Inclusive Institutions Research Articles

Climate Risk, Cooperation and the Co-Evolution of Culture and Institutions

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between economic risk and the evolution of social cooperation. We hypothesise that trust developed in pre-industrial times as a result of experiences of cooperation aimed at coping with climatic risk. We document that European regions with higher pre-industrial climatic variability display higher levels of trust today. This effect is driven by variability in the growing season months and is more pronounced in agricultural regions. Regarding possible mechanisms, our results indicate that climatic risk favoured intercommunity exchange and the early adoption of inclusive political institutions which is associated with higher quality of local governments today.

О ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОГО ОТВЕТА НА ИНДУСТРИАЛЬНЫЙ ВЫЗОВ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ ЧЕЛОВЕКА И ПРИРОДЫ

. The report shows that natural rent-generating factors with significant transaction costs are suppressed by institutional and spatially related factors. The law of spatial inequality of opportunities and prospects for the development of territories is formulated. The law leads to cognitive dissonance (in the methodology of measuring economic and natural capital) and decupling (in the practice of interaction between the center and the periphery). In order to start moving towards a real resolution of the contradiction between economy and nature, it is necessary to revise the approach within the framework of a new rationality, when the focus is not on production structures, but on the reproductive territorial structures of social relations (considered in the key of geosystems in the context of understanding the co-evolution of social systems and ecosystems). The study emphasizes the need to take into account the institutional matrix, the balance of extractive and inclusive institutions and other spatially related factors within the framework of the center-periphery interaction model.

Agrarian reform in Asian countries in the light of inclusive public institutions

Agrarian reform in Asian countries in the light of inclusive public institutions

Climate Change and State-Building in Developing Countries

Despite the short run negative effect of adverse climate shocks on economic outcomes is undisputed, our understanding of their long run institutional impact is limited. To clarify this issue, we propose a time inconsistency theory of state-building and we document that, in the world's most agricultural countries, severe droughts pushed the elites to grant a more inclusive political process. This reform convinced the nonelites that a sufficient part of the returns on joint farming investments would be shared via public good provision and, thus, to cooperate. To elaborate, the severity of droughts has a negative and short run direct effect on agricultural output, whereas its institutional impact is positive and persistent. Moreover, reforms towards more inclusive political institutions shift tax revenues from military to education expenditures and, thus, exert a positive and delayed impact on agricultural output. These results suggest that policymakers should: (a) consider short and long run effects of climate change; (b) calibrate climate-related policies according to the degree of complementarity of group-specific skills; (c) avoid the unfettered transplantation of strong political rights in all developing countries. From a methodological point of view, our analysis emphasizes the need of combining natural and social sciences to inform policy intervention.

Управление обязательствами в асимметричных альянсах: опыт России

Since the second half of the 20th century, military alliance ceased to play an essential role in ensuring the security of major powers. Meanwhile, asymmetric alliances, in which a major power remained an incontestable leader surrounded by weak parties, proliferated across international system. The literature explains these relationships in terms of an exchange in dissimilar benefits between states, following the formula “security for autonomy”. This explanation seems generally plausible, but it does not reveal exact benefits for a major power from establishing control over the weak states. This article intends to deepen our theoretical understanding of why states resort to asymmetric alliances and to test the significance of suggested propositions through an in-depth analysis of the Russian record of alliances. Russia built allied relations with several neighbors but does not extend similar mechanisms to partners in other geographic areas. This policy is puzzling, since it comes into dissonance with the foreign policy stance that international security and global order should be built on the principle of the indivisibility of security and inclusive international institutions. In its foreign policy discourse Russia strongly condemns closed formats with limited participation. The study solves two interrelated problems. First, it helps to deepen understanding of Russian foreign policy strategy and the role of various instruments of military-political cooperation in ensuring national interests. Secondly, it allows to test the provisions of the theory of asymmetric alliances, assessing its applicability to a hard case. The article reveals Russia’s sensitivity to direct and opportunity costs as well as to potential risks of binding security commitments. However, it relies on asymmetric alliances with neighboring countries to reap the benefits of increasing power projection opportunities, legitimizing its foreign policy initiatives, limiting freedom of maneuver for its competitors, and stabilizing its strategic surrounding. The Russian experience of building relations with allies differs significantly from the American one, which, due to the scale of the US alliance network, is often presented as a model one. Nevertheless, it is quite consistent with the provisions of the theory of asymmetric alliances.

KUALITAS LAYANAN PENDIDIKAN BAGI ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS (ABK) DI SDN INKLUSI BANJANG 2 KECAMATAN BANJANG KABUPATEN HULU SUNGAI UTARA

Education is the right of all citizens. Therefore, it is the state's obligation to provide adequate educational facilities and infrastructure, including in inclusive educational institutions such as SDN Inclusi Banjang 2. Even so, a number of facilities and infrastructure in this school are indicated to be inadequate so that the learning process does not go well.
 This research is based on a qualitative descriptive research method in which data collection is carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation study. The data obtained were analyzed using data reduction techniques, data presentation, and verification / drawing conclusions. To strive for the validity of the data, a data credibility test was taken which included extension of observations, increasing persistence, triangulation, analysis of negative cases, using reference materials, and conducting member checks.
 The results showed that in SDN Inclusi Banjang 2, the quality of education services has not been implemented properly. First, in terms of physical evidence, the provision of facilities and infrastructure as well as human resources has not run well where the facilities and infrastructure including practical / supporting equipment are inadequate apart from the limitations of special inclusive teachers, some irrelevant teachers' educational backgrounds, school administrative staff no and not yet available the required experts. Second, in terms of reliability, the availability of curriculum tools and work procedures is not good where in the application of the learning curriculum there is still no modification of the curriculum optimally besides the lack of a system of coordination and collaboration between the principal, teachers and school administrative staff, mentoring programs, and special service assistance to ABK. Third, in terms of responsiveness, from fast and precise service and responsiveness in service is not good where some teachers are still not careful in identifying students in order to know their backgrounds and needs in addition to curriculum design that is in accordance with the diversity of potentials and conditions of students not supported by adequate teaching materials. Fourth, in terms of assurance, the ability to generate customer confidence and courtesy is good, where in the learning process the teacher is responsible for providing assurance in service without discrimination, supported by teachers and school administrative staff who speak polite words to students. Fifth, in terms of empathy, friendly attitude and the ability to understand the desires/needs of students, both teachers and students, parents and the community as well as students in the learning process have been given attention. 
 In the future, it is suggested to the Head of the local Education Office to carry out intensive monitoring and evaluation, provision of adequate facilities and infrastructure, training/workshops/workshops for teachers/school administrative staff, and recruitment of teachers. The principal of SDN Banjang 2 should be able to build communication with outsiders and actively provide motivation and direction to teachers/school administrative staff. Teachers/school administrative staff should be able to collaborate creatively in providing teaching materials. As for parents who have ABK, they should be actively involved in communicating with the school apart from providing support and motivation to their children.

Social-Pedagogical Reasons for Organization of Inclusive Education at Academic Institutions

this article is dedicated to questions of justification and feasibility of application of sociopedagogical approach to the organization of inclusive education as well as to the need to develop appropriate technology and implementation of inclusive education in general education organizations. A set of sociopedagogical conditions necessary for the development and implementation in general education organizations of the Russian Federation of inclusive education is also defined. At the same time we pay attention to stages of development and implementation of inclusive education. The authors of this article insist that the creation of a socio-cultural educational environment in a comprehensive school acts as a means and tool for organizing a new educational landscape contributing to the effective implementation of an inclusive approach in the Russian education system. An important task of the development of inclusive education is also the training of personnel: managers of inclusive educational institutions, teachers and specialists who implement the practice of inclusive education.

Institutional support of the inclusiveness of Ukrainian labor market

The author substantiates a toolkit for ensuring the inclusiveness of the labor market. When considering the set of institutional entities, which, in the course of reconciliation of their own interests on the labor market contribute to its development and institutionalization, she proves that violation of their interaction causes a distortion of the institutional structure of labor market, throws the system out of balance and leads to risks and threats to labor application and the socio-economic sphere as a whole. Since there are no reference institutions in their pure form, the contradictory combination of functions, norms and logic determines the functioning of hybrids of inclusive and extractive institutions. Thus, the labor market can be considered as a conglomeration of institutions with a set of inclusive and extractive features. The study found that the systemic problems of the labor market are institutional problems, such as imperfections and inconsistencies in the rules for implementing various components of economic policy (monetary, budgetary, tax, debt, employment ones and others). The scenario of riding out the crisis is also based on the introduction of the following institutional measures: adoption of legislative decisions and norms that shape an institutional field for minimizing the extractive features of the institutional structure and the formation of an inclusive labor market. The author substantiates various guidelines for ensuring the inclusiveness of the labor market development in the form of a theoretical construct, which defines the factors of influence, and specifies the tools and mechanisms for introducing innovative methods of state regulation in the field of employment.

Achieving Sustainable Development Goals 4 and 16 in former war-torn countries through Peace Education

Sustainable Development Goal (SGD) 4 targets education whilst 16 focuses on the promotion of “peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels” (www.sdgs.un.org). Within these two goals are numerous targets (www.undp.org). This paper asserts the inherent link between SDG 16 and SDG 4, which targets to “ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.” (www.sdg4education2030.org/the-goal) can be enhanced by the lens afforded by Peace Education which is interlinked with approaches described through Peacebuilding. Indeed, this paper argues that at the nexus between Peace Education and Peacebuilding, SDGs 4 and 16 can be achieved even in post-war societies. This can be achieved, according to the findings of this research, only if Peace Education: (a) becomes the 4th ‘R’ in formal education and is afforded the same significant role as the three-‘R’s of Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic; (b) stresses on behavioural change as the main aim of the Peace Education program; and (c) understand that Peace Education is the ‘social process through which peace … is achieved’ (Brock-Utne 2000, 134) and therefore can assist in success of SDG 4 and 16.

The Quest for Sustainable Development in the Context of Insecurity: Some Critical Reflections

This paper considers the possibility of realizing “peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development; providing access to justice for all and building effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels specifically in Africa”. This is goal 16 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As configured, peace, security and development are treated as integral subsets of sustainable development. The paper contends that this goal holds the key to the realization of other SDGs in the African context. In examining the achievability of this goal, the concept and essence of development in general and sustainabledevelopment in particular were examined. The paper argues that the well-being of a state and its people is the primary essence of development. Furthermore, development is considered as connoting a state’s capacity to provide enabling conditions such as peace and freedom that sustain general well-being. Development is also a characteristic of a state-system which cannot sustain itself in the absence of peace, security and democracy. The approach and method followed in the paper are largely qualitative and analytical. Data from documentary analysis were relied upon to develop a conceptual framework of peace, security, democracy and development. Findings show that the evolvement of sustainable development remains difficult in Africa because Africa’s development trajectory remains largely disconnected and disjointed. For Africa to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs), serious peace and security challenges must be effectively addressed. Broad suggestions to ensure that well-articulated development paradigm in which peace, security, democracy and policy stability are strategically positioned, linked and integrated to the degree that they provide mutual support and reinforcement to one another are made.

Дизайн архитектурной среды для абилитации детей

Issues related to the socialization and inclusive education of children with disabilities and developmental delays are currently controlled by society in all countries. One of the methods for the full support of such children is inclusion. The purpose of inclusion is medical, psychological and pedagogical support by specialists of the formation of the child's undeveloped body functions and skills. Due to the development and implementation of inclusion technologies, there is a need to open specialized institutions, which led to the need to study a new for Russia type of environment in terms of its functional purpose. To this end, the article discusses current issues of the design of the architectural environment for the inclusion of toddlers or “architectural inclusive environment”. The factors determining the specifics of the design of this environment, and the main trends in the development of the architectural environment of the inclusive institutions of Russia were identified. Plastic and coloristic techniques for the design of the architectural environment were proposed.

The institutional environment dominants and Ukraine's economy structural dynamics features

Relevance of the research topic. The problem of the national economy sustainability maintaining by building an institutional environment for inclusive development is relevant. Problem statement. There is an increasing emphasis on the need to choose a policy of so-called inclusive development, the feature of which is the all population segments involvement in solving social and economic problems [1; 2]. In Ukraine, the implementation of these tasks will allow to achieve a balance of goals stated in economic development programs. Analysis of recent research and publications. The essence and tasks of economic systems inclusive development in line with the concept of sustainable development were studied by J. Gupta [3], Z. Darvas [4], A. Bazyliuk [5], V. Geets [2], O. Prodius [6], I. Taranenko [7], L. Fedulova [8] and others. Many researchers have considered the problem of sustainable development through the prism of institutional aspects [9-13]. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. Inclusion was considered mainly in the context of equal access to education, but the problem should be considered more broadly and ways to solve it in the context of improving the Ukraine institutional environment structure should be found. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. Analyze the reasons for the dominance of extractive institutional factors in Ukraine, characterize their impact on the economic entities choice of the competitive strategies and evaluate their choice results in terms of the national economy structural dynamics and its competitiveness. Method or methodology of the study. In the research process the methods of statistical analysis, logical generalization, scientific abstraction and synthesis have been used. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The reasons of extractive institutional factors dominance in Ukraine have been analyzed, their influence on the business entities’ behavior strategies choice has been characterized. The connection of their choice with the results of the national economy structural dynamics has been shown. The structural and logical scheme of inclusive institutions mechanism influence on economic processes in Ukraine has been developed. The field of application of results. The research can be used by public administration and local self-government bodies, business entities, educational and scientific institutions in educational and scientific activities. Conclusions according to the article. Inclusive development should be based on the national economy modernization, the economic growth imperatives transformation through the development of the country's social capital, social activity increasing and involving population broad sections to the qualitative change process. This will be facilitated by the institutional environment development towards the displacement of extractive institutions and the expansion of the influence sphere of institutions that meet the inclusive development objectives.

The Reflective Practice for Sustainable Future

This paper reviews the initiatives taken by the library of Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka (BPUSL) to achieve the SDGs to create sustainable environment in the library as well as in the university. It also discusses various steps taken by the university as well as the other units connecting it to information as a strategic resource and attempts an articulation of the concept of sustainable information and quality education, building on sustainable future at the university under the theme of “sustainable university”. The article discusses further recent initiatives taken to upgrade the quality of the library services, automation project to automate the whole library collection, scanning important rare and old books to create digital archive, preparing attractive library building by planting flowers and facilitating natural resources for reading areas addressing the goals on quality and equitable education, gender equity, literacy skills, health, and the promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies, justice and strong institutions. The main objective of the article is to share reflective practices among LIS professionals in the field. Action research method was applied to write this article as it describes the reflective practices which promote sustainable future in the university and future endeavors as well. The paper concludes with suggestions on integrating concepts of sustainable information into higher education and role of information professionals towards the achievement of sustainable goals.

The colonial exports pattern, institutions and current economic performance

PurposeThis paper explores the role of colonial heritage on long-term economic development from a resource-curse perspective. The authors investigate the impact of colonial exports on long-term economic development through two channels: (1) a direct impact of the economic dependency on natural resources and (2) an indirect impact via its effect on colonial institutions, which persisted over time and influenced current economic development.Design/methodology/approachTo address this issue, the authors use an original data set on French bilateral trade from 1880 to 1912. The authors use partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in the empirical analysis, so that the authors are able to construct latent variables (LVs) for variables that are not directly observable, such as the quality of institutions.FindingsThe authors find that exports of primary goods to France had a negative impact on colonial institutions and that for French colonies, this impact was driven by minerals exports. Despite its impact on colonial institutions, exports of French colonies had no significant indirect impact on their current institutions. The authors find no significant direct impact of colonial trade on current development for French colonies. Finally, colonial exports of manufactured products had no significant impact on colonial institutions among French colonies and a positive impact among non-French ones.Research limitations/implicationsResearch implications regarding the findings of this paper are, namely, that the relative poor performance within French colonies today cannot be attributed to the extraction of raw materials a century ago. However, human capital and institutional development, instead of exports, are more relatively important for long-term growth. Some limitations in trying to determine the simultaneous relationship among colonial trade, institutions and economic performance are the relation between colonial trade and the extent of extraction from the colonizer, which is hard to quantify, as well as its precise mechanism.Practical implicationsSince the initial institutions set in those former colonies presented a strong persistence in the long run, their governments should focus now on building sound and inclusive political and economic institutions, as well as on investing in human capital in order to foster long-term growth. Once a comprehensive set of institutional and human resources are put in place, the quality and quantity of exports might create a positive spillover on the short-run growth.Social implicationsOne social implication that can be retrieved from this study is the ever-lasting effect of both human capital investment and introduction of inclusive political and economic institutions on the long-run impact of growth.Originality/valueThe paper uses an original primary data set from archival sources to explore the role of colonial heritage on long-term economic development from a resource-curse perspective. It applies a relatively new model partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) that allows the construction of LVs for variables that are not directly observable, as well as channeling the impact on growth through both direct and indirect channels. Finally, it allows for the simultaneous multigroup analysis across different colonial groups.

Federal and Political Party Reforms in Asia: Is There a New Model of Federal Democracy Emerging in Ethnically Diverse Countries in Asia?

AbstractHow do ethnically divided countries create inclusive and stable democratic institutions? Why do some kinds of federalism fail while others evolve? Scholars looking for answers to these kinds of questions have tended to focus on the West. Yet there are important lessons arising from the substantial democratic and federal reforms that have taken place in Asia over the last few decades. These reforms signal a new model of federal democracy in Asia, comprising multilevel ethnoterritorial federalism, mixed-majoritarianism and a party system that includes both ethnic and multi-ethnic parties. This model has emerged as a response to ethnic conflict and secession risks and reflects the high diversity of clustered communities and cross-cutting cleavages. Despite its overarching majoritarianism, the federal model has led to highly fragmented party systems and coalition governments, with positive implications for democratic stability. Together, these features go some way towards blending otherwise conflicting consociational and centripetal paradigms.

Training of future teachers for work with children under the conditions of preschool inclusive education

The objective of this study is to identify areas of training of teachers, as well as a set of skills needed to work in inclusive institutions, taking into account the criteria of readiness of teachers. The study involved generalization, abstraction, grouping, and survey methods. Grouping the components of readiness of future teachers for preschool inclusive education allowed to identify several basic components: motivational, cognitive, value-content and operational-activity. Also was identified conceptual criteria for the readiness of future teachers, to assess the importance of each of them through a survey. The results of the study have several limitations, in particular insufficiently covered practical component of training of preschool teachers, as well as the limited number of research methods used in this article.

On the Activity of Major Cluster Groups in Russia as a Key Tool for Implementing Import Substitution and Innovation Policies

The presented study summarizes the results of the implementation of import substitution and innovation policies in Russia. It is established that cluster structures created and supported by the state are primarily meant to solve the problems of import substitution and innovative economy formation in the country. Aim. The study aims to assess the prospects for the development of cluster initiatives as a key tool for implementing import substitution and innovation policies in the country. Tasks. The authors examine the role and importance of clusters in the development of regions and countries; summarize theoretical models of cluster structures; determine stages in the development of cluster initiatives in modern Russia; analyze the results of the formation of industrial and innovative clusters; formulate conclusions regarding the problems of innovation policy implementation; provide recommendations to facilitate the development of cluster initiatives and innovative economy in Russia. Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to analyze the results of the formation of cluster structures meant to facilitate the implementation of innovation and import substitution policies in Russia and proposes possible directions and tools for the formation of Industry 4.0 in the country. Results. The study shows that the current solution to the problem of import substitution based on industrial clusters is unsatisfactory. Effective support for the activity of innovation clusters also does little to increase the share of innovative products created in Russia. At the same time, it will obviously take at least 10-15 years to see the effects of the implementation of innovation and import substitution policies, which makes it impossible to draw a definitive conclusion about the effectiveness of the examined policies or to assess the overall activity of cluster structures in the country. Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that instead of extractive development institutions that hinder the country’s development, civil and entrepreneurial initiatives, Russia needs inclusive development institutions that are now practically absent but would allow citizens, organizations, and companies to influence economic and political processes. Furthermore, special government support is required for the rapidly growing medium-sized tech companies, which can become a source of economic growth for the country and a factor of global competitiveness in the world market in the next 10-15 years. Without their active development, building Industry 4.0 is impossible.

On the linkage between hydrology and society\u2014learning from history about two-way interactions for sustainable development

The challenge of sustainable development is enshrined in the ambitious 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the United Nations. The 17 goals and its various targets are unique with water being one of the cross cutting themes. Taking examples of past water dependent societies in a comparative setting, this paper challenges the new field of Archaeo-hydrology in how it could contribute to the 2030 Agenda based on what can be learned from past and contemporary water dependent societies. We find that societies have coped with climate variability by diversifying both in occupation, livelihoods and use of space. Sharing the costs of coordinating such diversification requires inclusive institutions and technological innovations. Similar to technology, new social institutions emerge in response to a changing environment. However, in tandem, slow out-migration of people seems to go on, driven by better livelihood opportunities outside. If technological innovation and institutional evolution are not rapid enough, then migration seems to take over as the adaptive mechanism in response to environmental changes resulting in rapid dispersal. This means that migration from smaller, less endowed societies can be expected to be rapid, with repetitive cycles of abandonment and rehabilitation after each critical climate or adverse environment events. Consequently, more place based local innovations should be encouraged and local economies should be diversified to increase the resilience so that vulnerable societies may inherit favourable know-how for a sustainable future under changing climatic conditions.

Thinking carefully about inclusiveness: evidence from European guilds

AbstractPolicy lessons are often drawn from the emergence in Europe of ‘inclusive’ institutions, which are held to have displaced ‘extractive’ institutions and fostered economic growth. This article analyzes the concept of inclusiveness using evidence on a historical institution that has been widely viewed as inclusive – the guild. It finds that we must differentiate between three types of inclusiveness: community, corporative, and societal. Community inclusiveness refers to the share of individuals involved in an institution's operations, corporative inclusiveness the share of political representation enjoyed by the institution itself, and societal inclusiveness the extent to which the institution enables full economic and political participation by everyone in society. We must also distinguish between general inclusiveness, which takes into account general-equilibrium effects, and partial inclusiveness, which assumes away such effects. Inclusiveness and extractiveness are not opposites in theory, and guilds show why certain types of inclusive institution are likely to behave in extractive ways. Finally, guilds alert us to trade-offs between inclusive economic institutions, inclusive political institutions, and inclusive growth. History does not imply abandoning the concept of inclusiveness, but rather thinking about it carefully.

Modeling Communication Between the Public and the Authorities while Implementing Innovative Projects in the Context of E-Democracy and Public Administration

Introduction. E-democracy and e-government become an increasingly common attribute of people's lives, since they give is an opportunity to attract population masses to the discussion of both economic and social, as well as managerial innovations. The society urgently requires innovation in the organization of public and regional administration. Problem Statement. Adjemoglu and Robinson have shown that the necessary factor for the success of public or region development is the presence of inclusive political and economic institutions. Inclusive institutions involve the widest possible population in decision-making. Moreover, namely the political institutions (which are crucial for involving as much as possible the public to making decision) determine successful development of society. Innovative projects are the driver of economic development, so the involvement of the general public in their discussion, decision-making, implementation and analysis of the results is an extremely important factor. Many authors have emphasized that the digitalization of information is an important factor for the formation and development of a developed society. Purpose. The purpose of this research is to develop approaches to modeling the communication channels of the public and authorities under the conditions of innovation project implementing in the context of e-democracy and public administration. Materials and Methods. The research uses the methods of system analysis, game theory, structural, functional, and logical analysis. Results. Innovative projects are supported primarily by the middle class, as evidenced by the Hotelling model (the median voter model). The analysis of existing in Ukraine functional model of communication between the public and the authorities while implementing innovation projects has revealed a number of its shortcomings. To correct them, a scheme for optimizing the communication between the authorities and the public by means of e-democracy while implementing an innovation project has been proposed. The necessity of attracting media, experts, and analysts at each stage of the implementation of the innovation project has been justified. Conclusions. The described communication channel includes electronic media and the community of experts and analysts as compulsory components. It enables the creation an effective system of feedbacks between the authorities and the public which allows making optimal decisions and monitoring the socio-economic development of society.