Inclusion Interaction Research Articles

NEP+: A Human-Centered Framework for Inclusive Human-Machine Interaction Development.

This article presents the Network Empower and Prototyping Platform (NEP+), a flexible framework purposefully crafted to simplify the process of interactive application development, catering to both technical and non-technical users. The name "NEP+" encapsulates the platform's dual mission: to empower the network-related capabilities of ZeroMQ and to provide software tools and interfaces for prototyping and integration. NEP+ accomplishes this through a comprehensive quality model and an integrated software ecosystem encompassing middleware, user-friendly graphical interfaces, a command-line tool, and an accessible end-user programming interface. This article primarily focuses on presenting the proposed quality model and software architecture, illustrating how they can empower developers to craft cross-platform, accessible, and user-friendly interfaces for various applications, with a particular emphasis on robotics and the Internet of Things (IoT). Additionally, we provide practical insights into the applicability of NEP+ by briefly presenting real-world user cases where human-centered projects have successfully utilized NEP+ to develop robotics systems. To further emphasize the suitability of NEP+ tools and interfaces for developer use, we conduct a pilot study that delves into usability and workload assessment. The outcomes of this study highlight the user-friendly features of NEP+ tools, along with their ease of adoption and cross-platform capabilities. The novelty of NEP+ fundamentally lies in its holistic approach, acting as a bridge across diverse user groups, fostering inclusivity, and promoting collaboration.

Flower-like calix[6]arene-based covalent organic framework for membrane extraction of sulfonamides in animal-derived food through host-guest interaction prior to determination with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Supramolecular macrocycle-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising adsorbents for adsorption of hazards due to their host-guest recognition property. However, most supramolecular macrocycles are conformationally flexible, making them challenging to introduce into COFs. In this work, a calix[6]arene-based COF (CX6-BD COF) was fabricated with a unique flower-like morphology and high crystallinity. Especially, the cavity of CX6 exhibited host-guest inclusion interaction for sulfonamides (SAs), which was verified by quantum chemistry calculation. The integration of the porosity of COFs with the recognition cavity of CX6 made CX6-BD COF display excellent enrichment performance for SAs, with good enrichment factors (EFs) between 77 and 96. The material was employed as an adsorbent for COF membrane filter extraction, coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to simultaneously enrich and determine seven SAs in animal-derived food. The analytical method showed a wide linear range (0.01–100 µg/L and 0.05–100 µg/L) and low detection limits (3–10 ng/L). The established method was successfully applied to sensitively determine SAs in chicken, pork and beef samples, which achieved satisfactory recoveries (73.8–113%). These results demonstrated CX6-BD COF has good application potential in determination of trace and ultra-trace SAs in complex food matrices as an adsorbent.

"I'm Trying to Reach Out, I'm Trying to Find My People": A Mixed-Methods Investigation of the Link Between Sensory Differences, Loneliness, and Mental Health in Autistic and Nonautistic Adults.

Rates of loneliness are substantially higher among autistic compared with nonautistic individuals. This observation refutes the persistent stereotype that autistic individuals are not motivated to seek meaningful social relationships. More plausibly, social environments systematically exclude people with higher levels of sensory differences, impeding on opportunities for autistic individuals to form meaningful relationships. In this study, we sought to quantify the level of distress associated with loneliness (Study A) and provide complementary qualitative insight into experiences of loneliness in relationship to sensory differences in autistic adults (Study B). In Study A, N = 209 participants completed a range of self-report questionnaires. In Study B, nine autistic adults took part in 10-minute unstructured dyadic conversations around the topic of loneliness. We derived a qualitative understanding of autistic individuals' experience of loneliness, enriched by inductive and deductive analyses. In Study A, the autistic group showed significantly higher levels of loneliness, loneliness distress, anxiety, depression, and sensory reactivity. We found significant positive correlations between variables, but no group differences in differential relationships. The effect of sensory reactivity on anxiety and depression was mediated by levels of loneliness in both groups. In Study B, autistic participants described the pain of feeling lonely and socially disconnected, while simultaneously experiencing a need for restorative solitude after social overstimulation. Our results indicate that sensory differences are related with higher loneliness and associated poor mental health in both autistic and nonautistic adults. This effect was exacerbated in autistic adults due to higher levels of sensory reactivity. First-hand reports from autistic adults on intense loneliness and the obstructive role of sensory environments refute stereotypes about a lack of social motivation in autistic adults. We conclude that to enable meaningful and inclusive social interaction, a societal effort is needed to create spaces that consider the sensory needs of all neurotypes.

Exploring Intercultural Teaching Strategies to Promote International Students' National Education

With its long history, rich cultural traditions and rapidly developing economy, China attracts international students from all over the world to study and experience. With the increase of international students, promoting their national education about China has become an important and urgent task. This paper discusses cross-cultural teaching strategies to promote international students' national education. Based on the needs and challenges of international students' national education, cross-cultural teaching strategies such as designing an inclusive curriculum, encouraging communication and interaction, engaging in cross-cultural comparison and reflection, fostering cross-cultural sensitivity and adaptability, as well as teachers' roles and pedagogical support are proposed. These strategies have a positive impact on the comprehensive development of international students and can facilitate the effective implementation of national education for international students.

ON COMPETING PROCESSES AT THE INCLUSION – MATRIX BOUNDARIES DURING STEEL ROLLING

Purpose of the work – to study of the processes that determine the interaction of non-metallic inclusions and the steel matrix during steel rolling. Methods. The behavior of inclusions was studied during hot rolling of steels 08Yu, 08T, 08kp, NB-57, 08GSYUTF in the temperature range of 1 200...900 °C and cold rolling with degrees of deformation of 35...75 %. The study of hot slipping along the boundaries of the inclusion − matrix was observed during high-temperature (900...1 200 °C) deformation by stretching in a vacuum on the IMASH-5S installation with a gripper movement speed of 1 680 mm/min. According to the study of slipping, steel samples were stretched in a vacuum at temperatures of 25...900 °С on the IMASH-5S installation with a gripper movement speed of 2 000 mm/min. On the surface of the samples, using the PMT-3 device, reference points were applied near the 0° and 90° inclusion poles on both sides of the inclusion − matrix boundary. Research methods are given in works [10; 11]. Identification of inclusions was carried out by metallographic (Neophot-31), petrographic and micro-X-ray spectral (MS-46 Cameca) methods. Results. It is shown that during plastic deformation, there is an interaction between non-metallic inclusions and the steel matrix, which determines their joint plastic shape change and is associated with the development of competing processes at the inclusion − matrix interphase boundaries: interphase friction and slipping (hot or cold depending on the deformation temperature). The mechanisms of these processes are determined depending on the deformation conditions and the level of plasticity of non-metallic inclusions and the steel matrix. Scientific novelty. The peculiarities of interphase friction and hot and cold slipping along the inclusion − matrix interphase boundaries of steel under different conditions of plastic deformation have been established. It is shown that the mechanisms of each of these processes depend on the temperature regime of deformation, the level of plasticity of the inclusions and the steel matrix, as well as on the structure of the inclusion − matrix boundaries, which determines the possibilities of movement and interaction of interfacial defects. It is shown that the specified processes determine the level of plasticity of the inclusion − matrix boundaries and significantly affect the nature of the change in shape of the inclusions and their redistribution in the steel matrix during steel rolling, which inevitably affects the technological plasticity of steels. Practical significance. The use of the results obtained will make it possible to develop technologies for producing steels with regulated types of nonmetallic inclusions, which will significantly increase their technological characteristics, as well as prevent the formation of various kinds of defects during the processing of steels by pressure of products.

Strong thickening performance and mechanism of supramolecular system constructed by β-cyclodextrin polymer included adamantane polymer

Introducing supramolecular interactions into polymer systems to improve their properties has recently become a hot topic. However, the formation of supramolecular polymers through host–guest interactions using two types of polymers is rarely reported. In this paper, a novel supramolecular system (ABMN) is prepared by host–guest inclusion of β-cyclodextrin polymer (PAAB) and adamantane polymer (PAMN). Subsequently, the thickening ability and viscoelasticity of ABMN are investigated. The microstructure of ABMN is studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results show that at the molar ratio of PAAB: PAMN = 1:1 the optimal inclusion is observed with the binding constant between β-cyclodextrin group and adamantane group of 575.33 L/mol. The thickening ability of ABMN is greatly improved when compared to the original polymers. At 90℃ and 32868 mg/L, the viscosity of the ABMN system at 2000 mg/L can reach 38.5 mPa s. The microstructure results evidence that a larger hydrodynamic radius and denser spatial network structures in the ABMN system are formed through the host–guest inclusion interactions. Therefore, the supramolecular system exhibits strong thickening properties and demonstrates exceptional resistance to both temperature and salt, rendering it an optimal candidate for employment in EOR in high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs.

Three-dimensionally printed denture base resins modified by nanoglass particles and carbon nanotubes

Statement of problemThree-dimensionally (3D) printed denture base resins exhibit inferior mechanical properties compared with conventional and milled ones, a problem affecting their long-term clinical use. Improved 3D printed resins are required. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to determine whether a 3D printed denture base resin with nanoglass particles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) would exhibit enhanced mechanical properties. Material and methodsThe nanoglass particles and MWCNTs were silane coated and added to the resin to obtain the following groups: Control, resin modified with nanoglass particles with 2 percentages, 0.25 wt%, and 0.5 wt%; resin modified with MWCNTs with 2 percentages, 0.25 wt%, and 0.5 wt%; and a combination group with 0.25 wt% of each filler type. The printed specimens (N=330) were tested before and after thermocycling (600 cycles) for flexural strength (FS) and elastic modulus (n=22) by using a universal testing machine and for impact strength (IS) (n=22) by using a Charpy impact tester. The fractured impact specimens were then evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface roughness (Ra) (n=11) was assessed by using a profilometer. For data analysis, the 2-way ANOVA test was used for the analysis of FS, elastic modulus, and IS, and the 3-way ANOVA test was used for Ra with a subsequent Tukey post hoc test. Percentage change was compared among groups by using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn post hoc test with Bonferroni correction (α=.05). ResultsThe filler content and thermocycling revealed a significant main interaction effect (P<.001) on FS, elastic modulus, and IS, with the 0.5% nanoglass group displaying the highest percentage decrease after thermocycling. The SEM images of fractured impact specimens revealed a brittle failure in the control and nanoglass groups. In contrast, the groups containing MWCNTs and the combination group displayed intermediate to ductile failure. Moreover, a significant inclusive interaction effect (P<.001) was found between the filler content, thermocycling, and polishing on surface roughness, with the 0.5% nanoglass group revealing the highest percentage increase in Ra of the polished surface after aging. ConclusionsThe addition of nanoglass and MWCNTs led to a significant improvement in the FS, elastic modulus, and IS of the 3D printed resin. The combination group displayed the least percentage change among all groups regarding the FS and IS, displaying intermediate to ductile failure. The control revealed the least percentage change in elastic modulus after thermocycling but with lower peak values compared with all other groups.

Online democratic participation during COVID-19

In terms of the inclusivity of democracy, both the opportunities and risks of using digital media have been highlighted in the literature. Empirical research into the use of digital media and the inclusivity of citizen participation, however, is limited. More specifically, we have a limited understand of the relation between the ‘richness’ of digital media and the inclusivity of citizen engagement The introduction of digital participation by governments during the COVID-19 pandemic presents a highly interesting situation for studying the relation between digital participation and the inclusivity of citizen engagement. This paper presents an assessment of five cases in the Netherlands to explore to what extent the media richness of digital participation affects the inclusivity of citizen engagement. Our findings present few indications for the exclusion of citizens and, in contrast, highlight the participation of more citizens when access was facilitated through digital media. The overall picture that emerges is that especially lean digital tools, webinars, enhance inclusivity in terms of access but only richer tools, interactive platforms, also facilitate participation as interaction with citizens. To our surprise, we found that hybrid forms of participation fall short in providing opportunities for inclusive interaction. We end the paper by recommending governments to realize both broad and in-depth inclusive democracy by sequential use of lean media – webinars – to boost the access to participation and rich media – platforms and offline meetings – for interactions with citizens.

Environmental Intervention Evaluation to Support Motor Planning of Wheelchair Movements: A Pilot Study

Environmental interventions provide a promising opportunity to support inclusive mobility in our rapidly changing society and workforce. Concurrently, the trends for aging into mobility disability, working into older age, and health and economic burdens of unpaid caregiving continue to rise. Hence, providing equitable mobility for all is an urgent need. In the context of manual wheelchair control, a novel method investigating the impact of environmental interventions on individual’s internal representation of motor actions is proposed. In addition to measuring objective and subjective performance metrics, we propose that an understanding of how internal representations of tasks are influenced by user perception of the environment has promising potential towards informing effective and inclusive task-environment interactions. The application explored in this pilot study aims to facilitate mobility.

Embedding Inclusive, Equitable Diversity Practices in Nonprofit Organizations: Developing Policy to Account for System Dynamics

Abstract To offer guidance to nonprofit leaders desiring to leverage diversity for inclusion, performance, and equity, we develop a framework for a comprehensive, mission-enhancing policy. The policy fits nonprofit organizations’ distinctive characteristics of shared mission attainment and values focus among members. The framework proceeds from an extensive transdisciplinary review and synthesis of empirical literature. It focuses on lived actions in the form of organizing practices that leaders can institute and sustain. Through a combined lens of practice theory, intergroup contact theory, and systems dynamics, we identify everyday workplace practices that undermine inclusion, performance, and equity. We detail how these anti-inclusive practices produce systemic resistance to current diversity policies by operating in vicious cycles that continually reproduce organizational and social problems. We specify a combination of practices for accountability, inclusive interactions, and personalized socialization that address the anti-inclusive practices and produce virtuous cycles of inclusion among organizational members. Illustrative cases demonstrate how the combination of practices has been effective in producing inclusion and attitude change in nonprofit organizations. To overcome policy resistance, these cases and other evidence suggest nonprofit diversity policy should emphasize inclusive values and mission-attainment rather than legal compliance.

Numerical Simulation on Crack–Inclusion Interaction for Rib-to-Deck Welded Joints in Orthotropic Steel Deck

Weld defects such as porosity, inclusion, burn-through, and lack of penetration are difficult to detect and control effectively in an orthotropic steel deck (OSD), which will be a fatigue crack initiation site and lead to several fatigue cracking. The crack growth behavior in defective welded joints is different from that of defect-free joints. This study investigates crack–inclusion interaction for rib-to-deck welded joints in OSDs based on numerical simulation and linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). A refined finite element model of a half U-rib with cracks and inclusions was established by using the FRANC3D-ABAQUS interactive technology. The full processes of the crack–inclusion interaction from approaching and penetrating were accurately simulated. Critical parameters, including the stress intensity factor (SIF), the shape factor, the growth rate, and the growth direction were analyzed. The stiff and soft inclusions amplify and shield the SIF of cracks when the crack grows to the local area of inclusions. During the entire process of crack growth, the soft and stiff inclusion accelerate and inhibit the crack growth, respectively. The stiff inclusion will lead to asymmetric growth of the crack shape, where the portion of the crack away from the inclusions has a higher growth rate. The soft and stiff inclusions will attract and repel the direction of crack growth at the proximal point, respectively.

Developing an inclusive culture through Unified Champion Schools programs: a pilot study on school awareness and attitudes toward students with intellectual disabilities among general students in Taiwan

Limited research exists on the implementation of Unified Champion Schools (UCS) programs in Taiwanese schools, particularly regarding school-wide implementation and attitudes towards students with intellectual disabilities (IDs). The ecological approach to disability awareness has gained prominence in recent years. This cross-sectional mixed-methods study aimed to investigate the relationship between school awareness of inclusion and attitudes toward students with IDs after a UCS program. After completing the UCS program, 164 secondary school students (79 boys and 85 girls; mean age = 14.9 ± 1.7 years) completed three questionnaires related to school awareness, classroom attitudes, and cognitive attitudes toward peers with IDs. Reflective writing from school project reports was also collected to explore students’ perspectives and experiences. The results from stepwise linear regression showed that school awareness was predicted by classroom attitude and gender. Classroom attitude was predicted by school awareness and cognitive attitude. Cognitive attitude was predicted by classroom attitude, gender, and age. Positive correlations were found between school awareness and attitudes toward students with IDs. Qualitative findings indicated that UCS programs may have psychosocial benefits, encourage inclusion, and foster meaningful interactions between students with and without IDs. In conclusion, the results highlight the need for various approaches, such as training for general peers and grouping strategies, to effectively implement UCS programs and foster a culture of inclusivity within educational settings. Intervention studies are warranted to further support effective inclusion in schools.

Modeling the Interaction Between Inclusions and Nanocracks in Flexoelectric Solids

Abstract Natural defects such as nano inclusions and nanocracks are inevitable in dielectric materials. When materials are subjected to mechanical loading, the strain gradient around crack tips and inclusions would become large and induce significant flexoelectric fields. In contrast to classical crack–inclusion problems, the interactions between these flexoelectric fields may locally change the electromechanical behaviors of materials and result in some interesting phenomena. To better understand the crack–inclusion interactions in flexoelectric solids, in this work, we use a collocation mixed finite element method to model and analyze the flexoelectric fields around the crack tip and inclusion. On the basis of the J-integral, we analyze how the flexoelectric effect affect the interaction energy between nanocracks and nearby nano inclusions. This work proposes a new coupling mechanism in crack–inclusion problems and may inspire future experiments in flexoelectric solids.

Three lines model paradigm shift: a blockchain-based control framework

PurposeWhile the three lines model (TLM) provides an organizational structure to execute risk and control duties, research and practice show limitations in the model's implementation. These limitations result in governance issues. Such issues, together with control weaknesses, could be addressed by leveraging properties of distribution, transparency, and immutability of blockchain technology. To this end, in this paper the authors propose a conceptual control framework based on blockchain technology to augment control practice.Design/methodology/approachThe design of the resulting blockchain-based control framework (BBCF) and its prototype, based on the design science research methodology (DSRM), is presented and discussed in terms of the potential impact in the context of the identified problems within the TLM.FindingsOne potential outcome of BBCF could be to redefine the scope and boundaries of some of the activities in audit and control practices from a more static to a more dynamic and prospective role. In a larger context of improving governance practices, the BBCF could set the path for a more inclusive and participatory interaction between the different governance actors of an organization.Research limitations/implicationsHowever, this assumes that blockchain is more widely adopted despite its complexity and rigidity.Practical implicationsBBCF covering both a conceptual model design and a reference implementation provides an innovation in audit and control. BBCF could include all relevant stakeholders who have an interest in corporate governance and control activities, including the regulators.Originality/valueThe contribution intends to serve both as a starting point for discussing the evolution of audit and control practice based on blockchain technology, as well as an initial actionable prototype for experimentation and further development.

Morphology and Composition Changes in Fluid Inclusions from Quartz under Progressive Deformation: Case Study of a Vein System in the Western Kelyan-Irokinda Fold Zone (Western Transbaikalia)

Abstract—The behavior of fluids during plastic deformation is studied from the morphology and distribution of fluid inclusions in quartz grains of different microstructure types from a vein system controlled by thrusting and strike-slip faulting in the eastern Sayan–Baikal fold area. The analytical work includes electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) for quartz microstructure and crystallography, as well as Linkam heating-and-freezing analysis and Raman spectroscopy for the composition of fluid inclusions. The studied fluid inclusions are of seven types that differ in morphology and position in the deformed quartz structure. A model is suggested to describe successive structural changes of quartz aggregates during dislocation sliding and subsequent creep-related recrystallization associated with redistribution of fluid. Fluid inclusions undergo qualitative and quantitative changes due to water leakage at all stages of plastic deformation. The changes occur by two main mechanisms: (i) mass transfer during dislocation sliding at medium temperatures and strain rates and (ii) diffusion creep at low strain rates and high temperatures. The contribution of creep increases gradually with temperature, which maintains the interaction of inclusions with migrating grain boundaries.

How does digital financial inclusion affect green economic development? A perspective from regional competitions

Digital financial inclusion aims to bring financial services to a wider range of people and businesses at a much lower cost, using big data and cloud computing to capture and share information. At the same time, the Chinese government aims to build a green and sustainable economy. Therefore, this study analyzes the impact of digital financial inclusion on green economic efficiency and identifies the moderating role of regional competition based on the empirical analysis of data from 265 prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2017. Our results indicate that (1) digital financial inclusion promotes the green economy, which has a significant positive spillover effect, (2) regional competition is beneficial for green economy development, but the interaction of digital financial inclusion and regional competition is detrimental, and (3) digital financial services make the largest positive contribution to the green economy, and digital payment services have the largest negative effect.

Green fabrication of thermally cross-linkable 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/ poly(acrylic acid)/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibrous membrane for effective removal of levofloxacin hydrochloride

Nanofibrous membranes are often obtained by electrospinning of polymer solutions. Because organic solvents are usually poisonous, it is desirable to develop green electrospinning for wide application of nanofibrous membranes. In the present research, water-soluble 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, poly(acrylic acid) and poly(vinyl alcohol) were used as raw materials to prepare nanofibrous membranes by electrospinning of their aqueous solutions. The pristine membranes were subsequently crosslinked by thermal treatment in order to improve water resistance of membranes. The obtained membranes were used as adsorbents for removal of levofloxacin hydrochloride from aqueous solutions. The adsorption amount of levofloxacin hydrochloride increased with the content of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in the electrospinning solution because the cavity of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin could capture levofloxacin hydrochloride by inclusion complexation. The adsorption of levofloxacin hydrochloride achieved equilibrium within 12 h and the maximum adsorption capacity was 100.8 mg/g at 298 K. Thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic with increased degree of freedom at the solution/membrane interface. The adsorption mechanism was related to electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding and inclusion interactions. Moreover, the membrane still exhibited relatively stable adsorption capacity after five adsorption/desorption cycles. The current study presented a facile and green approach for preparing nanofibrous membranes with excellent adsorption performance for levofloxacin hydrochloride from aqueous solutions.

The dignity experience of people with disability when using trains and buses in an Australian city

When transport systems are accessible and inclusive, people with disability experience dignity. Alternatively, when personal mobility is constrained by physical, social and/or communication, barriers, people with disability experience exclusion and an increasing vulnerability to indignity. This study sought to qualitatively explore the role of trains and buses in an Australian city in supporting access, inclusion and dignified mobility experiences for people with disability. Twenty-six semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants with diverse visible and invisible disabilities and were analysed thematically using Framework Analysis. The findings highlight the complexities involved with navigating public transport systems while maintaining dignity for people with disability. Accessible and inclusive information, infrastructure, and interactions with staff ensured dignified mobility experiences. If any part of a journey was inaccessible, participants were vulnerable to indignity. Dignified mobility experiences represent a complex and dynamic interaction between personal experiences and preferences, impairment-specific requirements, transport infrastructure, interpersonal experiences, and information inclusivity.

Factors affecting communication between transgender and non-binary individuals and general practitioners: Recommendations for inclusive interactions

Research shows that transgender and non-binary (TNB) individuals frequently experience discrimination and mistreatment in health care settings. These negative experiences cause TNB people to underutilize health care and, when they do utilize it, may affect communication of health information. Moving from social cognitive theory (SCT) and theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study investigated what factors influence pre-, during, and post physician visit communication between TNB individuals and general practitioners (GPs) in The Netherlands. Between March and May 2022, fifteen TNB individuals and ten GPs participated in semi-structured interviews and focus groups about their experiences with GP-TNB interactions. The findings suggest that GPs addressing TNB people, GP knowledge and education, GP office procedures and environment, and social environment (in)directly facilitate or hamper communication. These findings support previous ideas about the influence of factors such as knowledge and social environment on one's behavior, as previously described in SCT and TPB. They also add and specify how pre-determined and novel factors affect whether TNB people feel welcome and comfortable at GP offices and if GPs feel equipped to provide TNB people with quality care. More specifically, to facilitate appropriate health communication, GPs are advised to ask patients about their pronouns, adjust intake forms, and put up TNB-specific posters or a Pride flag in their offices. TNB people are advised to make an introductory appointment to discuss their gender identity. Lastly, TNB topics should be included in medical curricula and online GP resources.

Preparation and Biomedical Applications of Cucurbit[n]uril-Based Supramolecular Hydrogels.

The cucurbit[n]uril supramolecular hydrogels are driven by weak intermolecular interactions, of which exhibit good stimuli responsiveness and excellent self-healing properties. According to the composition of the gelling factor, supramolecular hydrogels comprise Q[n]-cross-linked small molecules and Q[n]-cross-linked polymers. According to different driving forces, hydrogels are driven by the outer-surface interaction, the host-guest inclusion interaction, and the host-guest exclusion interaction. Host-guest interactions are widely used in the construction of self-healing hydrogels, which can spontaneously recover after being damaged, thereby prolonging their service life. The smart Q[n]s-based supramolecular hydrogel composed is a kind of adjustable and low-toxicity soft material. By designing the structure of the hydrogel or modifying the fluorescent properties, etc., it can be widely used in biomedicine. In this review, we mainly focus on the preparation of Q[n]-based hydrogels and their biomedical applications including cell encapsulation for biocatalysis, biosensors for high sensitivity, 3D printing for potential tissue engineering, drug release for sustained delivery, and interfacial adhesion for self-healing materials. In addition, we also presented the current challenges and prospects in this field.