Inclusion Behavior Research Articles

Does inclusive leadership affect the organizational socialization of newcomers from diverse backgrounds? The mediating role of psychological capital.

This paper aims to explore the influence of inclusive leadership on the organizational socialization of newcomers from diverse backgrounds, as mediated by psychological capital. Structural equation model was used by Mplus 8.3 to analyze the effect of inclusive leadership and psychological capital on organizational socialization. This study used the 1,000 bootstrap replications method and the mediating path effect test to find out the mediating effect of psychological capital between the relationship of inclusive leadership and organizational socialization. The result found that (1) inclusive leadership positively affects newcomers' organizational culture, interpersonal relationships,socialization into organizational politics and can improve employees' job competence. (2) Psychological capital plays an intermediary role between inclusive leadership and the organizational culture, interpersonal relationships and socialization into organizational politics and job competence. Inclusive leaders improve newcomers' psychological capital by encouraging and recognizing their diversity, tolerating their mistakes. It can increase new generation of newcomers' resilience, self-efficacy and optimism. Individuals with high psychological capital are more likely to integrate into the organizational culture and increase their interaction with colleagues and then are more likely to integrate into the organization. Organizations should encourage leaders to develop inclusive leadership behaviors to foster newcomer socialization. In an inclusive leadership context, newcomers have high levels of psychological capital that promote their organizational socialization. Inclusive leadership is crucial for helping newcomers from diverse backgrounds to integrate into organizations.

Effect of cooling rate on non-metallic inclusion formation and precipitation and micro-segregation of Mn and Al in Fe–23Mn–10Al–0.7C steel

The present study assesses the influence of the cooling rate on the morphology, composition, number density, size distribution of inclusions, and microsegregation of elements in Fe–23Mn–10Al–0.7 steel. The results indicate that with the increase of cooling rate from 5.1 K/s to 14.51 K/s, the total number density of inclusions increases from 28 mm−2 to 32 mm−2, with no change in the type of inclusions, the average size of MnS inclusion decreases from 9.57 μm to 5.21 μm. The precipitation and growth of MnS inclusion are predicted according to the coupled model, matching well with the experimental results. Furthermore, it is observed that AlN inclusion formed in the liquid steel can float up to the surface of the liquid steel, reducing the dissolved nitrogen content in the steel. As the cooling rate increases, the size and density of AlN inclusions on the liquid steel surface decrease. Combining the lattice mismatch of inclusions and the pushing and engulfment behavior of inclusions, the effect of cooling rate on the MnS precipitation for Al2O3 and AlN is analyzed. Moreover, under different cooling rates, Al segregation is very remarkable and it is low in interdendritic regions but high in dendrite stems.

A refined Morphological Representative Pattern approach to the behavior of polydisperse highly-filled inclusion–matrix composites

This study presents a new micromechanical model that is simple, explicit, and directly applicable for broad engineering applications to predict the effective elastic moduli of very high-contrast component property composites containing high concentrations of particles. The approach is based on the Morphological Representative Pattern scheme, where the first pattern comprises a spherical fictitious inclusion embedded in an infinite effective homogeneous medium with physical properties of the matrix, while the others correspond to the classical three-phase generalized self-consistent problem. Instead of using the mean distance between particles, as addressed in existing literature, the volume fraction of patterns is calculated based on the maximum packing fraction estimated from the packing model. This approach shows perfect coherence with experimental data for benchmark examples of effective properties of suspensions of monodisperse particles in an elastic matrix and porous materials. Furthermore, a refined version of the model is proposed, which includes a free parameter representing the shape of the fictitious inclusion to evaluate the polydisperse effect on the overall properties of these materials.

Distribution behavior of inclusions in compact-strip-produced martensitic steel and its influence on mechanical properties

The distribution behavior of inclusions in martensitic steel produced by compact strip production process (CSP-MS) and its influence on mechanical properties were systematically investigated. The inclusions in the CSP-MS specimen are mainly composed of spherical Al2O3-CaO-CaS, MnS with high aspect ratio and small-sized TiN, whereas many coarse cuboidal TiN inclusions do exist in conventional martensitic steel (Con-MS). The high inclusion density of the CSP-MS specimen resulted in lower total elongation and impact toughness, and the MnS inclusions with high aspect ratio led to significantly stronger mechanical anisotropy than that for Con-MS specimen. The in-situ tensile results indicated that when the fracture direction is parallel to MnS direction, the microcracks induced by MnS inclusions tend to propagate into the matrix, leading to the formation of valley-like features, which significantly deteriorate the properties such as the total elongation and impact toughness. The microcracks caused by TiN inclusions are sharper than those caused by spherical Al2O3-CaO-CaS inclusions, and are easy to propagate into the matrix. This work is expected to guide the optimization of the mechanical properties of martensitic steels produced by CSP process and provide a theoretical basis for the CSP process design.

Diverse Self-Assembly and Xenon Binding from a Single Mesomeric Macrocycle Component

Xenon binding has received considerable interest, but effective hosts remain rare, and the majority of assembly-type hosts are barely explored. Here, we report the synthesis, self-assembly, and xenon inclusion behavior with a homemade mesomeric bisurea–bisthiourea macrocycle. Compared to its racemic counterparts as recently investigated, the single mesomeric macrocycle forms even more comprehensive dimerization assemblies. From the single macrocycle component, up to two pairs of enantiomeric homochiral dimeric assemblies are formed. In the presence of xenon, the assembly diversity was pushed further, and an additional pair of enantiomeric heterochiral assemblies is induced. The diverse assembly comes from the macrocycle component adopting a folded, dissymmetric chiral conformation and undergoing spontaneous symmetry breaking upon cross-buckling together. The formed capsular assemblies possess a sealed, adaptive cavity for accommodating xenon. The cumulative xenon binding constant with the induced heterochiral capsule is about two times higher than the prior one assembled from racemic counterparts. The xenon-induced heterochiral capsule formation with the mesomeric macrocycle again demonstrates that xenon can find its own preferred host from a dynamic self-assembly system and likes to be accommodated by a more spherical van der Waals surrounding.

Evaluation and Analysis of the Influence of Rare-Earth Ce on Inclusions in Heavy Rail Steel

The effect of rare-earth Ce on the evolution behaviour of inclusions in heavy rail steel was studied. The addition of Ce can significantly reduce the number and size of class A, B, D, and Ds inclusions in the heavy rail steel smelting process. According to the statistical analysis of the size of inclusions in steel, the number and size of A and B inclusions in steel tend to decrease significantly, while D and Ds inclusions disappear. Ce splits the aluminium inclusion into several small-sized inclusions and improves the morphology of the large-size aluminium inclusion, thereby making aggregation and growth difficult while facilitating easy floating and removal. Because the addition of Ce reduces the concentration of S element in steel, MnS inclusions are difficult to grow. The decrease in the number and size of core inclusions required for MnS growth leads to a corresponding decrease in the number and size of MnS inclusions. Meanwhile, the S element also easily gathers on the surface of CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–CeO inclusions, forming composite inclusions that are more easily removed, thus reducing the quantity and size of MnS inclusions.

Evaluation on the inclusion behavior of β-cyclodextrins with lycorine and its hydrochloride

Lycorine (Lyc) and its hydrochloride (Lyc∙HCl) as effective drugs can fight against many diseases including novel coronavirus (COVID-19) based on their antiviral and antitumor mechanism. Beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is considered a promising carrier in improving its efficacy while minimizing cytotoxicity due to the good spatial compatibility with Lyc. However, the detailed mechanism of inclusion interaction still remains to be further evaluated. In this paper, six inclusion complexes based on β-CDs, Lyc and Lyc∙HCl were processed through ultrasound in the mixed solvent of ethanol and water, and their inclusion behavior was characterized after lyophilization. It was found that the inclusion complexes based on sulfobutyl-beta-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) and Lyc∙HCl had the best encapsulation effect among prepared inclusion complexes, which may be attributed to the electrostatic interaction between sulfonic group of SBE-β-CD and quaternary amino group of Lyc∙HCl. Moreover, the complexes based on SBE-β-CD displayed pH-sensitive drug release property, good solubilization, stability and blood compatibility, indicating their potential as suitable drug carriers for Lyc and Lyc∙HCl.

Influence of Microsegregation on the TiN Inclusions Formation Behavior in a K418 Superalloy during the Continuous Unidirectional Solidification Process

Controlling the formation behavior of inclusions during solidification is an effective approach to improve the purity of Ni-based superalloys. In this study, the effects of the microsegregation on the formation behavior of inclusions in the continuous unidirectional solidification (CUS) process were investigated. Three types of inclusions were found in revert and the CUS solidified K418 alloy: nitrides, oxides and SiC, with the nitrides as the dominant inclusions. With the application of the CUS process, the precipitation and growth behaviors of inclusions were significantly suppressed by the larger cooling rate, refinement of microstructure, and a reduction of microsegregation. Compared to the revert K418 alloy, the removal rates of the inclusion index and contents of N and O were 93, 84.1, and 57.7%, respectively in the CUS solidified K418 alloy at the withdrawal velocity of 27 mm/min. Numerical simulations based on a coupled microstructure-microsegregation-nucleation-growth model were carried out in order to verify the experimental results of the formation behaviors of inclusions during solidification. This study provided a theoretical and practical approach to the recovery of the revert K418 alloy.

A combined physicochemical and computational investigation of the inclusion behaviour of 3-(1-Naphthyl)-D-alanine Hydrochloride insights into β-Cyclodextrin

In numerous biological activities, 3-(1-Naphthyl)-D-alanine Hydrochloride (D-1NA) serves as an essential metabolic precursor and amino acid receptor. Therefore, a sufficient supply of D-1NA is very much important. Here, we look into how D-1NA interacts with the hydrophobic cavity of β-cyclodextrin (BCD) to form the host–guest assembly. Analysis of experimental and theoretical findings demonstrates the creation of a stable IC, which is suggestive of the usefulness of BCD as a delivery method for D-1NA. The binding behaviour of this newly created 1:1 inclusion system of D-1NA with BCD has been examined by UV–visible spectroscopy and discovered that BCD showed a considerable affinity for D-1NA and the binding process was thermodynamically possible. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated the most reliable D-1NA binding orientation inside the BCD, as shown by Fourier transforms infrared and 1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analyses. Studies using PXRD and SEM images also showed that inclusion complexes had formed. After complexing with BCD, D-1NA's photostability is increased. Additionally, it was described how the produced IC is bound to the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the calf thymus (CT).

Inclusion analysis in a dual-phase automotive strip steel

ABSTRACT A holistic assessment of inclusions present within a cold rolled DP800 steel was performed. The assessment comprised a variety of methods including optical microscopy and image processing, alongside quantitative, statistical analysis. The ‘statistics of extreme values’ approach was applied, utilising outputs from microstructural analysis. A qualitative analysis followed via the use of SEM and EDS to determine the morphologies and compositions of inclusions within the material. This has allowed for cross-coil examination; identifying the variation in behaviour of inclusions through the width of a cold rolled strip, which can be correlated with slab solidification as well as final product performance. This understanding is also critical in informing sample extraction for microstructural characterisation and mechanical property assessments. The research has provided an accelerated methodology of inclusion analysis that can be applied to DP800 effectively, allowing for manufacture-microstructure relationships to be determined.

New insight into relationship between casting speed and inclusion removal in the tundish

The tundish is the last refractory metallurgical reactor during the continuous casting process, and the fluid flow in the tundish is one of the key factors to control inclusion collision-coalescence and its removal. Thus, numerical method is applied to obtain the flow field, the RTD curve and the inclusion field. Numerical results showed that the predicted RTD curve and the inclusion number density agree well with the experimental data. In the case of different fluid velocity at tundish inlet, the volume fraction of plug zone, dead zone and well-mixed zone keep unchanged, but the dimensionless tundish inclusion volume concentration, the dimensionless tundish inclusion radius and the inclusion removal ratio have the exponential relation to the fluid velocity at tundish inlet. Further, there is maximum inclusion removal rate for the specific tundish. Another interesting phenomenon is about the inclusion behavior and the characteristic time of the RTD curve. The inclusion removal ratio and the dimensionless tundish inclusion radius have the linear relation to the minimum residence time, the peak concentration time and the average residence time.

Inclusive Behaviors: Keys for Creating Empowering Practice Cultures

In many health care organizations, the principles of diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging (DEIB) are now given greater importance. However, deeper levels of cultural awareness require nurse leaders to not only understand DEIB, but also to possess cultural intelligence. Nurse leaders who espouse inclusive leadership competences could achieve empowering practice cultures where all nurses are respected, trusted, and know that they belong. This article describes obstacles that negate inclusive cultures, necessary competencies, and solutions that when adopted, could result in nurse leaders building sustainable inclusive practice cultures where all nurses thrive.

Designing and evaluating a smartphone app to increase underserved communities’ data representation in transportation policy and planning

The current global focus on transportation equity, as well as a move towards smart mobility, highlights the need for more representative transportation data to inform transportation planning. In this case study, an interdisciplinary research team describes the process of refining and evaluating the utility of a transportation daily diary mobile-phone-based app. The process is framed through transportation equity and diverse key stakeholder engagement. The team custom-designed the app, MyAmble, to capture successful transportation behaviors, as well as latent demand, defined as travel not taken but desired, among underserved populations. Stakeholder focus groups with subject matter expert (n = 30) and end users (n = 19) were conducted prior to pilot testing the app, and post-pilot test focus groups (n = 18) and usability surveys (n = 76) were conducted to evaluate the app’s usability. Pre-pilot focus groups indicated that transportation planners desired more questions about safety and other transit modes. End users identified missing destinations, such as temporary housing locations. Post-pilot focus group members reported that using MyAmble required minimal training or technological assistance and that they had sustained confidence throughout usage. Further refinements include reducing length of daily use and resolving Broadband or data plan obstacles for end users. Designing transportation apps to collect data about transportation behaviors among underserved population members is critical to equitable transportation planning. Moreover, key stakeholder involvement in the design may produce more successful apps and those which include more relevant information for planners, as well as more inclusive travel behaviors.

Effect of Complex Inclusions on Localized Corrosion Behavior in Ferritic Steel

The localized corrosion behavior of different inclusions in a simulated solution of coastal industrial pollution is investigated in this study. It is indicated in the results that the Al2O3–MnS composite inclusions of ordinary carbon Q345B steel have microcracks and induce severe lattice distortions in the surrounding matrix. The MnS in the Al2O3–MnS composite inclusions dissolves preferentially to induce pitting corrosion. The microcracks and severe lattice distortion of the surrounding matrix accelerate the corrosion propagation. The preferential dissolution of CeAlO3–Ce2O2S inclusions induces pitting in No. 2 steel. The inherent physical and chemical properties of the inclusions and the chemical corrosion of the simulated fluid are vital in the initiation and expansion of pitting corrosion. The TiN in the test steel exhibits excellent resistance to pitting corrosion, and the double‐layer composite inclusions completely covered by TiN do not form corrosion pits in the simulated solution and do not cause the dissolution of the adjacent matrix. The coordinated addition of Ti–Ce can reduce the size of the inclusions and improve the probability of complete cladding of TiN.

Measuring the Relationship between Eudaimonic Well-Being and Leaders’ Inclusive Behaviour: A Case Study of Organisations in Pakistan

Employee well-being and organisational performance have been linked to leaders' inclusive behaviours. The primary objective of this study was to examine the impact of a leader's inclusive behaviour on employees' well-being (eudaimonic) and the mediating role of a sense of belongingness. The target population was taken from different organisations of various sectors through non-probability sampling (convenient). SEM's (structural equation modelling) partial least square method was used through SmartPLS to examine the direct and mediating impact based on 410 responses. The leader's inclusive behaviour on well-being (eudaimonic) was uncovered as a significant indirect and insignificant direct effect in the data analysis. Nevertheless, the sense of belongingness was found to be a significant mediator. However, the findings contribute to the earlier research studies that usually examined the direct relationship between leadership behaviour and employee well-being, which confirmed that a sense of belongingness mediates the link between a leader's inclusive behaviour and employees' well-being. Undoubtedly, the findings facilitate the practitioners establishing and maintaining behaviour to enhance employees' Eudaimonic well-being. The results showed that a leader's inclusive behaviour is a positive predictor of belongingness; a sense of belongingness is a positive predictor of well-being (eudaimonic).

Assessment of Inclusion Removal Ability in Refining Slags Containing Ce2O3

The elimination of inclusions in steelmaking processes has been widely studied. The removal of inclusions by slags containing the rare earth oxide Ce2O3 are studied using an integrated numerical model. The integrated model involves the inclusion motion model, interfacial tension calculation model, surface tension calculation model of slag, and the mass action concentration model, based on ion and molecule coexistence theory. The motion behaviors of both solid Al2O3 inclusions and 50%wtAl2O3–50%wtCaO liquid inclusions of varied sizes at CaO-Ce2O3-SiO2-Al2O3(-MgO) slag systems are evaluated. The results show that it is more difficult to remove the inclusions with smaller sizes and in slag with a higher viscosity. Liquid inclusions are more difficult to remove than solid inclusions. It is found that the CaO-Ce2O3-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO refining slag shows a better ability to remove Al2O3 inclusions than that of the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slag. The reason for this is that the addition of the rare earth oxide Ce2O3 can decrease the viscosity of slags, as well as improving the wetting effects of slags on Al2O3 inclusions. For two slags systems, the CaO-Ce2O3-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slag system shows a better ability to remove Al2O3 inclusions than the CaO-Ce2O3-SiO2-Al2O3 slag system. The addition of 5% to 8% Ce2O3 in a CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slag is an optimized case for industrial applications.

Modeling of Interfacial Tension and Inclusion Motion Behavior in Steelmaking Continuous Casting Mold.

The current work is an expansion of our previous numerical model in which we investigated the motion behavior of mold inclusions in the presence of interfacial tension effects. In this paper, we used computational fluid dynamic simulations to examine the influence of interfacial tension on inclusion motion behavior near to the solid-liquid interface (solidifying shell). We have used a multiphase model in which molten steel (SPFH590), sulfur, and alumina inclusions have been considered as different phases. In addition, we assume minimal to negligible velocity at the solid-liquid interface, and we restrict the numerical simulation to only include critical phenomena like heat transport and interfacial tension distribution in two-dimensional space. The two-phase simulation of molten steel mixed with sulfur and alumina was modeled on volume of fluid (VOF) method. Furthermore, the concentration of the surfactant (sulfur) in molten steel was defined using a species model. The surfactant concentration and temperature affect the Marangoni forces, and subsequently affects the interfacial tension applied on inclusion particles. It was found that the alteration in interfacial tension causes the inclusion particles to be pushed and swallowed near the solidifying boundaries. In addition, we have compared the computational results of interfacial tension, and it was found to be in good agreement with experimental correlations.

Vine-Twining Inclusion Behavior of Amylose towards Hydrophobic Polyester, Poly(β-propiolactone), in Glucan Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic Polymerization.

This study investigates inclusion behavior of amylose towards, poly(β-propiolactone) (PPL), that is a hydrophobic polyester, via the vine-twining process in glucan phosphorylase (GP, isolated from thermophilic bacteria, Aquifex aeolicus VF5)-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization. As a result of poor dispersibility of PPL in sodium acetate buffer, the enzymatically produced amylose by GP catalysis incompletely included PPL in the buffer media under the general vine-twining polymerization conditions. Alternatively, we employed an ethyl acetate-sodium acetate buffer emulsion system with dispersing PPL as the media for vine-twining polymerization. Accordingly, the GP (from thermophilic bacteria)-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization of an α-d-glucose 1-phosphate monomer from a maltoheptaose primer was performed at 50 °C for 48 h in the prepared emulsion to efficiently form the inclusion complex. The powder X-ray diffraction profile of the precipitated product suggested that the amylose-PPL inclusion complex was mostly produced in the above system. The 1H NMR spectrum of the product also supported the inclusion complex structure, where a calculation based on an integrated ratio of signals indicated an almost perfect inclusion of PPL in the amylosic cavity. The prevention of crystallization of PPL in the product was suggested by IR analysis, because it was surrounded by the amylosic chains due to the inclusion complex structure.

Uniting Through Difference: Rich Cultural-Identity Expression as a Conduit to Inclusion

Although previous research suggests that bringing attention to minority cultural identities in the workplace can lead to professional penalties, this research provides promising evidence that the opposite can occur. I examine how cultural minority employees engaging in rich and meaningful conversations about their racial, ethnic, and national backgrounds (referred to as rich cultural-identity expression) influences majority-group coworkers’ inclusive behaviors, such as majority-group employees’ willingness to socially integrate with and professionally support minority coworkers. Three experiments found evidence of majority-group employees behaving more—not less—inclusively toward minority coworkers who engaged in rich cultural-identity expression, as opposed to small talk that did not bring attention to a minority cultural background. Even when minority employees richly expressed negatively valenced cultural information that could provoke anxiety (such as issues with discrimination), this form of sharing had positive effects on most measures of inclusive behavior in Studies 2 and 3 (although one exception was found in Study 3). No benefits were observed when minority employees engaged in surface-level cultural-identity expression (Studies 2 and 3) and intimate, noncultural self-disclosure (Study 2). The power of rich cultural-identity expression is its ability to increase majority-group individuals’ status perceptions of, feelings of closeness to, and sense of learning potential from minority coworkers. This research provides promising evidence that minority employees may be able to express valued aspects of their cultural identities while gaining—as opposed to jeopardizing—inclusion. Funding: This work was supported by the Wharton Behavioral Laboratory and the Wharton Dean’s Research Fund. Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1648 .

Modification of Inclusions by Rare Earth Elements in a High-Strength Oil Casing Steel for Improved Sulfur Resistance

Steel casing pipes used in the construction of deep oil wells usually require both high strength and corrosion-resistant behavior. Due to the exploration of deep H2S-bearing oil reservoirs, sulfide stress cracking (SSC) is becoming an increasingly serious concern for casing steel. The nonmetallic inclusions in the steel are among the key reasons for its service failure. The rare earth element Ce can be used to modify the inclusions in casing steel and improve its SSC resistance. Here, taking C110 grade casing steel (the highest class currently in service) as the investigated object, the modification behavior of Ce inclusions in the steel and the effect of the addition of Ce in varying amounts (0.01, 0.024, and 0.042 wt.%) on the modified products were studied through high-temperature tube furnace experiments and thermodynamic calculations. The results showed that Ce had an obvious modification effect on the CaO·Al2O3 inclusions in casing steel, and the diffusion of dissolved Ce in the steel was the limiting step of the modification reaction. With the extension of reaction time, the sequence describing the modification of inclusions in the steel was determined as follows: CaO·Al2O3 → CeAlO3 → Ce2O3/Ce2O2S. The final stable product after modification depended on the amount of Ce added. With 0.01 wt.% Ce, the stable phase in molten steel was Ce2O3; on the other hand, upon adding ≥0.024 wt.% Ce, the stable phase became Ce2O2S. In addition, the thermodynamic stability of Ce2O3 decreased, and it was transformed into CeAlO3, Ce2O2S, Ce2S3, and CeS during solidification. On the basis of our results and the considerations for smooth casting, the addition of a proper amount of a rare earth element is suggested for industrial trials, following the achievement of a significant and surprising improvement in the qualified rate of SSC resistance for the final steel products. The relevant mechanism is also analyzed.