Income Differences Research Articles

FORMATION OF A SYSTEM OF MOTIVATION OF THE POPULATION TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN MODERN CONDITIONS

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the modern economy is characterized by the active influence of social aspects of the population's life. This leads to the need to use new approaches to improving the quality of life, providing for the inclusion of the population directly in the implementation of this process. The need for this study is due to the following circumstances: the low standard of living of a significant part of the population; the high level of income differentiation of the Russian society; the significant impact of the increase in the quality of life on reducing inflation and increasing the volume of production in the country. The purpose of this study is to identify priority methods and directions of motivating the population to improve the quality of life in conditions of severe sanctions pressure. Research objectives: Classification of methods of motivating the population to improve the quality of life; Assessment of the contribution of health to ensuring a decent quality of life; Formation of a motivational mechanism.

Impact of Village Governance Quality on the Satisfaction of Farmers’ Life Experiences

This study presents a discussion concerning the impact of village governance quality on farmers’ life experience satisfaction using a multiple linear regression model. Accordingly, there is an analysis regarding the heterogeneity of the impact of village governance quality on farmers’ life experience satisfaction from the perspective of income differentiation and career differentiation. The results show the following: (1) The improvement of village governance quality is conducive to improving the satisfaction of farmers’ life experiences. Among them, the living and social conditions have the greatest impact, followed by village cohesion, and then village inclusiveness. (2) From the perspective of income differentiation, the quality of village governance plays the largest role in promoting the life experience satisfaction of middle-income farmers, followed by low-income farmers, and then high-income farmers. (3) From the perspective of occupational differentiation, the quality of village governance has the largest role in promoting the satisfaction of part-time farmers’ life experiences, followed by full-time farmers, and then non-agricultural farmers. Based on the research conclusion, it is suggested that strengthening the quality of village governance and paying attention to the differentiation of the farmers’ economy and occupation will improve the satisfaction of farmers’ life experiences.

Komparasi Pendapatan Usaha Tani Padi Karang Dukuh Di Dua Tipe Pasang Surut Kecamatan Mandastana

The Tabing Rimbah Village and Puntik Dalam Village are villages located in Mandastana District. Tabing Rimbah Village with typology B has 482 m2 of land, while Puntik Dalam Village has 91 m2 of land with typology C. From land types B and C tidal in Mandastana District there are different types of land, these differences will affect the production of rice produced which results in the income received by farmers. This study aims to determine the comparative income of rice farming in Karang Hamlet in two different types of tides in Mandastana District. The research was conducted in November 2021. The population was 165 type B rice farmers and 153 type C rice farmers with a sample of 15 type B farmers and 15 type C farmers using a purposive sampling technique. Data analysis used descriptive analysis, cost analysis and income comparison with the T test. The results showed that the income of type B tidal farmers obtained a total explicit cost of Rp. 629,236,127 and type C Rp.610,820,680 while the implicit cost for type B Rp.213,037,500 and type C Rp.203,267,750. With a total cost of Rp.842,273,627 for type B and Rp.814,088,430 for type C. There is a significant average difference in grain and rice income for farmers in type B and C tidal land in Mandastana District.

Spatial inequality and housing in China

This paper investigates the evolution of inequality in China (1978–2015) through the lens of a dynamic spatial general equilibrium model with migration and capital formation. Due to an urban-rural income gap there is domestic migration from the rural to the urban areas which tends to reduce inequality. The resulting increase in urban house prices can, however, constitute an endogenous barrier to further urbanization. Increasing housing prices increase within-urban inequality between renters and landlords and also lock in urban-rural income differences. The calibrated model explains current, and projects future, development in China.

Determinants of economic attitudes in a post-communist society: the case of Ukraine

This article investigates the sources of economic attitudes of Ukraine’s population based on the 7th wave of the WVS. It examines the utilitarian and sociocultural explanations of variations in the five dichotomies, which reflect pro-capitalist and pro-socialist views on various aspects of economic life. The utilitarian explanation suggests that economic attitudes associated with institutional change are determined primarily by socioeconomic status as a result of adaptation to market transformations. The culturalist explanation suggests that economic attitudes that reflect ethical aspects of economic life depend largely on regional and ethnolinguistic distinctions that were historically inherent in Ukrainian society. The empirical results provide robust support for the utilitarian explanation only in the case of supporting the government/individual responsibility for the provision of citizens. Instead, the socio-cultural explanation is reliable concerning the ethical aspects of economic life (income differentiation, competition assessment, source of success) and manifested itself in the case of attitudes toward private/state property in business and industry.

Perbedaan Hasil Usaha Buah Melon Yang Menggunakan Naungan Dan Tidak Naungan

Melon fruit is one of the horticultural plants that are widely consumed by the public, with a content of 54% and 49% daily nutritional adequacy levels in vitamins A and C, containing minerals, sodium, iron, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and fruit flesh containing carotenoids for the body's immunity. Agricultural cultivation requires sophisticated technology to facilitate farming activities, one of which is the Tunas Harapan farmer group. One of the communities in Tasikmalaya city that cultivates melons with shade treatment and not shade. This study aims to find out how the results of melon farming using shade and not using shade differ. The results of this study show that the total amount of costs on shade is Rp.1.187.366 while non-shade is Rp.1.111.660 with a difference of Rp.75.706 in one planting period, total income on shade is Rp. 2.462.634 while non-shade is Rp.1.925.840 with a difference in total income of Rp.536.794 and the amount of production in shade is 146 kg while non-shade is 121.5 kg with a difference in total yield of 24.5/kg in one planting period. It can be known that there is a difference between melon farming using shade is higher than melon farming business that does not use shade, this shows that using shade is more profitable than not using shade. In the ratio of melon farming, it can be seen from the two treatments that melon farming using shade is relatively high with a value of 3,0 and does not use shade of 2,7.

Subjective social status in places that don’t matter: geographical inequalities in France and Germany

ABSTRACT In recent decades, the rise of the service economy and the growing attractiveness of large cities have created new social inequalities within countries, which have been seen as a source of resentment for people living in the “places that don’t matter”. We study spatial inequalities in terms of subjective social status using a measure of the place in the social hierarchy that individuals believe they occupy in France (1999-2017) and Germany (1992-2021) on the basis of data from the International Social Survey Program. In France we find important and persistent inequalities between urban and rural areas, as well as between the capital region and all the other regions, partially mediated by income differences. However, the time trend does not show any consistent increase in the geographical differences in subjective status apart from a possible negative trend in rural areas from 2006 to 2010 and in rural places and the outskirts of large cities after 2013 compared to large cities. In Germany, our analysis shows weak differences in subjective social status between urban and rural areas, but large inequalities between the West and East. While this gap is still relevant today, it has partially decreased over the past decades.

Exploring the impact of household, personal, and employment characteristics on dentistry’s income gap between men and women

BackgroundThis study provides an update on the income gap between men and women in dentistry, evaluating the impact of dentists’ household, personal, and employment characteristics on income differences. MethodsThis cross-sectional study used data from the US Census Bureau’s 5-year American Community Survey (2014-2018). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis (ordinary least squares regressions, Oaxaca-Blinder regression decomposition on logged personal income). ResultsFemale dentists were less likely to be White and born in the United States and more likely to be bilingual than male dentists. Adjusted estimates indicated that male dentists earned 22% more than female dentists (risk ratio, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.29). Black dentists earned 24% less (risk ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.85) and other race non-Hispanic dentists earned 17% less (risk ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.97) than non-Hispanic White dentists, after adjustment for covariates. Dentists with a nondentist partner or spouse earned more than those without a partner or spouse, and dentists with 3 or more children earned 19% more than those who were childless (P < .001; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.31). The income gap between sexes was $51,784 (in 2018 dollars); 27.2% of this gap was explained by observable personal (that is, race and ethnicity, bilingualism), employment (for example, hours worked and employee or ownership status), and household (for example, partner or spouse occupation and education) characteristics. ConclusionsThe dental workforce is diversifying, but sex and racial disparities in income persist. The income gap between sexes, although reduced over time, is now less explainable than in the past. Practical ImplicationsThe diversification of the dental workforce is a promising sign for an increasingly diverse population’s present and future oral health, but it is important that existing income gaps between men and women are addressed.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on business risks and potato commercial model

Abstract This study was aimed (1) to analyze the productivity, cost, and income of potato farming; (2) to analyze the risk of potato farming; and (3) to analyze the potato trade system at the level before and during COVID-19 pandemic. This study used a descriptive-quantitative research type. It was conducted in Banjarnegara Regency, Jawa Tengah Province, Indonesia. The data were collected through surveys, observations, and Focus Group Discussions. The unit of analysis is the farmers who plant potatoes. Data analysis was done descriptively. The results showed that there is no difference between the two marketing channels before and during pandemic. There are two channels of the trading system, namely farmer–collector–traders–wholesaler–exporter partners and farmer–collector–traders–wholesalers–retailers. However, the trading model maximizes the Agribusiness Sub Terminal (AST) as a potato trading agent that can provide direct price information, attract traders, and facilitate transactions and trading contacts. The trading model allows potato trading agents to provide direct price information, attract traders, and facilitate transactions and trading contacts. The implication of this study is to anticipate productivity risk and potato farming income risk through the AST function. This study contributes to the condition of farming before and during COVID-19 pandemic by comparing differences in productivity, costs, income, productivity risk, and income risk as well as the potato grading model.

Gini decomposition: An inequality of opportunity perspective

Economic inequality that arises due to circumstances is unfair, whereas fair inequality is the one that emerges because of differences in individual efforts. We assume that an individual’s income is determined only by circumstances and efforts, where both factors are evident and can be ordered. We then decompose the Gini coefficient into unfair, fair, and residual Gini. The last component emerges whenever circumstance and effort jointly affect income differences, where distinguishing between fair and unfair inequalities becomes impossible.

Study of mechanisms and income differences of octopus fishermen on the Bhanto Bhenta’s local wisdom application in small islands areas

Bhenta-bhanto is local wisdom in catching octopus by fishermen from small islands in the Wakatobi Archipelago. This study aims to explain the mechanism of the bhenta-bhanto’s local wisdom and to find out the differences in fisherman income before and after the local wisdom is applied. The research occurred in Darawa Village, South Kaledupa District, Wakatobi Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The research was conducted in March-December 2021. Research data were collected through observation, interviews, and literature study. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using income analysis and Paired Sample T-Test. Based on the results of this study, it is known that the bhenta-bhanto is local wisdom in the form of an open and closed system for octopus fishing areas. The paired sample T-Test analysis shows differences in the income of octopus fishermen when the local wisdom of bhenta-bhanto is applied and when the local wisdom is not.

Experimental System-Dynamic Model of an Influence of a Level of Education on a Spatial Differentiation of a Population of Russian Regions

The study is devoted to the problem of the spatial differentiation of population income in Russia's regions. The objective of the study is the development of a system-dynamic model for the calculation of spatial differentiation trajectories of income parameters due to various scenarios. Regional features of the human capital development level influencing the spatial differentiation of population income in the Russian regions are assumed. The formulation of the mathematical problem is based on the results of regression analysis of the influence of time series values of socio-demographic factors on population incomes differentiation (Gini coefficient). A specialist application, PowerSim Studio Express 10, was used for model design. Rosstat data on households in the Russian regions were used for calculation of the model experimental trajectories. The main research methods are the following: dynamic analysis of time series; econometric and system-dynamic modeling. As a result of the study, a system-dynamics experimental model was proposed. It was tested in application to eight regions with the most reliable statistical relationship between socio-demographic factors and the Gini index. Numerical experiments were used to simulate real economic processes of convergence and divergence in order to identify the main trends and features of territorial income differentiation depending on local priorities of vocational education development. It was shown that an increase in the level of education, both higher professional and secondary vocational, mainly leads to increased income differentiation. The theoretical significance of the results obtained lies in the deepening of the understanding of the regional features of human capital development influencing the spatial differentiation of population income. The practical significance of the study lies in the expansion of instrumental support for decision-making in the implementation of state policy in the field of regulating the population incomes differentiation at the regional level.

Abstract B087: Disparities in pediatric patients receiving proton therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic - A single institutional experience

Abstract Introduction: Our institution cares for a largely underserved urban population, treating about 120 children annually with radiation therapy; roughly 10% are referred for proton therapy elsewhere. COVID-19 led to some decreases in medical care due to uncertainties regarding the state of public health. The purpose of this study is to evaluate existing socioeconomic disparities using the University of Wisconsin Area Deprivation Index (ADI) and whether the pandemic impacted this referral pattern. Methods: Over the last twenty years, approximately 2,275 children have presented to our institution for radiation treatment. A retrospective chart review was conducted and a patient database of demographic and clinical information was created. We used demographic data to obtain the ADI, and compared relative disparity rankings between proton therapy recipients and a random sample of patients from the 25 most common zip codes (representative of over 20% of the total cohort). We compared the number of patients treated only at the closest proton facility before and after the onset of the pandemic. Results: The demographic make-up of our patient population is approximately 53.7% Latino, 22.6% White, 9.5% African American, 9.2% Asian, and 5% Other. Of these patients, about 500 had diagnoses typically referred for proton therapy (such as brain tumors, neuroblastoma, sarcomas, and Hodgkin lymphoma). At baseline, we found a statistically significant difference in the median state ADI decile of 3 and 7 for protons and photons, respectively, reflecting lower socioeconomic disadvantage in the proton group. There was a difference in the median household income (based on zip code) of $102,028 and $70,479 between the proton and photon groups (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). There was also a difference in median household income of $57,871 and $76,808 between Latino and Non-Latino patients (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Demographic data for the proton therapy cohort showed that 46.2% of these patients were White, 15.4% were Latino, 15.4% were African American, 7.7% were Asian, and 15.4% were Other. At the closest proton facility, between 2014-2019, 16 of our patients received radiation therapy. Since the beginning of pandemic associated restrictions in March 2020, 19 patients have received proton therapy at this center. Conclusions: Disparities preventing patients from receiving proton therapy have been described. Our work adds granular census block data and uses the ADI which takes into account median family income, unemployment rate, households without access to a vehicle, English language proficiency and more. Those with lower ADI risk rankings were overrepresented in the proton therapy group. Despite the pandemic and added referral challenges, the number of patients able to receive proton therapy did not decrease which we hypothesize may be due to many factors, including the unanticipated flexibility of remote work amongst those with lower ADI rankings. Latinos were least likely to have proton therapy, and further research is needed to ameliorate the disparities and barriers to care which they face. Citation Format: Samuel P. McKinnon, Zara I. Kazmierczak, Arthur J. Olch, Daniel Roh, Ethan Nguyen, Kristen Pang, Iain J. MacEwan, Kenneth K. Wong. Disparities in pediatric patients receiving proton therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic - A single institutional experience [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B087.

ІNCOMES AND EXPENSES OF THE RURAL POPULATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE STANDART OF LIVING

ІNCOMES AND EXPENSES OF THE RURAL POPULATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE STANDART OF LIVING

The adaptation to climate change by slerek boat fishermen in Muncar Subdistrict, Banyuwangi Regency

Climate change, the La Nina phenomenon, has various impacts on the fisheries sector, especially capture fisheries. One of the impacts of the La Nina phenomenon is that high rainfall causes fishermen to be unable to go to sea and reduces catches, so that it reduces fishermen's income. Therefore, fishermen need to adapt to climate changes that are occurring. This research aims to determine the form of climate change adaptation, measure the level of adaptation, and income earned by fishermen. This research uses descriptive and analytical methods. The results of the research show that there are 8 forms of adaptation carried out by Slerek boat fishermen. The level of adaptation of fishermen to climate change is 74%, of which 53.33% of fishermen are classified as low level of adaptation and 46.67% of fishermen are classified as high level of adaptation. Apart from that, there is a difference in income between fishermen with a high level of adaptation and fishermen with a low level of adaptation. It implied that fishermen with a high level of adaptation are able to combine various forms of adaptation to climate change and earn higher income.

Regional income convergence in Turkey: An empirical analysis from an endogenous growth perspective

This study analyzes convergence among regions of Turkey from an endogenous growth perspective. The results show that human capital, which is represented with R&amp;D personnel, has a negative impact on economic growth in the regions based on its percentage in total employment. Moreover, we find that there is an estimated U-shaped relationship, which implies that if the percentage of R&amp;D personnel in total employment increases after a certain level, the effect has a tendency of turning positive; the west region is especially closer to having a positive effect. However, regarding convergence, the relatively high-income west is closer to experiencing the positive effect of R&amp;D personnel. Moreover, due to the relatively low percentage of R&amp;D personnel in the east region, the economic growth of the east region is more negatively affected by R&amp;D personnel. Therefore, using a strategy that is based on increasing the percentage of R&amp;D personnel cannot help the east region to close the differences in income.

Effects of branched-chain amino acids to lysine ratios in corn distillers dried grains with solubles containing diets on growth performance, plasma nitrogen profile, carcass traits, and economic analysis in growing-finishing pigs.

A study was conducted to identify the effects of standardized ileal digestible (SID) branched-chain amino acids (BCAA):lysine (Lys) ratios on the growth performance, plasma nitrogen (N) profile, carcass traits, and economic analysis of growing-finishing pigs fed diets with high corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS) inclusions. A total of 1,140 pigs (initial body weight [BW] = 28.7 ± 2.0 kg) were housed in 45 pens of 25 or 26 pigs and fed one of five diets in a randomized complete block design. Experimental diets were fed in four phases based on BW. Dietary treatments were a corn-soybean meal (SBM) based diet (PC), a corn-SBM-cDDGS-based diet (NC) with SID BCAA:Lys ratio of PIC (2020) recommendation and NC diets with SID BCAA:Lys ratios targeted for the 73% SID Val:Lys, 60% SID Ile:Lys, and 144% SID Leu:Lys during the growing phases (25 to 80 kg, Grow), targeted for the 78% SID Val:Lys, 70% SID Ile:Lys, and 160% to 170% SID Leu:Lys during the finishing phases (80 to 120 kg, finish), and both during the growing and finishing phases (Grow-Finish). One pig from each pen was bled at the end of 7 and 13 wk. After the 11-wk-feeding trial, pigs were sent to a commercial abattoir to investigate carcass traits. Pigs fed the Finish diet had a greater overall average daily gain (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the other cDDGS diets. Dietary treatments did not affect the hot carcass weight. However, feeding the Finish diet increased (P < 0.05) the iodine value of pork belly samples and decreased (P < 0.05) carcass yield. The plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration at the end of the growing phase and plasma concentrations of Leu and Val were greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the Finish diet compared to the other cDDGS diets. Feeding pigs the cDDGS diets with different BCAA:Lys ratios had no difference in income over feed cost and income over feed and facility costs compared to the corn-SBM diet. Therefore, feeding pigs cDDGS diets with SID BCAA:Lys ratios adjusted for the previously determined finishing phase (from 80 to 120 kg of BW) recommendations by SBM inclusion supported growth performance and economic benefits equal to the corn-SBM diet.

IMPACT OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE LABOR MARKET

Introduction. In the conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the Ukrainian labor market was greatly affected by digital transformation. New professions are emerging, new competencies are needed, the landscape of demand and supply on the labor market has changed. In this regard, research devoted to the clarification of theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the transformation of the labor market was updated. Goal. The challenges of the new economy, which affected the field of employment, determined new trends to accelerate changes in the field of digitization, automation and robotization of the labor market. Methods. The following modern research methods were used to achieve the defined goal and fulfill the outlined tasks: forecasting method - to identify future advantages when using artificial intelligence, digitization in the labor market; the grouping method - for the classification of methods and factors influencing the transformation of the labor market; historical and logical analysis - to reveal the process of formation and development of digital technologies in the labor market; modeling method - for building digital competences. An analysis of changes in the labor market under the conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution was carried out. The transformations taking place in the social and labor sphere under the influence of information and communication technologies, network systems, other resources and institutions of the new digital economy are a complete, comprehensive transformation of values, motivational attitudes, hierarchies, sources of development, the structure of resources, forms and technologies of interaction, forms and scales of employment, level, structure, income differentiation. Results. Attention is paid to the issue of dependence on the introduction of automation and robotization of production and the reduction of demand for workers with a low level of education and low professional qualifications. It is noted that under the influence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the main attention will be paid to digital competences in the near future. It was determined that the development of the digital economy, despite the possible threat of the disappearance of certain professions, can lead to an increase in the level of employment in the country due to the creation of conditions for the emergence of new professions, but on digital platforms. The impact of digital technologies on changes in employment was analyzed, the most in-demand competencies and skills on the labor market were determined. It is substantiated that the transformation of employment from the point of view of digitalization creates a demand for competencies that will enable specialists to work with complex digital systems, platforms, special equipment, demonstrate analytical skills, emotional intelligence, a high level of IT literacy, apply systems thinking, etc. Conclusions. The labor market is undergoing significant changes during the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which includes high-tech and digital innovations in the field of information production and processing. Industry 4.0 is defined by the use of advanced production technologies, such as the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, data analysis, robotics, lockchain, etc., which significantly affect the digitalization of the labor market. The latter affects the demand for labor, causing changes in certain professions.

Человеческий капитал сельских регионов современного Китая

The purpose of the article is to analyze the results of actual theoretical and empirical studies of the process of accumulation of human capital in rural regions of China at the present stage of economic development. The PRC is still a country with a large proportion of the population living and working in rural regions. That is why the sustainability of the development of these regions and the country’s economy as a whole is largely determined by the peculiarities of the development of the labor resources of Chinese villages. The process of accumulation of human capital in rural regions plays an important role in China’s economic and social policy, as well as in solving the problem of ‘sannun’. The process of accumulation of human capital is influenced by three groups of interrelated factors: urbanization with Chinese characteristics, the level and quality of life, infrastructure and socio-institutional environment. The results of a comprehensive analysis of the influence of these groups of factors led to the conclusion that an elementary increase in public investment in the agricultural sector and rural regions of the PRC against the background of the development of free market relations, urbanization and income differentiation is not enough to ensure conditions for sustainable economic development and solving this problem. The role of human capital in the development of rural regions of China will increase only with the provision of opportunities to create an effective infrastructure and a favorable socio-institutional environment for its accumulation

ДОХОДЫ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РОССИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ РЫНОЧНОЙ ДИНАМИКИ

The growth of incomes of the population is one of the main goals of the development of the Russian Federation. The State policy is aimed at improving the standard of living of citizens and ensuring their well-being. Increasing the income of the population is a key factor in achieving this goal. The Russian Government is developing measures and programs aimed at stimulating economic growth, creating new jobs, developing education and skills, supporting small and medium-sized businesses, reducing income inequality and strengthening consumer demand. These efforts are aimed at creating conditions for increasing the incomes of the population, improving living standards and achieving socio-economic development of the country as a whole. The importance of supporting and increasing incomes of the population of the Russian Federation and reducing unjustified income differentiation is increasing during a period of global challenges, sanctions and geopolitical events. The analysis of the dynamics of income of the population and the factors determining the depth and direction of dynamics makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of the implemented state policy, the degree of protection of the population and makes it possible to concentrate efforts on the most critical problems in this area. The purpose of the study was to analyze the key factors of the dynamics of income of the population for the period 2018-2022, identify trends and directions of influence of factors, assess the composition and structure of income of the population, the causes and depth of income differentiation. The study of income dynamics can help to develop measures aimed at increasing incomes, creating new jobs, developing education and supporting entrepreneurship, planning and developing social programs aimed at combating inequality, reducing poverty, supporting the poor and improving the social security system.