Income-generating Activities Research Articles

Effect of Humanitarian Assistance for Vulnerable Communities on Social Welfare of Refugees in Rwanda: A Case of Mahama Refugee Camp

Humanitarian assistance continues to assist Rwandan refugees who select to voluntarily repatriate their children. Mahama camp experienced clean water supply which was below standards (at an average of 13.8 liters per person per day as compared to the standard of 20 liters per person per day), there was a lack of school facilities (60 students per classroom), and there were recurrent challenges in maintaining the provision of food assistance, land scarcity resulted in the congestion of refugee camps and limited opportunities for agricultural projects, and reduced support for self-reliance activities, with under 17,000 refugees engaged in income-generating activities during the year. Therefore, they are often very reliant on overseas aid, now they are no longer capable to enhance their resilience skills or preserve support livelihoods. Therefore, this study examined the effect of humanitarian assistance for vulnerable communities on social welfare of refugees in Rwanda. The specific objective of this study was to examine the implementation of humanitarian assistance for vulnerable communities in Mahama Refugee Camp; to assess the satisfaction level in refugees’ welfare and to identify weaknesses in the acquisition of basic needs in Mahama Refugee Camp. The descriptive (quantitative and qualitative) and analytical research design was used in this study; the sample size is 100 respondents from 54000 population and using simple random sampling techniques. The data collected was coded and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 was used for data entry and analysis, statistical tools were used including frequency counts, percentages, mean and standard deviation. The implementation of humanitarian assistance for vulnerable communities by 4.15 of overall mean, the satisfaction level in Refugee welfare by 4.12 of overall mean and the weaknesses in acquisition of basic needs by 2.9 of overall mean. As recommendation, they should provide way of solving same challenges such as food security, security and water and sanitation. Keywords: Humanitarian Assistance, Vulnerable Communities, Social Welfare, Mahama Refugee Camp, Rwanda

Vitamin A supplementation coverage and its associated factors among children aged 6–59 months in West Azernet Berbere Woreda, South West Ethiopia

abstractBackgroundVitamin A deficiency is one of the major public health problems in low and middle-income countries including Ethiopia. Despite this fact, little attention was given to routine vitamin A supplementation in hard-to-reach rural areas and districts. Therefore, this study aimed to assess vitamin A supplementation coverage and its associated factors among children aged 6–59 months in West Azernet Berbere woreda, southern Ethiopia, 2021.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2021. A total sample size of 471 study participants was involved in the study area. A simple random sampling technique was used to recruit the study subject. A pretested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to identify variables having a significant association with vitamin A supplementation. The variables having a p-value ≤ 0.05 with 95% CI were used to declare an association between factors and a dependent variable.ResultsIn this study, a total of 471 respondents were successfully interviewed with a response rate of 97.3%. The coverage of vitamin A supplementation was found to be 58.0%. Family monthly income [AOR = 2.565, 95% CI(1.631,4.032)], having PNC visit [AOR = 1.801, 95% CI (1.158, 2.801)], husbands disapproval about vitamin A supplementation [AOR = 0.324, 95% CI (0.129, 0.813)], information about vitamin A supplementation [AOR = 2.932, 95% CI (1.893, 4,542)] and ANC follow-up [AOR = 1.882, 95% CI (1.084, 3.266)] were factors significantly associated to vitamin A supplementation.ConclusionVitamin A supplementation was found to be low and it is strongly associated with family monthly income, postnatal care, husband's disapproval of vitamin A supplementation, antenatal care follow-up, and information about vitamin A supplementation. Based on our findings, it is recommended to improve the monthly income of the household by actively engaging in various income-generating activities, enhance health information dissemination among mothers, particularly those who are underprivileged by using different strategies like local health campaigns, and mass media, advocacy of antenatal, and postnatal follow-up and promote the involvement of males/husband in childhood immunization service.

Role of Self-Help Groups in Supporting Women Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Study

This paper is an attempt to investigate the role of self-help groups (SHGs) in promoting womenentrepreneurship through an empirical study. An effective program for women empowerment,self-help groups provide resources, training, market linkages, and credit, to create a platform forwomen to initiate their businesses and work towards obtaining a better standard of living. Asupport system that assists women in overcoming challenges and building resilience, womenparticipating in these groups have heightened their socio-economic status, and decision-makingskills and are able to participate in income-generating activities. SHGs also allow women toshare their knowledge, experience, and skills, seeking to improve self-confidence. Womenentrepreneurs can create employment opportunities for themselves and others, contributing to thegrowth of the national economy. The findings of this study prove that self-help groups (SHGs)support and promote women entrepreneurship

Banditry and Income-Generation Activities of Rural Women in Katsina State, Nigeria

Banditry activities have exacerbated severe socio-economic consequences including maiming and sacking of people off their farm lands, homes and income-generation activities. The extent the menace has affected women’ income-generation activities in Katsina State was investigated using survey design approach. Multistage sampling technique was adopted to select 558 respondents. Data on respondents’ socio-economic characteristics, banditry forms, income-generation activities, causes and effect of banditry were collected using structured interview schedule. Frequency counts, percentages, mean, Chi-square, PPMC and ANOVA were employed in data analysis. Results indicate that majority had mean age of 37 years, household size of 9 people and less or equal #154877.20 annual income. Gun shooting, theft and burglary, cattle rustling and kidnapping were most frequent forms of banditry. Livestock farming/poultry, trading, food processing, and crop farming were major income-generation activities while connivance of bandits with locals, weak security architecture and extreme poverty were main causes. Level of effect across the state was high as gathering non-fish aquatic products, processing of fish, pot making, basket making, and crop farming activities were greatly reduced. PPMC result shows that household size significantly correlated with level of effect in the state (r = 0.093, p = 0.029) and in Batsari (r = 0.146, p = 0.047) LGA. Also, educational status (χ2 = 12.511, p = 0.006) showed significant association with level of effect. The test of difference using ANOVA showed that effect level was higher in Batsari (mean = 52.44) than in Safana (mean = 51.11) and Jibiya (mean = 51.11) LGAs.

Household Splitting Process and Food Security in Malawi

Despite the frequent changes in household composition in Sub-Saharan Africa, the literature on the household division process is sparse, with no evidence of its effect on food security. This paper addresses the topic in Malawi, where the fission process is evident and malnutrition is a severe problem. Using the Integrated Household Panel Dataset, this study applies the difference-in-difference model with the propensity score matching technique to compare matched groups of households that did and did not split between 2010 and 2013. The results suggest that coping strategies adopted by poor households and life course events determine household fission in Malawi, a process that benefits household food security in the short term. On average, the food consumption score is 3.74 units higher among households that split between 2010 and 2013 compared to the matched households that did not. However, the household division might have long-run adverse effects on food insecurity, especially for poor households due to the adoption of coping strategies that might compromise their human capital and income-generating activities. Therefore, this process warrants attention for the more accurate understanding, design, and evaluation of food security interventions.

CREDIT RISK MACREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: A COMPARISON BETWEEN LICENSED COMMERCIAL BANKS AND LICENSED

The stability of the financial performance of financial intermediaries is one of the key determinants of the sustainable development of any country in the current world. Licensed Commercial Banks (LCB) and Licensed Finance Companies (LFC) are the main financial intermediaries in Sri Lanka. Lending is one of the primary incomegenerating activities in financial intermediaries. The credit risk arises due to the failure of borrowers to repay the loans or meet their contractual obligations. Among different types of risks facing LCB and LFC, credit risk is considered a significant determinant of financial performance. Even though numerous prior studies were conducted to examine the impact of credit risk management on the financial performance of LCB and LFC individually, there were very rare studies available that compared the impact of credit risk management practices on the financial performance of LCB and the LFC in Sri Lanka in parallel. Hence, the study aims to fill this empirical gap by investigating the impact of credit risk management on the financial performance of LCB and LFC. Further, the study investigated the level of credit risk management practices of Sri Lankan LCB sector and LFC sector by employing the CAMEL rating method. The sample comprises 15 LCBs and 34 LFCs and the examined period is from 2014 to 2019. The panel regression model to estimate the model. Data was collected through published annual reports. Descriptive analysis, Correlation, and Regression analysis were performed using EViews Statistical software. Based on the lowest CAMEL composite ranking LFC is ranked as the best sector of credit risk management. The findings of the study revealed useful insights for investors to invest their funds more accurately and earn higher profits with low risk. Based on the regression analysis, the study concludes that asset quality and capital adequacy significantly influence the performance of both LCBs and LFCs.

Achieving Sustainable Development Goal of Women Empowerment: A Study among Self-help Groups in India

This study evaluates the impact of self-help group (SHG) intervention and entrepreneurial traits of SHG members on the economic and socio-cultural empowerment of rural women. A purposive sampling method has been used to collect a sum of 344 responses from the SHG of women who are engaged in entrepreneurial income-generating activities in their village. A linear regression model has been used to analyse the data. The study found and argues that SHG interventions have a positive association with the economic and socio-cultural empowerment of rural women. The parameters identified and analysed in the study are helpful to the stakeholders to make policy decisions to strengthen all the factors, which are responsible for the success and growth of SHG in general and the micro-enterprise of SHG women entrepreneurs, in particular.

Examining Cash Expenditures and Associated HIV-Related Behaviors Using Financial Diaries in Women Employed by Sex Work in Rural Uganda: Findings from the Kyaterekera Study.

Women employed by sex work (WESW) have a high risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and experience economic barriers in accessing care. However, few studies have described their financial lives and the relationship between expenditures and HIV-related behaviors. This exploratory study used financial diaries to collect expenditure and income data from WESW in Uganda over 6 months. Data were collected as part of a larger trial that tested the efficacy of an HIV prevention intervention method. Descriptive statistics were used to quantify women's income, relative expenditures, and negative cash balances. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to examine the odds of sexual risk behavior or use of HIV medications for several cash scenarios. A total of 163 WESW were enrolled; the participants mean age was 32 years old. Sex work was the sole source of employment for most WESW (99%); their average monthly income was $62.32. Food accounted for the highest proportion of spending (44%) followed by sex work (20%) and housing expenditures (11%). WESW spent the least on health care (5%). Expenditures accounted for a large but variable proportion of these women's income (56% to 101%). Most WESW (74%) experienced a negative cash balance. Some also reported high sex work (28%), health care (24%), and education (28%) costs. The prevalence of condomless sex (77%) and sex with drugs/alcohol (70%) was high compared to use of ART/PrEP (Antiretroviral therapy/Pre-exposure prophylaxis) medications (45%). Women's cash expenditures were not statistically significantly associated with HIV-related behaviors. However, the exploratory study observed a consistent null trend of lower odds of condomless sex (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28-1.70), sex with drugs/alcohol (AOR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.42-2.05), and use of ART/PrEP (AOR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.39-1.67) among women who experienced a negative cash balance versus those who did not. Similar trends were observed for other cash scenarios. Financial diaries are a feasible tool to assess the economic lives of vulnerable women. Despite having paid work, most WESW encountered a myriad of financial challenges with limited spending on HIV prevention. Financial protections and additional income-generating activities may improve their status. More robust research is needed to understand the potentially complex relationship between income, expenditures, and HIV risk among vulnerable sex workers.

Internal control and financial viability: the moderating role of leadership qualities on management of income-generating activities at Indonesian higher education

PurposeThe implementation of income-generating still faces problems, such as the lack of well-established internal control and differences in implementation in each unit. This study aims to analyze internal controls, financial viability (FV) and leadership qualities (LQ) in the implementation of income-generating in Indonesian higher education.Design/methodology/approachThis study is quantitative and uses a causal approach. The population of this research is the unit leader and the person in charge of the activity that generates income, with a total sample of 111 people. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using moderation regression analysis (MRA) with the WrapPLS (partial least square) analysis tool.FindingsThe results indicate that internal control and FV significantly affect the management of income-generating. The existence of LQ as a moderating variable can moderate and weaken the influence of internal controls and FV on the management of income-generating. In this finding, the unit leader and the person in charge of activities that generate income in higher education need to improve managerial skills, including ethics, uphold integrity, clear vision, quick adaption, honestly and trust so that the management of income-generating can achieve higher education goals more effectively and efficiently.Research limitations/implicationsThis research shows that universities need to create a good environment to build an ecosystem that can improve the management. The university encourages the good management by strengthening the leadership. However, the research has a limitation: the study was only conducted in one state university.Originality/valueThe implementation of income generation in the public financial management system of legal entity universities requires accountability for sources of income so that internal controls and the role of finance are needed to ensure the continuity of universities.

Suubi + Adherence4Youth: a study protocol to optimize the Suubi Intervention for Adherence to HIV treatment for youth living with HIV in Uganda

BackgroundSuubi is an evidenced based multi-component intervention that targets psychosocial and economic hardships to improve ART adherence, viral suppression, mental health, family financial stability, and family cohesion for adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) in Uganda. Suubi was originally tested as a combined package of four components: 1) Financial Literacy Training; 2) incentivized matched Youth Savings Accounts with income-generating activities; 3) a manualized and visual-based intervention for ART adherence and stigma reduction; and 4) engagement with HIV treatment-experienced role models. However, it is unknown if each component in Suubi had a positive effect, how the components interacted, or if fewer components could have produced equivalent effects. Hence, the overall goal of this new study is to identify the most impactful and sustainable economic and psychosocial components across 48 health clinics in Uganda.MethodsA total of 576 ALHIV (aged 11–17 years at enrollment) will be recruited from 48 clinics and each clinic will be randomized to one of 16 study conditions. Each condition represents every possible combination of the 4 components noted above. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, 12, 24, 36 and 48- months post-intervention initiation. Using the multi-phase optimization strategy (MOST), we will identify the optimal combination of components and associated costs for viral suppression, as well as test key mediators and moderators of the component-viral suppression relationship.DiscussionThe study is a shift in the paradigm of research to use new thinking to build/un-pack highly efficacious interventions that lead to new scientific knowledge in terms of understanding what drives an intervention’s success and how to iterate on them in ways that are more efficient, affordable and scalable. The study advances intervention science for HIV care outcomes globally.Trial RegistrationThis project was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05600621) on October, 31, 2022. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05600621

Household food insecurity and associated factors in South Ari district, Southern Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study.

Household food insecurity is a major public health problem in Ethiopia despite the presence of various interventions implemented by the government. However, there is a dearth of evidence regarding the prevalence and responsible factors in Ethiopia, specifically in the South Ari district. This study, therefore, aimed to assess household food insecurity and associated factors in South Ari district, Southern Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was employed from March 11 to April 11, 2021, at South Ari district, Southern Ethiopia. A two-stage sampling technique was used to draw a sample of 717 households. Data were checked and entered into Epi-Data V3.2., and exported to SPSS V25.0 for data exploration and analysis. Variables with a p-value <0.25 in bivariable logistic regression were candidates for multivariable logistic regression. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was fitted to determine factors associated with household food insecurity. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit statistic was used to check model fitness and was satisfied. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to determine the strength of association. P-value <0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. The prevalence of household food insecurity was 44.8% (95% CI: 41.1%, 48.5%). Larger family size (8 and above) (AOR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.10, 3.30), high dependency ratio (AOR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.67, 4.40), medium dependency ratio (AOR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.13, 2.62), poor wealth index (AOR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.53, 3.46), not using agricultural extension service (AOR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.57, 3.23), and non-beneficiary of productive safety net program (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.87) were factors significantly associated with household food insecurity. The findings of this study showed a significant proportion of households were food insecure in South Ari District. Larger family size, high and medium dependency ratio, poor wealth index, not using agricultural extension service, and non-beneficiary of productive safety net program were significant risk factors associated with household food insecurity. Therefore, rigorous work is highly needed to enhance income-generating activities, strengthen agricultural productivity, expand the productive safety net program, and limit population pressure through improved family planning use.

ПОСТАНОВКА УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОГО УЧЕТА ПУТЕМ РАЗРАБОТКИ СИСТЕМЫ БЮДЖЕТИРОВАНИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ФИНАНСОВОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ БЮДЖЕТНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ

The study was carried out with the aim of developing a budgeting system based on the formation of a financial management structure in a budgetary institution that promotes rational resource functioning, the achievement of established state goals and information objectivity. Based on a survey of specialists in the accounting and financial sphere of budgetary and commercial organizations, the demand was proved and it was established that the priority goals for the use of budgeting are the analysis of income and expenses (26.0% of respondents), detailed control and analysis of information on costs in the context of responsibility centers (23, 4 %). At the same time, specialists in the accounting department of a budgetary institution noted the control of financial resources as the most important goal, as well as the development of methods for encouraging employees based on the implementation of budget items (10.4% of respondents); for specialists in the accounting department of a commercial organization, detailed control and analysis of information on costs in the context of responsibility centers is significant (11.7% of respondents); for scientific workers - analysis of income and expenses (7.8%). The financial structure of organizations has been developed, which is represented by budgetary institutions and commercial enterprises, taking into account not only forms of ownership, but also the specifics of their activities. On the basis of the budgetary structure, a scheme of the consolidated budget of the institution in the divisional and functional aspect, as well as practical recommendations for the development of forms for each of the presented budgets, is proposed. The first step in budgeting is to draw up the structure of responsibility centers, that is, the differentiation of the enterprise into groups of departments with established goals. The second step is the definition of indicators for analyzing the effectiveness of responsibility centers. The application of the developed model will help in the formation of operational, relevant management decisions to achieve the mission of the institution. This tool makes it possible not only to reduce deviations from the state task, but also to achieve the established planned indicators of income-generating activities.

BEING POOR OR FEELING POOR: MULTIFACETED POVERTY AMONG LOW INCOME HOUSEHOLDS (B40) IN MALAYSIA

The Eleventh Malaysia Plan 2016-2020 provides a unique consideration towards further improving the individuals’ economy particularly in raising the Income Generation Potential of the B40 households while guaranteeing the capital economy keeps on thriving. Numerous initiatives have been taken to promote the economic involvement of urban families, as well as the quality of life for rural households, including income-generating activities, the development of human capital, and microenterprise assistance programs. The present study investigated the multifaceted nature of poverty by focusing on objective and subjective poverty incidence among the low-income households in the context of zakat candidates. The data were gathered from a review of zakat candidates under the categories of poor and needy in the “State Islamic Religious Council (SIRC) of Melaka”, one of the states in Malaysia. The findings demonstrated that more individuals seem to feel poor than are categorized as such utilizing purely income-based actions.

Risky sexual practice and associated factors among street children of Wonago town, Gedeo zone, Southern Ethiopia.

A "risky sexual practice" is any sexual act that might put an individual's social, physical, and psychological health at risk and increase the likelihood of adverse sexual and reproductive health consequences. Street children have risky sexual practices, which place them at all kinds of health risks. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess risky sexual practices and associated factors among street children in Wonago Town, southern Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed. About 214 street children, aged 10-18, residing in Wonago Town from September 1-30, 2021, participated in the study. Data was gathered from all of the street children in Wonago town. A pre-tested and structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Epi data software was used to enter the collected data, which was then exported to SPSS for analysis. A logistic regression model was applied to identify the associated factors. A p value <0.05 was used to declare the significant variables. A total of 214 street children were involved in the study. Overall, the magnitude of risky sexual practices was 43.46 percent (95% CI: 38.3-48.62). About 52.7% of participants had ever had sexual intercourse in the last year, and of them, around 43.5% had more than one sexual partner. Among sexually active street children, 40.9% never used a condom during sexual intercourse. Age (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR): 1.42, 95%CI: 1.03-2.37), educational status (AOR: 5.73, 95%CI: 1.49-10.51), substance use (AOR: 1.24, 95%CI: 1.03-2.07), duration on the street (AOR: 2.14, 95%CI: 1.03-4.12), and daily income (AOR: 0.68, 95%CI: 0.32-0.98) were found to be significantly associated with risky sexual practices. Risky sexual practices among street children were more prevalent in Wonago Town, Southern Ethiopia. Children's age, educational status, daily income, duration on the street, and status of substance use were the factors that contributed to risky sexual practices. As a result, conducting information and education campaigns, developing income-generating activities for children, increasing children's school enrollment and attendance, improving access to sexual and reproductive health services, and providing capacity-building training for health care providers may all help to reduce risky sexual practices.

SCHOOL-BASED INCOME GENERATING PROJECT: A SUSTAINABILITY PROGRAM FOR LEARNERS’ COMPETENCE IN HOME ECONOMICS

The focus of this study is to assess the school-based income generating projects of the Pila District and ascertain the positive effects and long-term viability of these initiatives on the performance tasks of home economics students in Don Manuel Rivera Memorial Integrated National High School and Linga National High School. The respondents were selected using the purposive sampling technique and consisted of eighteen (18) teachers and sixty-four (64) grade 10 students taking up the Home Economics specialization. The studys findings are as follows: The two high schools, Linga National High School and Don Manuel Rivera Memorial Integrated National High Schools, have different learning facilities and IGP support, but both benefit from the same income. Despite having the same income, the learners IGP support makes a significant difference in the improvement and expansion of learning facilities, skill training for learners, and financial assistance for learners. The level of school-based income generating projects in terms of motivation in doing laboratory tasks, and teamwork and collaboration are very high, while in terms of budget allocation for laboratory, and revolving fund are high. The level of learners competence in Home Economics relative to knowledge, attitude, and technical skills, is very high, while in terms of entrepreneurial skills, it is high. The school-based income generating project in terms of motivation in doing laboratory tasks, teamwork and collaboration, budget allocation for laboratory materials, and revolving fund has a significant relation to the learners competence in Home Economics relative to knowledge, attitude, technical skills, and entrepreneurial skills. As a result, the researcher concluded that the null hypothesis stating “There is no significant relationship between school-based income generating project and learners competence in home economics” is rejected. The following recommendations are made based on the findings and conclusion: Schools should initiate school-based IGPs as a sustainability program for the learners competence. While schools with an existing IGP should improve their policy and continuously utilize the program since it provides financial assistance and improves the learners competence. Teachers should initiate income-generating activities and projects to help ease the deficiency of their school budget to provide the necessary learning materials and facilities. Learners should be involved in different income-generating projects and activities since it is evident that it positively affects their learning competence. Future researchers should build off of this study to undertake extensive research on the improvement of conducting income-generating projects as a support system to enhance the learners competence.

Evaluating the Financial Effectiveness of Funded Projects on Tiger Conservation in Bangladesh

Background and Research Aims The conservation of Bengal tigers is a global concern due to their exponential decline in population around the world. In 2010, all Tiger Range Countries (TRCs) committed to double their tiger population by 2022. As a member of the TRCs, Bangladesh has launched and conducted many tiger conservation projects with a heavy financial investment. However, the tiger population has not increased in the country. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate why those funded projects’ outcomes were unsatisfactory compared to neighboring countries such as India and Nepal. Methods This review was conducted purely based on previous archival tiger conservation related documents. Six specific tiger conservation projects implemented in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal were selected to investigate the effectiveness of tiger conservation in Bangladesh. Allocated fund distributions were segmented into five groups: capacity building, planning policy and reports, infrastructural development, tiger–human conflict (THC) reduction, and in-field actions to increase the tiger population. Results The analysis showed that India and Nepal spent most of their budget on in-field activities and least on planning. A moderate amount was spent on THC reduction, capacity building, and infrastructural development. In contrast, Bangladesh spent the majority of its fund on planning. India and Nepal also developed a sustainable funding mechanism to reduce their dependency on donor agencies, which was absent in the case of Bangladesh. Conclusion It is recommended that future tiger conservation initiatives in Bangladesh should address more in-field action, such as patrolling to stop poaching and the illegal extraction of resources, sustainable long-term alternative income generation activities, and health issues such as identifying diseases, inbreeding effects, and captive breeding. Implications for Conservation Bangladesh needs to develop a sustainable long-term funding mechanism for in-field actions for tiger protection.

ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN MODERN REALITIES: PUBLIC-LEGAL AND PRIVATE LEGAL ASPECTS

The article pays attention to the concept of a model of state regulation of the economy, provides a classification of state response measures to the introduction of the sanctions regime by a number of countries. The necessity of changing the model of state regulation of the economy in the field of business is proved. The relevant measures to change the model of state regulation - of a private and public legal nature - are analyzed. Such measures include increasing the role of unitary enterprises in the Russian economy, expanding the capabilities of non-profit organizations to carry out entrepreneurial and income-generating activities, more effective use of the insurance mechanism to protect the interests of entrepreneurs, as well as the use of compensation as a way to terminate obligations. It is proposed to introduce in Russia a system for preventing consequences associated with risks and a system for preventing harm in construction.

INCOME POVERTY AND CHILD STREETISM IN DODOMA AND DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA

Tanzania has been implementing several initiatives to address the challenge of street children in the country. Despite such efforts, the child streetism has become the daily reality and has shown the sign of increasing. This article explores the influence of income poverty on child streetism in urban Tanzania. Specifically, the article focused on analysing the live experiences of street children; and describing the influence of income poverty on streetism of children. The article adopted the descriptive cross-sectional design and involved a total of 56 informants who were purposively selected while the snowballing sampling technique was used in accessing street children. Semi-structured interview, documentary review and observation method were used to collect data. Through thematic and content data analysis techniques this article revealed that street children experienced difficulties in getting their basic needs and did not easily access health services when they fell sick. Further, child streetism has been largely influenced by income poverty. Hence, the study recommends that; develop a formal and functional support system to facilitate children on the street to access the educational services. Regarding coping strategies as an emerged issue, street children engaged into begging, unsafe sex and petty income-generating activities such as car wash and bottle collection. They also used self-medication to treat themselves when they fell sick or being left at the hospital buildings or on the street by their fellow street children when the condition got worse. Additionally, they did not have any coping strategy to enroll themselves into the school.

Overview of Spatial and Economic Valuation for Ensuring Sustainability and Conservation: A Study of Masoala National Park

Masoala National Park encompasses 240,000 hectares within an extensive reserve of biodiversity and fertile soil. Unfortunately, this invaluable resource has emerged as a primary threat to the park's survival due to escalating human pressure. Masoala contends with challenges stemming from agricultural and illegal exploitation. This paper adopts a comprehensive approach by integrating economic valuation and spatial analysis, presenting a dashboard for decision-makers to guide conservation efforts. This approach offers a holistic perspective on the conservation keys. Firstly, the analysis delves into the economic valuation of the park, encompassing both direct and indirect uses. Secondly, utilizing spatial data, the study identifies zones outside the park suitable for alternative income-generating activities. Ultimately, this research furnishes decision-makers with a valuable tool to advance conservation initiatives within Masoala National Park.

Economic, social, and clinic influences on opioid treatment program retention in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a qualitative study

BackgroundMedications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are associated with positive health outcomes. People remaining on MOUD have a reduced likelihood of drug overdose and mortality. Tanzania supports a national opioid treatment program (OTP) offering MOUD, but retention is a continual challenge. To date, most research on MOUD retention in Tanzania and other Sub-Saharan Africa settings has been focused on the individual-level, with little attention to economic, social, and clinic-level factors.MethodsWe qualitatively examined economic, social, and clinic factors that affect retention on MOUD, specifically methadone maintenance therapy, among former and current clients attending an OTP clinic Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. We conducted in-depth interviews with a total of 40 current and former clients receiving MOUD and four focus groups with an additional 35 current clients on MOUD between January and April 2020. We utilized a thematic analysis approach.ResultsDaily OTP clinic attendance posed a financial burden to current and former clients and was a barrier to remaining on MOUD. Though treatment is free, clients described struggles to attend clinic, including being able to afford transportation. Female clients were differentially impacted, as sex work was the most common income-generating activity that they participated in, which presented its own set of unique challenges, including barriers to attending during set clinic hours. Drug use stigma acted as a barrier to MOUD and prevented clients from securing a job, rebuilding trust within the community, and accessing transportation to attend the clinic. Being able to rebuild trust with family facilitated remaining on MOUD, as family provided social and financial support. Caretaking responsibilities and familial expectations among female clients conflicted with MOUD adherence. Finally, clinic level factors, such as clinic dispensing hours and punitive consequences for breaking rules, posed barriers to clients on MOUD.ConclusionSocial and structural factors, both within (e.g., clinic policies) and outside of (e.g., transportation) the clinic impact MOUD retention. Our findings can inform interventions and policies to address economic and social barriers to MOUD, that can contribute to sustained recovery.