Inclusion Behavior Research Articles

Study on the effect of Al-La composite deoxidation on the modification behaviors of TiN and sulfide inclusions in 20CrMnTi gear steel

This article uses experimental and thermodynamic calculations to study the directional modification behavior of TiN and sulfides in 20CrMnTi steel before and after the addition of rare earth La element. The morphologies (SEM) and elemental distributions (EDS) of TiN and sulfide inclusions in steel are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, and the sizes of the inclusions are statistically analyzed. With the addition of rare earth La, the average sizes of TiN and sulfide inclusions in steel decrease, and the proportions of TiN and sulfide inclusions in all inclusions of the steel decrease. The results show that the addition of La element can promote the formation of LaAlO3 in steel, which can be used as the nucleation core of TiN and MnS inclusions in steel, and then form LaAlO3-TiN and LaAlO3-MnS-TiN composite inclusions, which are smaller in size and more uniform in distribution than TiN and sulfide in steel before La element is added. When La is added alone, the average size of TiN inclusion in steel is 2.2 μm. After the deoxidation of Al-La alloy, the average size of TiN inclusion in the steel is 1.9 μm. After Al-La composite deoxidation, the TiN containing inclusions in the steel will be transformed into smaller LaAlO3-TiN composite inclusions. When adding La alone, the average size of sulfide inclusions in the steel is 2.1 μm. When Al-La composite deoxygenation is used, the average size of sulfide inclusions in steel is 1.1 μm, indicating that the Al-La composite deoxygenation has a better improvement effect on sulfide inclusions in steel than the improvement effect of adding La alone.

Evolution of inclusions in DH36 grade ship plate steel during high heat input welding

In this paper, the solid solution and precipitation behavior of inclusions on the surface and 1/2 thickness of the tested steel plate under the condition of welding heat input of 400 kJ/cm is investigated by using laser confocal experiments with hot-rolled state DH36 ship plate steel as the research object, and the mechanism of the effect of inclusions on the phase transformation of an acicular ferrite is revealed. The results show that the inclusions of the tested steel are mainly composed of Oxide-MnS, MnS, Oxide, TiN, Spinel, etc. The amount of inclusions on the surface of the tested steel plate is significantly higher than that at the 1/2 thickness position. During the heating stage, the small inclusions on the surface immediately disappeared, and the large inclusions gradually solidified in the matrix; atomic diffusion occurred at the bond between the inclusions and the matrix; while the small inclusions at the 1/2 thickness position gradually disappeared at the beginning of the heating stage, and the inclusions began to precipitate and grow when the temperature was increased to 990 °C. The acicular ferrite preferentially nucleates and grows near the boundary of the inclusions during the post-weld cooling stage, and its growth ends when two acicular ferrites cross.

All for one and one for all: The good inclusion game

AbstractThe Good Inclusion Game (GIG) is a class‐wide education intervention employing interdependent group contingencies to increase inclusive behaviors between pupils with and without special educational needs (SEN). While previous research provided evidence of effectiveness when the class of children was split into two groups, it did not assess the effects of the GIG for one whole‐class group or in the long term. The present study addresses both of these issues. Using an ABAB design, results show a one‐team version of the GIG to be effective in increasing inclusive behaviors between pupils with and without SEN. Gains were maintained across time. Implications for inclusive education interventions and teacher training are discussed.

What Do We Actually Do to Include Each Other: Exploring the Content of Employee Inclusion Behaviors

What Do We Actually Do to Include Each Other: Exploring the Content of Employee Inclusion Behaviors

Gaining Perspective: Leveraging Employee Volunteering to Improve Inclusive Behavior

Research points to the importance of establishing inclusive workplaces. Yet, the same research also suggests that getting employees to buy in and engage in these sorts of inclusive behaviors can be a challenging endeavor. While the current literature offers some practical suggestions for garnering inclusion among employees, most recommendations center on programs and contexts with direct ties to inclusion (e.g., diversity, equity, and inclusion trainings), which at times have limited success. Our article diverges from this approach by considering the impact of employee volunteering—a practice without explicit inclusion-related objectives—on employees’ inclusive behaviors. Drawing on a set of theories about cognitive processing, we propose that employee volunteering presents an opportunity to foster inclusive behavior by enhancing perspective taking. We further suggest that these benefits are contingent upon an individual’s motivation for volunteering—in particular, that the perspective-taking potential of volunteering is best realized when employees volunteer for prosocial motives and not for self-protective motives. We find support for these predictions in a combination of a laboratory experiment, a quasi-field experiment, and a multisource field study. The results advance our understanding of the types of unconventional activities—such as employee volunteering and volunteer motives—that can be leveraged into more inclusive behavior among employees.

Effect of Interface Property on the Agglomeration Characteristic of Inclusions in High Al Steel with Different Al Contents

Herein, a 3D stability diagram is established in the AlON system. Based on that, four sets of experiments with different Al contents are designed to prepare different inclusions. Subsequently, the agglomeration behavior of inclusion is observed in situ by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) combined with an infrared image furnace. The sample with inclusions is heated to melt and the agglomeration behavior of inclusion is recorded by the CRT monitor of CLSM. The calculated agglomeration force of inclusion shows that when the Al content increases from 0.5 to 3 pct, the agglomeration force of Al2O3 inclusions decreases from 7.2 × 10−16 ≈ 6.0 × 10−14 N to 1.2 × 10−16 ≈ 3.2 × 10−15 N. As the Al content increases from 6.5 to 10 pct, the agglomeration force of AlN inclusions increases from 2.2 × 10−17 ≈ 1.1 × 10−15 N to 1.7 × 10−16 ≈ 7.9 × 10−15 N. The theoretical calculation also shows that the agglomeration force of Al2O3 inclusions decreases and that of AlN inclusions increases with the increasing Al content. When the Al content is >4.7 pct, the agglomeration force of AlN inclusions is larger than that of Al2O3 inclusions.

Assessing the Relationship Between Teacher Inclusive Beliefs, Behaviors, and Competences of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

This study examined the associations between teachers' beliefs and behaviors related to inclusive education (IE) and their evaluations of social and academic competences in students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) - important indicators of IE. Utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the research investigated how teachers' intentions to implement IE and their supportive practices affected the social and academic competences of students with ASD. The study involved 267 teachers from 78 mainstream secondary schools in Hong Kong. Teachers completed a questionnaire assessing attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention to implement IE. Information on teachers' practices supporting students with ASD and their evaluations of social and academic competences of these students was also collected. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the relationships between these variables. Correlation analysis revealed positive and significant associations between teachers' beliefs, inclusive practices, and their evaluations of social and academic competences of students with ASD. SEM indicated that perceived behavioral control significantly and positively influenced the social and academic competences of students with ASD through teachers' inclusive practices. This study highlights the vital role of teachers' control beliefs and inclusive practices in fostering the social and academic competences of students with ASD. By applying the TPB and SEM, the research contributes to understanding how teachers' intentions and behaviors in implementing IE impact students' outcomes. The findings offer practical implications for enhancing inclusive education practices for supporting students with ASD in mainstream schools.

Insegnanti di sostegno e educazione inclusiva: una ricerca su atteggiamenti, autoefficacia, autovalutazione di conoscenze e competenze, e comportamenti in classe

SUPPORT TEACHERS AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION: A STUDY ON ATTITUDES, SELF-EFFICACY, SELF-ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS, AND BEHAVIORS IN THE CLASSROOM Abstract This exploratory study analyzes attitudes toward inclusion, self-efficacy in implementing inclusive education, knowledge, and skills for managing pupils with special needs, and behaviors implemented for school inclusion in a sample of 391 support teachers without specialization. The results highlight favorable attitudes towards inclusion but reveal the persistence of beliefs that justify the separation of students with special needs. Teachers report a good level of self-efficacy in inclusion but perceive themselves to be less competent in managing classroom dynamics. Many teachers, while perceiving themselves as skilled in managing relationships with colleagues and planning, perceive gaps in the knowledge and skills needed to implement effective inclusive education. Especially self-efficacy in implementing inclusive education appears to be related to knowledge, skills, and inclusive behaviors. This research suggests the need to strengthen the training of support teachers and promote inclusive behaviors to ensure effective inclusion.

Too old to be included: age diversity statements foster diversity yet fall short on inclusion.

Older employees often face discrimination and exclusion from work teams. In two scenario studies, we tested the impact of age diversity statements on the representation and inclusion of older employees in teams. In Study 1 (N = 304), participants had to create a team and were either exposed to a diversity statement or not before selecting two teammates from a list of four differing in age and gender. Then, we measured participants' inclusive behavioral intentions towards a new, older member joining this team. Age diversity statements increased the representation but not the inclusion of older individuals in teams. In Study 2 (N = 518), we further manipulated the content of the statement (diversity or diversity and inclusion) and the organizational motive (reputation or change). We replicated the effects of diversity statements on representation. Moreover, statements also increased certain inclusive behaviors, but only when they targeted diversity and inclusion and reflected an organizational commitment to change. Taken together, these results suggest that age diversity statements foster diversity, yet fail to systematically increase inclusion.

Multiple Pathways of Influence for Tightly and Loosely Structured Organizations: Implications for Systems Resilience

AbstractOrganizations play a key role in supporting various societal functions, ranging from environmental governance to the manufacturing of goods. The behaviors of organization are impacted by various influences, including information, technology, authority, economic leverage, historical experiences, and external factors, such as regulations. This paper introduces a generalized framework, focused on the relative structure of an organization (tight vs. loose), that can be used to understand how different influence pathways can impact decision‐making within differently structured organizations. This generalized framework is then translated into a modeling and simulation platform to support and assess implications of these structural differences in resilience to disinformation (measured by organizational behaviors of timeliness and inclusion of quality information) using a systems dynamics approach Preliminary results indicate that a tightly structured organization may be less timely at processing information but could be more resilient against using poor quality information in organizational decisions compared to a loosely structured organization. Ongoing work is underway to understand the robustness of these findings and to validate current model design activities with empirical insights.

Strengthening inclusive leadership: insights from a professional development programme for school and childcare leaders

This study aims to answer the following research question: What were the participants’ perceptions of how their engagement in a professional development programme contributed to their advancement in inclusive leadership behaviour? To this end, we followed 17 school and childcare leaders collaborating in Dutch child centres for education and childcare, who participated in a dedicated professional development programme on inclusive leadership. The programme which consisted of four sessions, spread over five months, was tailored to develop inclusive leadership, and built upon six design criteria derived from literature. Data analysis was conducted by triangulating qualitative and quantitative data from interviews and pre- and post-programme self-evaluations. The main finding suggests that participants’ involvement in the professional development programme resulted in an augmented awareness of their role in creating an organisational climate through inclusive leadership, which was manifested through an increased application of inclusive leadership behaviours. Organising collective learning was considered a crucial element, recognising that the role of a school leader is sometimes perceived as isolated. Self-regulated learning via learning logs and reflective interviews provided opportunities for learning through reflection and showed that participants follow their own unique learning paths, tailored to their individual needs and contextual factors that they deem important.

Confinement and Separation of Benzene from an Azeotropic Mixture Using a Chlorinated B←N Adduct.

Separations of azeotropic mixtures are typically carried out using energy-demanding processes (e.g., distillation). Here, we report the capacity of a self-assembled chlorinated boronic ester-based adduct to confine acetonitrile and benzene in channels upon crystallization. The solvent confinement occurs via a combination of hydrogen bonding and [π···π] interactions. Quantitative separation of benzene from an azeotropic 1:1 mixture of a benzene/acetonitrile (v/v), and methanol is achieved through crystallization with the chlorinated adduct by complementary [C-H···O] and [C-H···π] interactions. Inclusion behavior is rationalized by molecular modeling and crystallographic analysis. The chlorinated boronic ester adduct shows the potential of modularity via isosteric substitution for the separation of challenging chemical mixtures (e.g., azeotropes).

Digital divide or dividend? A meta-analysis of digital finance and inclusive entrepreneurship

ABSTRACT This paper provides a meta-analysis of the digital finance-inclusive entrepreneurship nexus. We exploit the link between digital financial development and entrepreneurship of disadvantaged groups. After accounting for publication bias and between-study heterogeneity using meta-regression analysis, we find that the publication bias-corrected digital finance-inclusive entrepreneurship nexus is positive and statistically significant. Interestingly, our findings also show that the impact of using digital finance on inclusive entrepreneurial behaviour varies among different groups, with women being weaker than other groups and migrant workers being stronger than other groups.

Influence of Tramp Elements on Surface Properties of Liquid Medium‐Carbon Steels

The transformation of the steel industry is inevitably linked to increased recycling rates of steel. However, end‐of‐life scrap is often contaminated with tramp elements like copper, molybdenum, and tin and while their influence on mechanical properties of steels is well described, their effect on nonmetallic inclusions remains largely unknown. Therefore, herein, two medium‐carbon steels are alloyed with up to 1 wt% of the listed tramp elements. The influence these elements have on the inclusion behavior in liquid steel is investigated using the sessile drop method in contact with alumina and zirconia as well as in steel/slag melting experiments to evaluate the formation and separation of new inclusions. Additionally, a semiempirical approach using CALPHAD to model the surface tension of steels with tramp elements is done. Copper and tin decrease the surface tension, while molybdenum increases the surface tension. It is demonstrated that most investigated alloys lead to a decrease of wetting angle as compared to the nonalloyed steels. The shown trends in the sessile drop experiments are lower contact angles with increased surface tension while a higher number of inclusions occurs with a decrease in surface tension. Thus, this study demonstrates that tramp elements affect the oxidic cleanness of steels.

Potential of Native Cyclodextrins and L-Lysine for Enhancing Ellagic Acid Aqueous Solubility

This study aimed to examine the influence of β cyclodextrin (βCD) and γ cyclodextrin (γCD) alone and in combination with L-lysine on ellagic acid (EA) solubility. Indeed, complexation with cyclodextrins can be used to improving the solubility of drugs poorly soluble in water such as EA. EA is a Biopharamceutical Classification System (BCS) IV bioactive polyphenol with numerous therapeutic activities, including antimalarial activities. However, its unfavorable physicochemical properties limit its therapeutic use. Therefore, after a phase solubility study, we successfully prepared EA-βCD and γ CD binary solid complexes using the freeze-drying technique. Methods including proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis and fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the inclusion behaviors of the complexes of EA with cyclodextrins both in solution and solid forms. The results of the phase solubility study indicated Ap-type diagrams of EA with the two cyclodextrins (CDs). The solubility of EA was multiplied by 9.92 and 2.98 in the presence of γCD and βCD respectively. Moreover, the complexes characterization by FTIR spectroscopy revealed the involvement of the C=O and EA OH groups in the interaction with the CDs. The results of NMR spectroscopic characterization revealed that the formation of EA inclusion complexes with βCD was partial. However, these results did not indicate the appearance of EA inclusion complexes with γCD. These relatively modest results in terms of increased EA solubility, obtained with cyclodextrins, prompted us to use a third compound, l-lysine, to enhance CDs complexation. Thus, the formation of ternary complexes led to a very significant increase EA solubility. Indeed, the incorporation of EA into EA-L-lysine-βCD and γ CD complexes increased its water solubility at pH 7.4 by a factor of 555 and 663, respectively.

Carboxylated pillar[5]arene cavity accommodates organic cations in the host-guest complexes

The electron-rich cavity of carboxylated pillar[5]arene efficiently encapsulates cationic guest molecules within supramolecular assemblies. In this study we provide evidence of the host-guest complexation between carboxylated pillar[5]arene and benzamidine, a competitive inhibitor of serine proteases. We show the unexpected inclusion of the polar amidinium functionality within the central cavity of the macrocyclic host sustained by N+-H···π and cation···π interactions. In addition to the in-cavity complexation, simultaneous external binding of bipyridinium guests with varying stoichiometries has been observed. The interesting aspect is the inclusion of a hydrogen bonded pair of 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene guests into pillar[5]arene cavity. Additional insights into inclusion characteristics are provided by NMR and ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) studies, offering information for the solution/gas phase and enabling a comprehensive description of the complexation process across different phases. This work expands the portfolio of cationic guest molecules capable of being encapsulated by carboxylated pillar[5]arene, showing new promises and directions for their inclusion and self-assembly behavior.

Assessment of an Adolescent Digital Citizenship Scale: Examining Dimensionality, Measurement Invariance and External Validity

The positive online behavior effects of digital citizenship have increasingly attracted the attention of scholars. This study designed and tested the psychometric properties of an Adolescent Digital Citizenship Scale (DCS-A) in two independent samples of Mexican secondary students (Sample 1, M age = 13.2 years, SD = 1.5 and Sample 2, M age = 13.4 years, SD = 1.4; N1 = 750, N2 = 750). We examined content, factorial, discriminant, concurrent validity, and reliability. We also tested the cross-sample and gender invariance. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) demonstrated goodness-of-fit on a second-order factorial model that displays three first-order factors (online ethic, online civic engagement, and online diversity acceptance). Cross-validation confirmed the factorial structure stability of the DCS-A across the independent sample. The result demonstrated the equivalence of the measurement model in both genders (configural, metric, and scalar invariance). The latent means comparison indicates that females held greater online ethics, online civic engagement, and online inclusive behaviors than males. Finally, the concurrent validity of the scale was supported by finding a positive relationship between DCS-A dimensions and defender behavior and a negative association with passive and reinforces interventions in cyberbullying events. These results suggest that the DCS-A is a theoretically and psychometrically grounded measure of digital citizenship in adolescents.

A Model Study on Collision–Coalescence, Transport, and Removal Behavior of Non-metallic Inclusions in a Single-Strand Tundish

A Model Study on Collision–Coalescence, Transport, and Removal Behavior of Non-metallic Inclusions in a Single-Strand Tundish

Evaluation of inclusion agglomeration behavior in molten steel based on the modified model of cavity bridge force

Inclusion agglomeration behavior in molten steel is a key factor that affecting steelmaking process and steel quality. In this work, the modification on the Laplace pressure of cavitation interaction between inclusions has been made according to the calculation model of cavity bridge force. The effects of the distance between inclusions, the diameter of inclusions, the surface tension of molten steel, and the contact angle between inclusions and molten steel on the cavity bridge force were quantitatively investigated by using this modified model. The results show that the contact angle between inclusions and molten steel has a significant influence on inclusions agglomeration. The inclusions cannot agglomerate by cavity bridge force when the contact angle is less than 90°. Subsequently, the agglomeration tendency of different inclusions was calculated and compared. The order of cavity bridge force and critical agglomeration distance of inclusions in molten steel is MgO·Al2O3 < CaO < MgO < Ti2O3 < AlN < Al2O3. Then the high temperature experiments were carried out to investigate the evolution of inclusions sizes in molten steel. It is found that the average size of Al2O3 is larger than that of AlN, which indicates that the agglomeration tendency of AlN inclusions is much weaker than that of Al2O3 inclusions. This calculation model can accurately evaluate the agglomeration behavior of inclusions and provide theoretical guidance for inclusions control.

Effect of hafnium and molybdenum addition on inclusion characteristics in Co-based dual-phase high-entropy alloys

Specific grades of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) can provide opportunities for optimizing properties toward high-temperature applications. In this work, the Co-based HEA with a chemical composition of Co47.5Cr30Fe7.5Mn7.5Ni7.5 (at%) was chosen. The refractory metallic elements hafnium (Hf) and molybdenum (Mo) were added in small amounts (1.5at%) because of their well-known positive effects on high-temperature properties. Inclusion characteristics were comprehensively explored by using a two-dimensional cross-sectional method and extracted by using a three-dimensional electrolytic extraction method. The results revealed that the addition of Hf can reduce Al2O3 inclusions and lead to the formation of more stable Hf-rich inclusions as the main phase. Mo addition cannot influence the inclusion type but could influence the inclusion characteristics by affecting the physical parameters of the HEA melt. The calculated coagulation coefficient and collision rate of Al2O3 inclusions were higher than those of HfO2 inclusions, but the inclusion amount played a larger role in the agglomeration behavior of HfO2 and Al2O3 inclusions. The impurity level and active elements in HEAs were the crucial factors affecting inclusion formation.