Inclusive Pronouns Research Articles

Disparities Across the CREOG Districts: Annual Variations of Wellness and Inclusivity Efforts in Obstetrics & Gynecology Residency Websites

Over the past few years, CREOG has emphasized improving resident well-being, decreasing physician burnout, and supporting efforts toward inclusivity. This focus has also been shared by various medical specialties and their training programs. The recent emphasis on wellness and inclusivity partly stems from the concern for burnout and higher attrition rates among Underrepresented In Medicine (URIM) learners. However, limited assessment exists of how residency programs have addressed this focus nationally. As virtual interviews have become the ‘current’ standard, timely updates have become critical as websites are an essential resource for residency applicants. As the perceived value of some updates differs by program, an assessment of the inclusivity and wellness variations over the years has been limited, especially across Obstetrics and Gynecology (ObGyn) residency program websites. This study aimed to identify the annual variations in website depictions of wellness and inclusivity across CREOG districts in the past two years, while suggesting optimized platforms to convey the commitment to such efforts. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional analysis of the websites of ACGME-accredited ObGyn residency programs across the United States in April 2022 and again in April 2023. The assessment was based on a compilation of 22 attributes devised by a nine-person focus group and piloted and tested on a 40-person focus group. Six medical students and two residents at Louisiana State University in Shreveport and the University of Toledo conducted the website benchmarking comparison. All cohorts were racially, ethnically, and gender diverse to ensure representative benchmarking. Racial diversity in this study was defined by visual representation as identified by the medical student researcher’s self-perceived report of at least one African-American/Black, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian/Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander faculty member and resident among their colleagues based on publicly-accessible website photographic representation. Gender diversity was defined similarly by visual representation as identified by the medical student researcher’s photo-based self-perceived report of at least one member of a differing gender compared to the majority (a minimum of female and/or one male) within the faculty members and resident class. Percentages were used to compare the data due to the program count discrepancy across both years, as a result of an increase in accredited programs and website accessibility. Results: A total of 560 websites were analyzed. Minimal change in inclusivity sections of websites was noted across the two years, but a reduction in leadership referencing inclusivity (by 30%) and wellness (by 22%) occurred in 2023. Wellness efforts remained unchanged in both years from the standpoint of website investment, dedicated support personnel, and group activities. Wellness support was persistently the highest in District 5, with overall wellness efforts appearing unchanged between the two years across all districts. Similarly, District 5 had the highest DEI referencing with dedicated staff and webpage support across both years. References to holistic reviews were less identified in 2023 (by 7%), while curricula referenced DEI less frequently in their mission statement (by 15%). Similarly, a 14% reduction in DEI-focused research was noted on the websites, with an 8% reduction in resident testimonies to such efforts. District I showed the highest incorporation (32%) and increase (7%) in inclusive pronoun usage between the two years, whereas District 5 had the highest increase in supplementary LGBTQI verbiage (8%) on their website. A 17% increase in the use of inclusive pronouns was noted, whereas a reduction in gender diversity was identified in 9% of faculty and 5% of residents. Similarly, a 6-7% reduction in URIM faculty and residents was noted. Regarding racial representation, District 4 had the highest loss of resident body diversity (21%), whereas District 3 had the highest loss of faculty diversity (22%). Regarding gender diversity, District 1 was impacted by a 30% decline in gender diversity, while District 3 by 23%. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the variations in support across the country and the past two years. With some components of inclusivity being adopted more readily, the hope is that websites ultimately provide an accurate reflection of the investment in resident wellness and equity efforts across all districts.

Adaptation of the Serious Illness Conversation Guide to Singapore's Multicultural Setting for Patients With Heart Failure, Renal Failure, or Cancer.

The Serious Illness Conversation Guide (SICG) was developed by Ariadne Labs in the United States. However, there is a scarcity of literature on the cross-cultural adaptations of the SICG in Asian settings. We aimed to adapt the SICG for English-speaking patients with serious illnesses in Singapore. We purposively recruited 28 patients with advanced stages of heart failure, renal failure, or cancer from a tertiary hospital. A designated research team member conducted semistructured interviews to obtain participants' feedback on the SICG. The interviews were transcribed by the designated study team member. Participants' response to each item on the SICG was coded quantitatively into categories to denote participant acceptance, partial acceptance, or nonacceptance. Transcripts were further analyzed using content analysis to understand participants' rationale regarding feedback of the specific SICG item. Modifications to the SICG were iteratively made over time to obtain its current version. Participants indicated a preference for direct language with shorter sentences and inclusive pronouns. It was considered important that clinicians keep the conversation hopeful, individualize the conversation content according to the patient's journey, and use prompts where necessary to support the patient's elaboration. This study outlined a patient-centric approach to localizing the SICG in the English language to a new cultural context, marking the first such effort in an Asian setting. Further study is under way to evaluate the SICG in more disease populations and non-English languages used in Singapore.

“Newspeak” in Contemporary German Political Discourse

This article examines the concept of “newspeak,” created by J. Orwell in his novel “1984,” which functions as one of the means of manipulating the political consciousness of people. The article focuses on the linguistic manifestation of newspeak in the speech behavior of modern German politicians. It reveals two main functions of newspeak in the speech of modern German politicians: confusion and reinterpretation of established concepts. The article explores the corpus of lexical means of German political newspeak, which are realized in the form of framing, empty phrases, paradoxical word constructions, borrowings, neologisms, clericalisms, lexemes with ambiguous meaning, and words with multiple meanings. Among the grammatical means peculiar to newspeak in German political discourse, the article describes the inclusive pronoun “wir,” passive voice, and the conjunctive irrealis in combination with the adverbial modifier of manner. The pragmatic means of realizing newspeak in German political discourse include the imposition of presuppositions, weak efforts to fulfill the intentions, and hyperbolization. The conclusion is drawn that, unlike in totalitarian societies, politicians in democratic countries use newspeak to compensate for the failures of their party, which turns out to be unable to fully implement its declared intentions, mainly through linguistic manipulations.

The Power of "We": Using Inclusive Pronouns in Norm-Based Messages to Promote PrEP-Related Information Seeking Among Men Who Have Sex With Men.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective medicine preventing HIV transmission. This study designs and tests normative messages that promote PrEP-related information seeking among men who have sex with men (MSM) (n = 410). Two factors were manipulated in normative messaging: type of norm (descriptive ["people do"] vs. injunctive ["people should"]) and type of pronoun (individual "you" vs. collective "we"). The results favored the use of descriptive normative appeal and collective pronouns in normative message design. For health campaigns that target MSM's PrEP-related behaviors, this study suggests that descriptive norms may increase behavioral changes whereas injunctive norms may appear intrusive and backfire. At the same time, using inclusive agency assignment (e.g., pronouns) may encourage HIV prevention through provoking solidarity considerations.

WOMEN UNDERREPRESENTATION IN THE MUSIC INDUSTRY REFLECTED FROM TAYLOR SWIFT’S BILLBOARD “WOMAN OF THE DECADE” SPEECH

Studies on women underrepresentation within various fields have been widely conducted, indicating that people are well-aware of the issue. Nonetheless, little attention has been paid to women underrepresentation in the music industry. Thus, this research focuses on examining the issue through Taylor Swift’s Billboard “Woman of the Decade” speech. Critical Discourse Analysis approach was applied in this research. The data were taken from Taylor Swift’s speech transcript, which was accessible in Billboard’s official website (www.billboard.com). It can be concluded that Taylor Swift’s speech reflects issue of women underrepresentation in the music industry through at least two linguistic features, namely pronouns and assertive speech act. The use of inclusive pronouns “we” and “us” in her speech supports that women tend to seek intimacy and build strong relationship with their peers, while the exclusive pronoun “they” was employed to refer to people who criticized women in the music industry. Furthermore, Taylor Swift used assertive speech act to be vocal about the issue of unfair treatment received by women in the industry, as well as to empower them to keep on making music under any circumstances, breaking society’s stereotype that women are not likely to be assertive.
 Keywords: critical discourse analysis; music industry; women underrepresentation

How do Arab Writers Interact With Their Readers? An Analysis of the Use of Metadiscourse Markers

A considerable body of research has investigated the use of metadiscourse in academic writing in different languages, and it is assumed in the literature that the use of metadiscourse is language- and culture-specific. However, little research has investigated how Arab writers interact with their readers in Arabic research articles (RAs). Thus, following Hyland’s (2005) models, this study explores the use of the interactional metadiscourse in the introductions of 94 Arabic RAs totalling 88,350 words published between 2013-2022. Findings showed that Arab writers tend to establish a relationship with readers and involve them as discourse participants through the use of the inclusive pronoun naḥnu نحن ‘we’ and the rhetorical forms. Arab writers used both grammatical and lexical items to express their views with confidence with a high degree of commitment. They were found to use reader-accuracy markers to mitigate their arguments. They, however, appeared not to evaluate what is presented through their personal feelings, and this might be due to sociocultural reasons, which requires further investigation.

Biden's Rhetoric: A Corpus-Based Study of the Political Speeches of the American President Joe Biden

This paper is a rhetorical analysis of the political discourse of the American President Joe Biden's speeches. The data of the study consist of 40 speeches (120,028) words delivered by Joe Biden from January 2021 to February 2022. This study examines how President Biden tries to persuade the audience employing different rhetorical devices. It investigates one main canon of rhetoric, Invention, following the classical Aristotelian classification of rhetoric. In analysing Invention, Biden's logical, ethical, and emotional appeals to the audience will be investigated. The analysis reveals that by using the first-person pronouns 'I' and 'we' Biden morally tries to engage the audience. The quantitative study demonstrates that the inclusive pronoun 'we' is the most frequently used pronoun in the corpus to build a bond with the audience. The pronoun 'I' is the second most common pronoun in the corpus for establishing the credibility, competence, and reliability of the speaker. The President tries to disseminate the good sentiments of hope and love, which are the most common lexical terms in the corpus relating to emotions. Biden also uses numerous logical appeals to persuade the audience, such as employing statistics and numbers, citing authoritative individuals and sources such as the Bible, and argument from a predicament, in order to deliver compelling arguments.

Rhetorical Analysis of King Abdullah's English Speeches during the Covid-19 Pandemic

This paper analyses King Abdullah's II English speeches during the Covid-19 crisis in a corpus-based study. It investigates the rhetorical techniques employed by the King to convince the audience. The data include 14 English speeches (8,694 words) delivered by King Abdullah II of Jordan during the Covid-19 crisis, from January 2020 to August 2021. The rhetorical analysis is based on the classical Aristotelian classification of rhetoric. It examines one canon of rhetoric, invention. In the analyzing invention, the speaker's ethical appeals (ethos), emotional appeals (pathos), and logical appeals (logos) will be examined in detail in a corpus-based study. The analysis reveals that King Abdullah II employs ethical appeals to identify himself with the audience and create a rapport with them by using first-person pronouns and lexical items like "my friends". The quantitative analysis shows that the inclusive pronoun we and the pronoun I am used for rhetorical reasons to convince the audience. Direct and indirect emotional appeals are also used to stir the audience's emotions to call them to action. King Abdullah II uses logical arguments such as an argument from statistics, quoting from the Holy Quran, and an argument from a dilemma, inter alia, to convince the audience of his viewpoints and persuade them to do specific actions.

METALINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF POLITE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN AUTHOR AND READER (based on 18th-century German art history texts)

The article aims to study the metalinguistic characteristics of polite communication. The analysis is carried out on the material of German art history texts of the 18th century. Through the comparison of art history texts written by J. J. Winckelmann, J. G. Herder and H. E. Lessing it is being revealed how and for what purpose the authors of these texts use formulas of politeness. The analysis is based on the theoretical foundations of pragmatic linguistics, sociolinguistics and metatext research. The results show that the actualisers of positive politeness include, for example, adjectives with the meaning of confidence, emotional expressions and the inclusive pronoun wir. By using these tools the author seeks to solidarise with the reader in the general academic field. Negative politeness strategies are used by the author to avoid imposing their views on the reader. The following negative politeness strategies were discovered: showing caution by hedging, demonstrating a lack of desire to impose one’s point of view and attributing all responsibility for what is written by personalisation. The results demonstrate that in research articles the reader is actively, albeit invisibly, present in the text. In general, positive politeness strategies are used by researchers to demonstrate solidarity with the fellow researchers and the research community at large. Negative strategies either depersonalise the information conveyed or, on the contrary, personalise it. Both approaches aim not to put any pressure on the reader.

Interactions 2 par Gaël Crépieux, Olivier Massé, et Jean-Philippe Rousse

Reviewed by: Interactions 2par Gaël Crépieux, Olivier Massé, et Jean-Philippe Rousse Juliette D. Duthoit C répieux, G aël, O livierM assé, et J ean-P hilippeR ousse. Interactions 2. 2 eéd. CLÉ international, 2020. ISBN 978-2-09-038694-3. Pp. 144. This textbook targets beginner learners of French (A1.2 level) who already have some experience learning French. The book is divided into 4 thematic units— socialiser, consommer, utiliser, voyager—each designed to be taught in twelve to fifteen hours of class. Each unit has three lessons, a class project (such as: "Organiser un circuit touristique en France"), and a mock exam for DELF A1. The lessons work on communication skills (oral interaction, written and oral comprehension and production), linguistic skills (grammar and phonetics), and cultural skills. The activities are indicated as individual, pair activities, group activities, or class activities. There is media material available at <https://interactions.cle-international.com>, which can be downloaded or used directly on the website: audio recordings, videos with and without French subtitles, and extra pictures for some activities. Interactions 2also comes with a booklet containing corrections and audio transcriptions for the DELF mock exam activities. The general aesthetic of the book is appealing. It is colorful and uncluttered, with plenty of illustrations. Material in the book—from the graphics to the audio recordings and readings—is mostly created and non-authentic, which has the advantage of being perfectly tailored to the lesson, activity, and the learners' knowledge. Regarding pronunciation, there is frequent use of French IPA symbols and exercises targeting phonetic or phonologic components, such as intonation, liaisons, or sound writing. The activities are varied, from classic grammar drills and dictations to communicative interviews and role plays. As in many European textbooks, the grammar pages appear late in the lesson and are succinct. There is little vocabulary listed within the lessons. Instructors are free to supplement vocabulary better suited to the needs of their specific learners. There is an effort made at diversity, as the characters depicted in the activities and readings have varied origins. However, the textbook focuses more on France and French regions than on other French-speaking countries. The French accents presented do not reflect diversity. The video and recordings tend to present a standard Parisian accent, even if the character speaking supposedly comes from Québec. This can be helpful for beginners who may not be ready to juggle various accents. Unfortunately, it does not reflect reality. It is also disappointing that such a recent book is not more inclusive, with no use of inclusive writing or inclusive pronouns such as iel. The lesson on family, for instance, does not present different models of families, and remains heteronormative. In a nutshell, this textbook is tailored for beginning learners, avoiding the issues of accents and complicated authentic material, and is aimed at improving communication skills without relying heavily on vocabulary or grammar. Instructors could use the book as is for lessons or could supplement it with their own activities, authentic documents, or vocabulary. [End Page 273] Juliette D. Duthoit Purdue University (IN) Copyright © 2022 American Association of Teachers of French

Beyond He and She: Does the Singular Use of “They, Them, Their” Function Generically as Inclusive Pronouns for Cisgender Men and Women?

Beyond He and She: Does the Singular Use of “They, Them, Their” Function Generically as Inclusive Pronouns for Cisgender Men and Women?

LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF UKRAINIAN PRESIDENT VOLODYMYR ZELENSKYYʼS POLITICAL RHETORIC: STRATEGIES &amp; TACTICS

The purpose of the study is to characterize the discursive strategies and tactics of the Ukraineʼs President V. Zelenskyy. V. Zelenskyyʼs political discourse is mainly determined by the strategy for increase and the strategy of theatricality. The strategy for increase is used to create a positive mental space around oneself and oneʼs political force, so it is implemented through the tactics of analysis-“plus”, which involves analyzing the political situation without explicit approval of oneʼs contribution, with gratitude to ordinary citizens. The strategy of theatricality is realized through the tactics of cooperation, which explains the intention to identify with the people. Techniques here are the use of vocatives-ethnonyms and the inclusive pronoun “we”, which participate in the construction of “we-discourse” and “the communitization of responsibility”; reduced everyday communication in the format of storytelling; translingual speech practice. The tactics of irony is manifested in the use of irony against political opponents in order to self-position and create a “manipulative discourse of the positive”. V. Zelenskyyʼs presidential discourse is a complex speech formation, the characteristic features of which are: the format of reduced everyday communication in addressing the Ukrainian people; intention to show solidarity with the people in solving common problems; representation of the values of the youth linguistic community; dissemination of public messages through social networks; actualization in speech of physiological and social needs of people; performative function of irony.

Analysing authorial identity construction in the review article genre in Applied Linguistics

Authorial identity construction is one of many professional rhetorical strategies employed by authors in academic review genres. Authors usually create a persona to represent themselves, their seniority in the field, and the community to which they belong. The author’s visibility is made possible through several rhetorical devices. Perhaps the most remarkable way of such authorial identity construction in the review article genre is self-mentions. The aims of this research are (1) to find out what types of self-mention are frequently used in review articles, (2) to determine the frequency of use and distribution of self-mentions in the review articles, and (3) to investigate the rhetorical function of self-mentions in the different analytical sections of the review articles. The data, drawn from a randomly selected corpus of thirty-two review articles, were analysed using WordSmith Tools Version 6. The findings indicated that first-person plural pronouns were more frequently used than singular pronouns in the whole corpus except in the two review texts. It was also observed that the frequency of occurrence for the exclusive and inclusive pronouns was very close to each other. Most importantly, the inclusive pronouns were used not only as a politeness strategy to appreciate the readers and keep the writers’ claims balanced but also as a persuasive tool to seek the readers’ agreement in the evaluation of research developments. This study revealed that authors construct various professional personas as a rhetorical strategy to carve their authorial identity and credibility in the review article genre. The findings of this study have pedagogical implications in the field of academic writing in applied linguistics as well as other disciplines.

Expressing the Author's Position in the English-Language Network Film Review

Introduction. The article presents the results of the analysis of the author’s position verbalization methods in the English online professional film review addressed to the mainstream audience. The authors proceed from the position that the methods of subject verbalization are determined by functional characteristics of discourse. The relevance of the study is due to the interest of modern linguistics in the study of the subject factor in “personal” types of discourse. The paper considers the factor of the subject in the discourse, defines the concepts of authorization and its nomination, analyzes the role of identifying categories of subjective modality and describing prevalent evaluation types in the study of the author's position in evaluative genres.Methodology and sources. Research methodology is based on the approaches to classification of modus and evaluation types developed by N.D. Arutyunova. The methodology of describing the author's position in evaluative genres is proposed, which boils down to the following steps: identifying the leading linguistic means of self-nomination; displaying main genre-typical patterns of subject modality (modus types); describing evaluation semantics specificity and linguistic means of dominant evaluative meanings verbalization. The study was conducted on the material of the corpus of texts selected on the English-language portal metacritic.com which includes 50 professional film reviews addressed to a wide audience (39,765 words in length).Results and discussion. Based on the methods of quantitative and contextual analysis the distribution of modus types verbalized by “subject-predicate” models with personal subject-representing pronouns was carried out; the distribution of personal and possessive pronouns as the main method of self-nomination in the discourse of the network English-language professional film review was revealed; on the basis of the analysis of the semantics of evaluative adjectives of the corpus, the types of evaluative meanings in the genre under study were identified. The leading methods of discourse subject nomination were shown to involve the 1-st person pl. inclusive pronoun, which indicates the author’s intention to establish a connection with the reader and to increase the manipulative potential of the text. The main types of evaluative meanings verbalized by the corpora adjectives were identified, which are emotional, intellectual, aesthetic and regulatory types.Conclusion. The conducted research allowed us to conclude that the specificity of the expression of the author's position in professional network film review is reduced to the following characteristics: the dominant nature of the perceptual mode and the mental mode of knowledge in the field of subjective modality of texts; the predominance of first-person plural pronouns in an inclusive meaning as a means of self-nomination of the subject discourse and the dominance of partial-evaluative meanings over general-evaluative ones. The predominance of emotional-psychological and intellectual-psychological types of evaluation indicates the author's intention to express an individualized subjective-emotional opinion about the evaluated object.

Clusivity and the history of personal pronouns in East Caucasian

Abstract Personal pronouns are among the most stable lexemes in the East Caucasian family, which consists of at least forty different languages distributed over eight well established branches, with nevertheless important variations and paradigmatic reshaping across branches, languages, and even dialects. The 1st and 2nd singular pronouns have been replaced or changed shape at least once in many subparts of the family, and the main 1st person singular innovation was apparently followed by areal spread. Most languages retain two different pronouns for the 1st person plural European pronoun, but the cognates are not always clear, suggesting that although clusivity is an inherited feature of East Caucasian pronominal paradigms, its history is complex, with various types of loss and renewal. This paper attempts to draw a fine-grained and accurate picture of these 1st person plural pronouns and their history within the larger setting of personal pronouns in general. Most individual stories behind variation across branches, languages and dialects provide reasons to see inclusive pronouns as prone to be maintained or renewed over time, whereas exclusive pronouns (1st person singular or plural) are specially targeted by avoidance and replacement processes.

From abstracts to “60-second science” podcasts: Reformulation of scientific discourse

This paper examines Scientific American's 60-Second Science podcasts from a genre perspective to identify structural and linguistic strategies for reformulating scientific discourse for diversified audiences. Move analysis of 110 representative texts revealed a dominant structural pattern consisting of an engaging Orientation, a foregrounded Claim followed by the establishment of its Credibility, the conventional Introduction-Methods-Results-Discussion, and a distinctive Termination often flavored with witty humor. This pattern contains the essential components of academic abstracts, research presentations, and science news reports. However, despite some overlapping moves, 60-Second Science differs from any of these similar genres in terms of communicative purposes, target audiences, move sequences, and even types of move signals. Apart from common linguistic devices used in typical academic genres, other notable move signals include topic shifters, rhetorical questions, and voice shifts between the podcasters and researchers. Meanwhile, weaving researchers' voices into the podcasters', frequent use of engagement devices such as inclusive pronouns, reader pronouns, self-mentions, questions, and hedges result in a highly dialogic and interactional style. These structural and linguistic features may make 60-Second Science podcasts an authentic listening resource suitable for EFL students to acquire a basic awareness of academic spoken discourse and strengthen the interface between general and academic English.

Pronouns and Metaphors in Obama’s and Trump’s Inaugural Speeches: A Comparative Analysis through Critical Discourse Analysis

A political speech is usually characterized by the use of different linguistic techniques and strategies that allow politicians to convey their political messages and persuade people of their ideologies and thoughts. The American presidential inaugural address is therefore a form of political discourse that imbues the characteristics of both written and oral discourse. This study consequently looked at how Presidents Barrack Obama and Donald Trump of America have used Linguistic resources (Pronouns and metaphors) to construct individual and collective ideologies and persuade America to accept their political ideologies. This exploration was carried out within the frameworks of Lakoff and Johnson Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Charter is – Black’s Critical Metaphor Theory and the content method of data analysis. The corpus was drawn from the respective official websites of Barrack Obama and Donald Trump. It was discovered that their speeches were characterized by skilful choice of rhetorical strategies to make their speeches effective in order to convince the electorates. President Obama used more of inclusive pronouns and metaphors to support and advocate for multilateralism and internationalism while Donald Trump used pronouns and metaphors that distanced him from the corrupt government that led to unemployment in America while supporting and advocating a strong American interest.

Storytelling in English and Russian-language lecture discourse

&#x0D; The advantages of using storytelling as a communication strategy are currently discussed in marketing, psychology, advertising, medicine, and education. It is described as an inborn skill that people relate to and which makes people listen. Storytelling is also described as an educational method (Dumović 2006, Pedersen 1995) and as a communication tool (Dahlstrom 2014, Sundin 2018) that can be used widely in education. The purpose of this paper is to analyze features and functions of storytelling used in academic lectures. For this purpose, three lecturers in Russian and three lecturers in English were analyzed. By means of a mixed-method approach, including discourse analysis and content analysis, it was established that all the lecturers used storytelling as a communication strategy for explanatory and contact-establishing purposes. The conclusion is made that storytelling was used by the Russian and the English-language lecturers to provide their audience with clear and engaging explanations. The lecturers constructed their stories using factual information, emotional and evaluative lexis, verbs of action, as well as discursive strategies that helped them to engage the audience in the topic of the lecture (e.g., the inclusive pronoun we and different kinds of questions). Though the stories have much in common, some differences between the stories in Russian and in English are identified. Based on these results, it is suggested that further contrastive studies of storytelling in academic settings can benefit those who are planning on presenting to an international audience or preparing to teach in an intercultural context.&#x0D;

Aprendizaje colaborativo en línea, una aproximación empírica al discurso socioemocional de los estudiantes

Este trabajo presenta una investigación sobre las estrategias discursivas socioemocionales que los estudiantes utilizan durante la elaboración de tareas colaborativas en línea. Se realizó un estudio de casos múltiples para explorar los procesos colaborativos desarrollados por tres grupos de estudiantes inscritos en el primer ciclo académico 2014 de la carrera de psicopedagogía, en la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. Para resolver la tarea, los estudiantes realizaron contribuciones en un foro asíncrono durante treinta días. Los resultados sugieren que cuatro tipos de estrategias discursivas socioemocionales tienen un efecto importante en el rendimiento de los grupos: i) utilización de pronombres inclusivos, ii) formulación de expectativas sobre la tarea, iii) valoraciones positivas sobre el funcionamiento del grupo y iv) expresiones de apoyo mutuo entre los participantes. También se concluye que los grupos con mejores resultados en su aprendizaje suelen mantener o incrementar el uso de estrategias discursivas socioemocionales a través del tiempo.

Effects of pronoun use in campaign advertisements on young Taiwanese voters

Campaign advertisements can greatly influence voters; however, the effects of subtle variations in advertising content have rarely been investigated. This study was conducted to quantify the effects of minor variations in pronoun use on young Taiwanese voters’ responses to campaign advertisements. Also examined were the moderating effects of voters’ perceptions of the candidate’s personality characteristics as shaped by the candidate’s physical appearance and the camera angle used in the candidate’s photo. The experimental results indicated that the use of the pronoun “we” in a campaign advertisement led to a closer perceived relationship between voters and the candidate compared to the inclusive pronoun “you,” which generated better advertising effects. Moreover, the results showed that when the voters visually inferred that a candidate had higher competence or when the candidate was photographed from a low angle, which created the perception of greater power, the use of the pronoun “we” was more suitable. The inclusive “you,” in contrast, was more suitable for candidates that were perceived by the voters to have greater warmth or for candidates that were photographed from a high angle, which created the perception of less power.