantas para o tratamento de ITU. Resultados:As características prevalentes das informantes foram: faixa etária de 56 a 60 anos, casadas e com renda mensal de um salário mínimo, todas agricultoras e a maior parte delas com ensino fundamental incompleto. Foram identificadas nove espécies vegetais empregadas pela população contra processos infecciosos, inflamatórios e álgicos. As principais formas de uso são o decocto, o cozimento e a maceração de folhas e cascas. Barbatimão e malva foram as espécies mais citadas pelas informantes. Conclusão: A medicina popular é amplamente adotada por comunidades tradicionais e representa uma riqueza cultural inestimável que deve ser preservada e valorizada para garantia do desenvolvimento sustentável. As informações levantadas nesta pesquisa podem ser aplicadas em futuros estudos farmacológicos.

Ethnopharmacological usage of medicinal plants in genitourinary infections by residents of chapada do Araripe, Crato, Ceará – Brazil

To determine the ethnopharmacological use of plants in the treatment of urogenital tract infections (UTIs) by women living in the city of Crato, located in Chapada do Araripe, in the interior of the State of Ceara, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach, performed from September to November, 2010, with 25 residents of Chapada do Araripe, who use and/or recommend plants for the treatment of UTIs. Results: The prevalent characteristics of the informants were: age-group between 56 and 60 years old, married, all of them farmers with a monthly income of minimum wage, and most of them with incomplete schooling. Nine plant species were identified as being used by the population against infection, inflammation and pain. The most common forms of usage are the decoction, cooking and the maceration of leaves and barks. Barbatimao and mallow were the most reported species by informants. Conclusion: Popular medicine is greatly adopted by traditional communities and represents an incalculable cultural wealth which should be preserved and evaluated to assure sustainable development. Information brought out by this research may be useful in further pharmacological studies

Income Tax Fraud: Estimations of Its Dimensions; Its Economic Consequences and a Tax Reform Proposal

Despite considerable improvements in public finance since 2001, the GDP ratio of the budget and public deficits are expected, respectively, to be around 2% and 6% in 2011. Apparently there is no room left for further reductions in any of the main items of public expenditures. So, to further reduce the public deficit, Turkey must increase its public revenues the GDP ratio of which is less than half of that of the EU and the OECD average. The problem lies in the dearth of direct tax revenues and of personal income tax receipts which nowadays stand at 0.047GDP of which 91.7% is paid by wage and salary recipients. All the rest of the recipients of taxable personal income (BTGVM) declare their before tax income is 2% of the GDP and end up paying the ludicrous sum of 0.035% of the GDP in personal income taxes. This implies that these persons actually earn, not 2% but 26%-30% of the GDP. Using detailed statistics released by the Finance Ministry, tabulating the average earnings reported and the income taxes paid by 46 groups of tax-payers categorized by “field of activity” and the average income tax-rate incurred by each category, the authors first make micro based analyses and then approach the same issue using National Income accounts. In both cases they reach similar results: that this class of citizens are fraudulently reporting only 1/13th to 1/15th of their before tax income and that the earned but unreported income in Turkey is no less than 0.3GDP when unreported corporate profits are also included. These estimations by the authors are confirmed by the fact that, the National Income Accounts was recently “corrected” officially, by the creation a new GDP series that added 30%-33% to the old series. There is another sour-spot in the tax system: The de-jure personal income tax schedule direly need an overhaul because it starts by taxing the minimum wage income and less at a whopping 15% and it swiftly shoots up to the marginal rate of 35% at a very low level of pre-tax income of only 28,000 USD per year which happens to be the maximum marginal rate applied to even multi-millionaires. The authors suggest that, if a much more progressive de-jure income tax schedule which starts with 0 or 1% rate for incomes below the minimum wage (5,000 USD), which reaches the present maximum of 35% marginal rate at about 70,000 USD (instead of the present 28,000) and which rises to about 60% for the highest income-levels and if simultaneously the necessary judicial and institutional measures were taken to effectively minimize the colossal size of “earned but unreported and hence untaxed incomes”, then Turkey would be able to increase its direct-income tax revenues (cet.par.) by no less than 10%-12% of GDP. The authors then argue that if both were accomplished, not only the public deficits would be cet.par., minimized, reducing inflation and interest rates as well as the domestic savings gap (thus enhancing economic stability) but also Turkey would increase her public

Qualidade de vida dos idosos: comparação entre os distritos sanitários de Uberaba–MG

This study aimed to compare the scores of quality of life of elderly residents in three health districts (DS) in Uberaba. This was a study of household survey, cross-sectional and observational, which interviewed 2,143 people. Data were collected through structured instruments, WHOQOL-BREF and WHOQOL-OLD. We used frequency distribution and ANOVA F (p<0.05). There was a preponderance of females, 60-70 years of age, married or living with a partner and a minimum wage income. The highest scores of quality of life, WHOQOL-BREF, were for social relations in the DSI and DSII, while in DSIII the psychological prevailed. WHOQOL-OLD, the highest score of the DSI was the facet death and dying and in DSII and DSIII, operation of the senses. The lowest scores in the three DS, went to the physical domain and facet autonomy. The DSI presented lower scores in the psychological and environmental and operational aspect of sense when compared to the DSII and DSIII. The DSII had lower scores on the facet of the operation when compared to the way DSIII that showed lower score in social relations. These results indicate the need to redirect the attention of local political health of the elderly according to their characteristics in each location.

Prevalencia de caries dental y factores familiares en niños escolares de Cartagena de Indias, Colombia

Describing the prevalence and severity of caries in schoolchildren attending the John F. Kennedy school in Cartagena and its relationship to family factors. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 243 students. Dental caries prevalence was evaluated by DMFT and ceo-d index; caries severity was measured by using ICDAS II 2005 criteria and family variables were ascertained by filling out a questionnaire that included the Family APGAR (adaptation, partnership, growth, affection and resolve) for measuring family functioning. Descriptive statistics were used when analysing relationships and the Chi-square test was used for variables. Caries prevalence was 51 % (45-95 59 %CI). It was shown that 38 % (31-44 95 %CI) of parents had reached secondary school (but not completed it), 44 % (39-54 95 %CI) were living with a partner, 47 % (40-53 95 %CI) had low socioeconomic status, 53 % (47-57 95 %CI) were living in nuclear families, 47 % (41-53 95 %CI) were receiving less than minimum wage income, 66 % (58-70 95 %CI) were affiliated to the government health system and 59 % (52-66 95 %CI) were living in dysfunctional families. Bivariate analysis only revealed statistical significance regarding the fathers incomplete secondary schooling and the presence of dental caries (p=0.04). Even though most variables showed no statistical significance regarding explaining the presence of dental caries, they did provide epidemiologically important indicators which would facilitate decisions being made from a public health standpoint.