Income-generating Activities Research Articles

ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN MODERN REALITIES: PUBLIC-LEGAL AND PRIVATE LEGAL ASPECTS

The article pays attention to the concept of a model of state regulation of the economy, provides a classification of state response measures to the introduction of the sanctions regime by a number of countries. The necessity of changing the model of state regulation of the economy in the field of business is proved. The relevant measures to change the model of state regulation - of a private and public legal nature - are analyzed. Such measures include increasing the role of unitary enterprises in the Russian economy, expanding the capabilities of non-profit organizations to carry out entrepreneurial and income-generating activities, more effective use of the insurance mechanism to protect the interests of entrepreneurs, as well as the use of compensation as a way to terminate obligations. It is proposed to introduce in Russia a system for preventing consequences associated with risks and a system for preventing harm in construction.

INCOME POVERTY AND CHILD STREETISM IN DODOMA AND DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA

Tanzania has been implementing several initiatives to address the challenge of street children in the country. Despite such efforts, the child streetism has become the daily reality and has shown the sign of increasing. This article explores the influence of income poverty on child streetism in urban Tanzania. Specifically, the article focused on analysing the live experiences of street children; and describing the influence of income poverty on streetism of children. The article adopted the descriptive cross-sectional design and involved a total of 56 informants who were purposively selected while the snowballing sampling technique was used in accessing street children. Semi-structured interview, documentary review and observation method were used to collect data. Through thematic and content data analysis techniques this article revealed that street children experienced difficulties in getting their basic needs and did not easily access health services when they fell sick. Further, child streetism has been largely influenced by income poverty. Hence, the study recommends that; develop a formal and functional support system to facilitate children on the street to access the educational services. Regarding coping strategies as an emerged issue, street children engaged into begging, unsafe sex and petty income-generating activities such as car wash and bottle collection. They also used self-medication to treat themselves when they fell sick or being left at the hospital buildings or on the street by their fellow street children when the condition got worse. Additionally, they did not have any coping strategy to enroll themselves into the school.

Overview of Spatial and Economic Valuation for Ensuring Sustainability and Conservation: A Study of Masoala National Park

Masoala National Park encompasses 240,000 hectares within an extensive reserve of biodiversity and fertile soil. Unfortunately, this invaluable resource has emerged as a primary threat to the park's survival due to escalating human pressure. Masoala contends with challenges stemming from agricultural and illegal exploitation. This paper adopts a comprehensive approach by integrating economic valuation and spatial analysis, presenting a dashboard for decision-makers to guide conservation efforts. This approach offers a holistic perspective on the conservation keys. Firstly, the analysis delves into the economic valuation of the park, encompassing both direct and indirect uses. Secondly, utilizing spatial data, the study identifies zones outside the park suitable for alternative income-generating activities. Ultimately, this research furnishes decision-makers with a valuable tool to advance conservation initiatives within Masoala National Park.

Economic, social, and clinic influences on opioid treatment program retention in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a qualitative study

BackgroundMedications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are associated with positive health outcomes. People remaining on MOUD have a reduced likelihood of drug overdose and mortality. Tanzania supports a national opioid treatment program (OTP) offering MOUD, but retention is a continual challenge. To date, most research on MOUD retention in Tanzania and other Sub-Saharan Africa settings has been focused on the individual-level, with little attention to economic, social, and clinic-level factors.MethodsWe qualitatively examined economic, social, and clinic factors that affect retention on MOUD, specifically methadone maintenance therapy, among former and current clients attending an OTP clinic Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. We conducted in-depth interviews with a total of 40 current and former clients receiving MOUD and four focus groups with an additional 35 current clients on MOUD between January and April 2020. We utilized a thematic analysis approach.ResultsDaily OTP clinic attendance posed a financial burden to current and former clients and was a barrier to remaining on MOUD. Though treatment is free, clients described struggles to attend clinic, including being able to afford transportation. Female clients were differentially impacted, as sex work was the most common income-generating activity that they participated in, which presented its own set of unique challenges, including barriers to attending during set clinic hours. Drug use stigma acted as a barrier to MOUD and prevented clients from securing a job, rebuilding trust within the community, and accessing transportation to attend the clinic. Being able to rebuild trust with family facilitated remaining on MOUD, as family provided social and financial support. Caretaking responsibilities and familial expectations among female clients conflicted with MOUD adherence. Finally, clinic level factors, such as clinic dispensing hours and punitive consequences for breaking rules, posed barriers to clients on MOUD.ConclusionSocial and structural factors, both within (e.g., clinic policies) and outside of (e.g., transportation) the clinic impact MOUD retention. Our findings can inform interventions and policies to address economic and social barriers to MOUD, that can contribute to sustained recovery.

Overcoming barriers for people with disabilities participating in income-generating activities: A proposed development framework.

People with disabilities in sheltered workshops are disempowered and face many barriers, adversely affecting their income-generating activities and weakening their competitiveness in the labour market. There is limited evidence on how to overcome these barriers. This paper seeks to propose a framework to overcome the barriers experienced by people with disabilities participating in income-generating activities in a sheltered workshop. The qualitative exploratory single case study was done with observations and semi-structured interviews as data collection methods. Purposive sampling was used to select 24 participants between ages 22 and 52 years, and content analysis was done of transcribed interviews. Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) guidelines were used to develop the framework. A proposed framework was developed that outlined intervention strategies to address the barriers experienced by sheltered workshop participants to promote increased participation of people with disabilities in income-generation activities, thereby improving their quality of life. The participation of people with disabilities in income-generating activities is hindered by several barriers. However, the proposed framework overcomes the barriers to effective participation in income-generating activities. People with disabilities will benefit from this framework as it will address their challenges and needs for empowerment. It would also inform stakeholders involved about these challenges and strategies.

Impact of Trifed on Livelihood Security of Tribal Households: A Special Reference to Nilgiris District, Tamilnadu

This paper has examined the changes in household income and employment patterns and has assessed the impact of TRIFED (Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India)-an organization with a prime aim of economic upliftment among the scheduled tribes in the country by way of marketing tribal products which are the life source of tribals. The study covers the Nilgiris District of Tamilnadu on Purposive Sampling techniques by covering 180 households. The impact of TRIFED will focus on employment generation, income generation, asset creation, and future perspectives dealt with in the study. It was found that TRIFED covered all poor sections of the tribal society irrespective of caste, gender, or social order. It also observed that this organization enhances income as well as savings of households. Further, it was noticed that TRIFED has created income-generating activities among tribal peoples.

Income Diversification Among Farming Households Headed by Women in Rural Kenya

ABSTRACT This article discusses barriers to women’s economic empowerment and opportunities for households headed by women to diversify incomes in the rural parts of Kenya. The study analyzes the full range of income-generating activities at the household level and also accounts for the different types of female-headed households, each of which face different constraints. The findings show that not only do female-headed households diversify and combine their incomes differently than male-headed households but also that there are differences among different groups of female-headed households. HIGHLIGHTS Increasing women’s economic empowerment requires identifying barriers to and facilitators of women’s opportunities to diversify income. In rural Kenya, female-headed households (FHHs) are heterogeneous when it comes to how they diversify their incomes. FHHs in rural Kenya are more reliant on income from transfers than male-headed households. FHHs receive a smaller share of their earned income from the nonagricultural sector. FHHs are more dependent on work on own farm than MHHs. It is important for future research to account for all types of FHHs.

Factors associated with utilization of antenatal care among rural women in Bangladesh: A community-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundDespite the Government of Bangladesh's considerable efforts, utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services remains low among Bangladeshi women, notably those from rural areas. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the utilization and underlying factors affecting the utilization of ANC among women of reproductive age in rural Bangladesh. MethodsWe conducted a community-based cross-sectional study in three sub-districts of the Rangpur division, Bangladesh, from May 31, 2021, to June 9, 2021. A total of 1195 women with a live birth preceding the survey participated in the study. We used a multivariate logistic regression model to examine the association between all potential factors and the utilization of ANC4/4+ services. Multicollinearity and Hosmer-Lemeshow test was conducted to check the regression model's goodness fit test. ResultsThe rate of utilization of ANC4/4+ services by women in the three sub-districts of the Rangpur division was 71.7%. Women with more age, education, having more than five members in a family, and being involved in any income-generating activities were more likely to utilize ANC4/4+ in this study. ConclusionThe study found an insufficiency in ANC4/4+ usage, which might lead to missed opportunities for women in rural Bangladesh to have improved maternal outcomes. Particular focus should be given to women's higher education and prioritizing women's autonomy in health seeking issues in the rural women to increase the utilization of ANC4/4+.

Crime, Consumption, and Choice: On the Interchangeability of Licit and Illicit Income

We examine the rational assumption of the interchangeability of legal and illegal monies. Drawing from economics, behavioral economics, and sociology we answer two main research questions: (1) Do offenders perceive money earned across various income-generating activities (legal vs. illegal) in the same way? (2) How do consumption patterns (spending and saving) differ across various forms of income-generating activities? We use an a priori mixed methods approach with two interrelated studies; a quantitative survey of incarcerated offenders (N = 58) and a qualitative study of semi-structured interviews from four separate previous research projects (N = 107). We find evidence for the existence of differential consumption patterns based on quantitative and qualitative data from both incarcerated and active offenders regarding their patterns of spending legal and illegal money. Our findings have implications for choice theories of crime, for public policy approaches to poverty, and crime prevention interventions.

Perceptions, facilitators and barriers of physical activity among people living with HIV: a qualitative study

BackgroundPeople living with HIV (PLWH) have low levels of physical activity. Using the social ecological model to understand perceptions, facilitators and barriers of physical activity in this population is of importance for developing contextualised interventions to improve physical activity in PLWH.MethodThis was a qualitative sub-study conducted between august and November 2019 as part of a cohort study on diabetes and associated complications in HIV infected in Mwanza, Tanzania. Sixteen in-depth interviews and three focus groups with nine participants in each were conducted. The interviews and focus groups were audio recorded, transcribed and translated into English. The social ecological model was considered during the coding and interpretation of the results. Transcripts were discussed, coded and analyzed using deductive content analysis.ResultsForty-three PLWH aged 23–61 years participated in this study. The findings showed that most PLWH perceived physical activity as beneficial to their health. However, their perceptions of physical activity were rooted within existing gender stereotypes and roles in the community. Running and playing football were perceived as activities for men while household chores activities were for women. Further, men were perceived to do more physical activity than women. For women, household chores and income-generating activities were perceived as sufficient physical activity. Social support and engagement of family members and friends in physical activity were reported as facilitators of physical activity. Reported barriers of physical activity were lack of time, money, availability of physical activity facilities and social support groups, and poor information on physical activity from health care providers in HIV clinics. Human-immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV infection was not perceived by PLWH as a barrier for doing physical activity but most family members did not support them to do physical activity, fearing that it might worsen their condition.ConclusionThe findings demonstrated differing perceptions, facilitators and barriers of physical activity among PLWH. Interventions addressing awareness, gender stereotypes and roles related to physical activity from individual to community level are needed. Supportive environment and infrastructures are needed to improve physical activity levels in PLWH in Tanzania.

A Study on Factors Influencing Work Life Balance of Women Teachers in Dindigul District

Today’s career women are continually challenged by the demands of full-time work and when the day is done at the office, they carry more of the responsibilities and commitments to home. The attitude of female workers has also changed. Women are growing more ambitious as they become key players in the world of work, contributing to major company successes. Work life balance of women employees has become an important subject since the women are equally sharing the earning responsibility for the betterment of their family. Women are getting into jobs and they continue to work even after marriage. The working women efficiently overcome difficult situations by their commitment and perseverance. The participation of women in income generation activities leads them to satisfy their home needs to a greater extent. This paper aims to analyse the factors which influence the achievement of work life balance.

Socioeconomic Determinants of Household Size in Bangladesh: Evidence from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey Data

BackgroundBangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. This large population predominantly affects the socioeconomic development of the people living in this country. Therefore, it is essential to identify the determinants of household size in the country and suggest implications for future interventions in similar contexts.ObjectivesThe primary purpose of the present study was to explore the distribution of household size and its determinants based on the nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data.Material and MethodsThe data were extracted from BDHS 2017–2018, a national survey. Individual responses from the adult women of each household were considered in this nationwide survey. We applied univariate and bivariate analyses (chi-squared test) to explore the distribution of household size and different selected determinants. The multinomial logistic regression was utilized to identify the association between household size and the selected independent determinants in our study.ResultsFindings of our multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that sex of the household head, division, decision about health, respondent’s age, residence, respondent’s education, husband’s education, wealth index, religion, husband’s occupation, and respondent’s working status were significantly associated with the household size (P ≤ 0.05). We observed that household size tended to be more prominent in rural areas, in the Sylhet division, in families where the head of the household was a male, and in families where others except the respondents and their husbands made health-related decisions. Besides, large household size was also common among respondents aged 25 years or less, respondents and their husbands with higher education, respondents from the rich and middle class, respondents who were Muslim, respondents whose husbands were businessmen and jobholders, and respondents who were workers.ConclusionsThe findings of our study suggest that household size in Bangladesh is associated with different socioeconomic factors. We recommend promoting awareness programs on family planning promotion and early marriage prevention, especially in rural areas, to prevent the rapid growth of the population. Expansion of education for both men and women and female involvement in income-generating activities should be encouraged to effectively control the household size in Bangladesh.

Water Use Strategies for Livestock by Pastoralists: The Case of Semi-Arid Areas in Monduli District, Arusha Region, Tanzania

The paper explores livestock water use strategies that have been employed to cope with the problem of water shortage in Monduli District, Tanzania. The study employed a cross-sectional research design. Quantitative data were collected by using an interview schedule from 367 respondents who were randomly selected from Moita and Makuyuni Wards. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and observations were used to supplement the collected data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyse quantitative data, while qualitative data were analysed by using content analysis. The study findings show that livestock water scarcity and high-water supply charges caused pastoralists to come up with strategies for accessing water for livestock. These strategies include selling live livestock, engagement in off-farm income generation activities, water supply for livestock schedule, Charco dam rainwater harvesting technology, migration, small ruminant birth control and the use of temporary traditional dug well. Most of the strategies used play multiple roles since they not only enhance access to water for livestock but they play other beneficial roles. For example, selling livestock and birth control serve the problem of land degradation caused by overgrazing and also overcome the conflicts between farmers and pastoralists. It is therefore recommended that such strategies should be promoted for the development of livestock and agriculture sector in general. Other strategies used are traditional, for example, the use of traditional temporary wells, which do not allow pastoralists to access water throughout the year. This calls the need for local government and development partners to come up and promote improved and permanent structures like the Charco dam and other strategies that allow water accessibility throughout the year

Does Group Maturity Affect Savings and Investment Behaviour of Women: Empirical Investigation of Self-Help Groups in Uttar Pradesh

The aim of this study is to understand the impact of group maturity (age) on savings and investment behaviour of self-help group (SHG) members. Based on the survey data of 300 SHG members, the study finds that as groups mature or get older there is a three-fold rise in the share of household savings being diverted to savings in the SHGs. The results of the propensity score matching (PSM) reveal that group maturity has a positive impact on the per capita savings of member households. Furthermore, the usage of bank loans for a majority of beneficiaries distinctly shifts from consumption purposes to income-generating activities as the group becomes more mature.

“It gives you a road map of what to do to solve your problems”: acceptability of a combination HIV prevention intervention among adolescent girls in Uganda

BackgroundThe HIV burden remains a critical public health concern and adolescent girls are at significantly higher risk compared to the general adult population. Similar to other sub-Saharan African countries, Uganda reports high HIV prevalence among adolescent girls and young women. Yet, both evidence-based HIV prevention interventions and their acceptability among adolescent girls have not been widely studied. In this study, we examined the acceptability of the Suubi4Her intervention, an evidence-based combination intervention aimed at reducing HIV risk among adolescent girls in Uganda.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 25 adolescent girls upon intervention completion to explore their experiences with the Suubi4Her intervention that was tested in a clinical trial in Uganda (2017–2023). Specifically, we explored their decision-making process for participating in the intervention, experiences with program attendance, and their feedback on specific intervention characteristics. Informed by the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability, the data were analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsThe main motivation for participation was access to health-related information, including information on STIs, HIV, and pregnancy as well as information on banking, saving, and income-generating activities. Though many participants did not have any initial concerns, mistrust of programs, initial paperwork, caregiver’s ability to commit time, concerns about ability to save, and HIV/STI and pregnancy testing were raised by some participants. Facilitators to session attendance included motivation to learn information, caregiver commitment, reminder calls, and incentives received for participation. The main challenges included household responsibilities and obligations, difficulty raising transport money, and weather challenges. Adolescent girls appreciated the group format and found the location and times of the sessions convenient. They also found the content relevant to their needs and noted positive changes in their families.ConclusionsThe results showed high intervention acceptability among adolescent girls. These findings have important programmatic and policy implications in Uganda, especially given the higher HIV prevalence among adolescent girls in the country.Trial registrationNCT03307226 (Registered: 10/11/17).

Timing and Quality of Antenatal Care Among Adolescent Mothers in a Rural Community, Uganda.

Most adolescent mothers attend their first antenatal care (ANC) visit later than the recommended time while others do not receive good quality antenatal care (all the required components of ANC such as iron tablets). This study sought to examine the factors associated with timing of the first ANC visit and quality of ANC among adolescent mothers in Uganda. This study was based on quantitative data from 248 adolescent mothers aged 10-19 years in Luuka district, Eastern Uganda. We selected adolescent mothers who were either pregnant or had infants aged 0-3 months. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with timing and receipt of good quality ANC. The majority of the adolescents (82%) attended ANC for their most recent pregnancy. Of these, 47% made the first visit in the first trimester while 36% received good quality ANC. Having knowledge of danger signs in pregnancy was a determinant of both timing of first ANC visit (aOR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.04-8.06) and receipt of good quality ANC (aOR = 6.57, 95% CI: 1.75-24.65). Other determinants for timing of first ANC visit were mother's age, partner's age, having ever given birth, decision maker on health care and daily earnings. Other determinants for quality of ANC included distance to health facility and knowledge of family planning methods. This study recommends expanding the network of public health facilities further into the rural communities in the district as a means of bringing health services closer to adolescent mothers, deliberate efforts to equip adolescent girls with reproductive health information on pregnancy danger signs, and family planning and empowering adolescent girls to start income-generating activities.

Response of two varieties of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) to the application of biochar enriched with compost tea in urban

The poor management of soil fertility is the major edaphic constraint in the production of Okra, a vegetable highly appreciated by consumers in Kisangani. The objective of our study is to test the different combinations of organic manure in order to determine the most efficient ones on the yield of two varieties of okra in urban agriculture in Kisangani. Okra cultivation is seen as a climate-resilient and income-generating activity. The different treatments are determined in relation to the varieties studied. For the Indiana variety: T0, T1, T2 and T3 represent the control, the biochar, the compost tea and the biochar*compost tea combination respectively. The same treatments apply to the Clemson spineless variety. The experimental device adopted is that of split plot with 3 repetitions. The response of the test plant to the treatments applied was assessed on all the plants except the border plants. The results of the experimental treatments, the relationships between the biological parameters of different populations were respectively compared and determined. Yields vary by variety and treatment. Yields of the Indiana variety are 47.4 t.ha-1 under biochar associated with compost tea against 33.8 t.ha-1 under Clemson spineless. The marginal rate of return for the Indiana variety is 4.4 under the biochar*compost tea combination versus 2.1 for the Clemson spineless variety. Biochar combined with compost tea is proving successful in urban okra farming in Kisangani.

Influence of Poverty on Streetism of Children in Dar Es Salaam and Dodoma Cities

Purpose: Tanzania has been implementing several initiatives to address the challenge of street children in the country. Despite such efforts, the child streetism has become the daily reality and has shown the sign of increasing. This dissertation is a study on the influence of poverty and family support on child streetism in urban Tanzania. Specifically, the study focused on analysing the lived experiences of street children; describing the influence of income poverty on streetism of children.
 Methodology: The study adopted interpretivism research paradigm using descriptive cross-sectional design and inductive research approach. It involved a total of 38 informants who were purposively selected while the snowballing sampling technique was used in accessing street children. Semi-structured interview, documentary review and observation method were conducted.
 Findings: Through thematic and content data analysis techniques, this study reveals that street children experienced difficulties in getting their basic needs and did not easily access health services when they fell sick. They also engaged into intra-violence among themselves. Further, child streetism has been largely influenced by income poverty. Regarding coping strategies, street children engaged into begging, unsafe sex and petty income-generating activities such as car wash and bottle collection. They also used self-medication to treat themselves when they fell sick or being left at the hospital buildings or on the street by their fellow street children when the condition got worse.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Additionally, they did not have any coping strategy to enroll themselves into the school. The study also revealed that vulnerability and rational choice perspectives must be used in exploring the lived experienced of street children instead of using the vulnerability perspective alone. The rational choice perspective explains, among others, why street children sustain street life hardships and difficulties instead of going back to their families.

NGOs’ strategies towards asset accumulation and poverty reduction in Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT The study explored NGOs’ strategies toward asset accumulation and poverty reduction in Zimbabwe using a case study of three NGOs in the Chegutu District. Despite several NGOs operating in the Chegutu District, asset problems are conspicuously reflected by income struggles, school children dropping out of school and the social exclusion of the communities. Thus, the study analyzed the role of NGOs in asset accumulation and the relationship between asset accumulation and poverty reduction. It emerged that NGOs are using ISALS, nutritional gardens, service provision, income-generating activities (IGAs) and vocational training (VT) to engender the accumulation of financial, social, physical and human assets. As households accumulate sufficient levels of financial assets through interventions like ISALS, VT and nutritional gardens, there is improved social wellbeing, shedding light on the nexus between asset accumulation and poverty reduction. The study was qualitative in nature with data collected through the use of in-depth interviews and FGDs.

Determinants of Smallholder Farmers’ Income-Generating Activities in Rubber Monoculture Dominated Region Based on Sustainable Livelihood Framework

The rapid expansion of rubber plantations in Xishuangbanna, China, has severely decreased rubber prices in the last several years. The income loss and other adverse environmental impacts have brought livelihood challenges and opportunities to develop and adopt more diversified and environmental-friendly income-generating activities (IGAs). To better understand the constraints and opportunities for smallholder rubber farmers to sustain or improve their livelihoods, this study investigates which IGAs are applied by local farmers and the factors that determine their adoption, using the sustainable livelihood framework as the theoretical guideline. The qualitative approach is applied using semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis. Five directions of changes in IGAs (i.e., intercropping, other cash crops, livestock raising for marketing, part-time job, and land renting) are identified, and local farmers are categorized into three groups (i.e., rejective, affirmative, and hesitate groups) based on their attitudes towards these IGAs. The results reveal that the main adoption motivations of certain IGAs are closely related to price shock, economic return, information, and extension service. Based on the results, suggestions are provided to enhance farmers’ motivation to make changes and improve the adoption of emerging IGAs with attention given to vulnerability contexts, livelihood assets and institutional assistance.