Iron Inclusions Research Articles

Microstructure, Inclusions, and Elemental Distribution of a Compacted Graphite Iron Alloyed by Ce and La Rare Earth (RE) Elements

This work investigates the microstructure and inclusions of a compacted graphite iron (CGI) alloyed by Ce and La rare earth (RE) elements. In our study, alloying elemental distribution and solute segregation were characterized by methods of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and a three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. RE sulfide, MgS, carbide, and composite inclusions formed during solidification and provided heterogeneous nucleation cores for the nucleation of the graphite. Significant solute clustering in the matrix, coupled with the segregation of solute to grain boundaries, was observed. C, Mn, Cr, and V were soluted in cementite and promoted the precipitation of cementite, while Si was found to be soluted in ferrite. Cu is usually distributed uniformly in ferrite, but some Cu-rich atom clusters were observed to segregate towards the interface between the ferrite and cementite, stabilizing the pearlite. In addition, P, as a segregation element, was enriched along the boundaries continuously. The RE elements participated in the formation of inclusions, consuming harmful elements such as As and P, and also promoted the heterogeneous nucleation of the graphite and segregated, in the form of solute atoms, at its interfaces.

Possibilities of Correcting Iron Deficiency Anemia Caused by Chronic Kidney Disease Complicated by Chronic Heart Failure

Abstract: The study evaluated the effectiveness of intravenous administration of iron saccharate (Sufer® preparation) for 2 weeks in 12 patients with iron deficiency anemia due to chronic kidney disease, who were examined and treated in the nephrology department of the Dnepropetrovsk Regional Clinical Hospital named after I.I. Mechnikov. Inclusion of iron (III) hydroxide sucrose complex into therapy led to a significant increase in hemoglobin, ferritin, iron in blood plasma, and contributed to a decrease in creatinine levels (p<0.01). The increase in hemoglobin level began already from the 5th day of treatment. After 2 weeks, the hemoglobin level increased by 13% (p<0.01). When using the drug, there were no significant side effects that required a change in its daily dose or discontinuation of treatment. The therapeutic effect and good tolerance of iron (III) sucrose complex hydroxide allow us to recommend it as the drug of choice for iron deficiency anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Keywords: chronic kidney disease, iron deficiency anemia, iron saccharate, Sufer®.

Testing of macro- and micronutrient nanoparticles on grain crops

The studies were conducted in the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region. Under laboratory and field conditions, different forms and dosages of macro- and micronutrient nanoparticles and associated substances were tested in the treatment of seeds and plants of spring triticale and wheat. The preparations had a positive effect on seed germination, while higher rates reduced energy and germination. The germination energy and germination of triticale seeds increased by 4-10% with the application of preparations containing nanoparticles of copper, manganese, molybdenum, biogenic iron, Titan M. Treatment of daily seedlings with manganese, calcium, molybdenum, Titan M, biogenic iron, boron, potassium increased sprout length by 7.8-25% and sprout weight by 6-8% by day 7. Only already developing sprouts responded to the application of potassium. It was noted that the application of biogenic iron causes a 4-10% decrease in laboratory germination of seeds, but promotes the development of the main root. Its increase was 9-12% compared to the control. The inclusion of biogenic iron and silicon in the mixture to the chemical dressing reduced the effectiveness against root rot from 18% at the beginning of the growing season to 30% by the harvesting period. The application of biogenic iron increased the yield by 0,5-0,6 t/ha or 23% in the system of complex crop protection compared to the control and by 0,16-0,23 t/ha with the standard scheme of crop protection. A positive effect of biogenic iron in the treatment of plants during the earing phase as a separate element of the technology and in a tank mixture with fungicides was noted.

Effect of iron addition on the structure and properties of copper-based friction powder material used under friction conditions with lubrication

Machines and mechanisms contain units responsible for their movement and stopping, and such units use friction materials. These units include oil-cooled brakes, hydromechanical transmissions, and clutches. They use mainly copper-based friction materials providing the high coefficient of friction and wear resistance. These materials feature by effective heat dissipation since a large amount of heat is released in these areas for a short period of time. The paper presents the results of studies into the effect of iron addition into a frictional powder material based on BrO6 and BrO12 bronze on its structure, mechanical and tribotechnical properties. It was shown that the introduction of iron contributes to an increase in the coefficient of friction from 0.034 to 0.055 for the BrO6-based friction material and from 0.042 to 0.073 for the BrO12-based friction material. It was determined that the ultimate compression strength of the BrO12-based friction material is 340 MPa without iron addition, 310 MPa at 10 vol.% of iron, and 180 MPa at 50 vol.% of iron. This is due to the fact that the iron content of more than 30 vol.% results in the change of the frame structure of the material to the matrix one having a sintering temperature higher than the temperature used in the paper for friction material sintering. It was found that for the BrO6-based friction material there are both rounded and elongated inclusions in the copper phase up to 2.5 μm in size with the iron content of 30–50 %. In the BrO12-based material there are more iron inclusions in the copper phase and their size are much larger, the length of inclusions reaches 20 μm, and the iron content in them is 49–73 %.

Characteristics of Various Non-Metallic Inclusions in Ancient Cast Iron and Solid-State Decarburized Iron Products from a Government-Run Iron Workshop During the Han Dynasty in Dongpingling Ruins, Shandong Province

Characteristics of Various Non-Metallic Inclusions in Ancient Cast Iron and Solid-State Decarburized Iron Products from a Government-Run Iron Workshop During the Han Dynasty in Dongpingling Ruins, Shandong Province

Stistaites of the South Urals

Research subject. Rare minerals of tin and antimony – stistaites from natural lead plates from the Severo-Svetlinskaya placer in the Chelyabinsk region and from microspherules of intermetallic compounds in the products of erosion of granites of the Kisegach complex in the Ilmeny Mountains.Materials and methods. Electron probe analysis and laser ablation with inductively coupled plasma were used to study the composition of the predominant minerals of intermetallic compounds in lead plates extracted during the washing of a gold-bearing placer, as well as from metal microspherules in the sandy fraction of eroded granites.Results. Two types of stistaite were identified: lead and arsenic-lead. Lead stistaites is sharply predominant, with its average composition (wt %) being Sb – 47.39, Sn – 38.75, Pb – 13.24, Cu – 0.06. The average composition of arsenic-lead stystaite (wt %) was found to be Sb – 43.89, Sn – 41.06, Pb – 11.02, As – 3.05, Cu – 0.47. Tin-lead microspherules from the destruction products of biotite granites of the Kisegach massif (Ilmeny Mountains) occasionally contain crystals and spotted precipitates of lead stistaite with the composition (wt %) of Sn 53.54, Sb 38.45, and Pb 7.42.Conclusions. It is assumed that, in both cases, the formation of alloys of intermetallic compounds of tin, lead and antimony with inclusions of native copper and iron was associated with granite magmatism.

Compositional modification of nonmetallic inclusions in bloomery iron during post‐smelting treatments and its implication

AbstractThe chemical composition of nonmetallic inclusions in finished iron artifacts often holds key information on the smelting and post‐smelting processes applied during their production. This possibility was tested with special iron objects deemed product intermediaries from a royal tomb constructed at Gyongju, the former capital of the Silla state during the Korean Three Kingdoms period (c. 300–668 ce). Metallographic examination identified two distinct groups of inclusions with features unique to slags derived from smelting in (a) bloomery furnaces and (b) blast furnaces. Clear evidence was also noted that type ‘a’ inclusions, when subjected to an environment of high carbon activity as in a carburization process, underwent a significant change in chemical composition and microstructure to emulate the other type. This observation is expected to remove significant ambiguities encountered in connecting slag compositions to pertinent engineering processes.

Experimental investigation and empirical modeling for corrosion rate prediction of biodegradable zinc based composite considering the effect of constituent materials

Biodegradable zinc (Zn) has shown great potential in the area of biomedical applications. Though, the mechanical properties are decisive for the use of Zn for orthopedic and cardiovascular applications. Consequently, one needs to focus on improving the mechanical properties of Zn for its suitability in biomedical applications. Alloying of essential elements of the human body resulted in enhancement of Zn’s mechanical properties in recent years. The corrosion rate of pure Zn is ideal; however, the addition of other elements has resulted in a loss of its ideal corrosion rate. The inclusion of hydroxyapatite (HA) and iron (Fe) in Zn has also been reported in improving the mechanical properties. Hence, a need is raised for the development of a model which can predict the corrosion rate after adding HA along with Fe in Zn. In this research work, empirical based modeling is proposed to predict the corrosion rate, which incorporates the outcome of addition of Fe and HA in Zn. The Zn based materials were fabricated with the help of microwave sintering for developing the empirical model. The corrosion properties of the materials were assessed through a potentiodynamic polarization test in a simulated body fluid solution. The enhanced corrosion rate was attained with the rise in HA (wt%) and Fe (wt%) in Zn. An empirical correlation was established between the influencing controlling parameters (i.e., corrosion current, equivalent weight, and material density) of corrosion rate. Confirmation experiments were conducted to validate the developed model, and the highest error of 6.12% was obtained between the experimental and predicted values exhibiting the efficaciousness of the proposed model.

Mineralization in the andesitic lava from Kildyam volcanic complex, central Yakutia, Russia

This contribution presents the first detailed analysis of a new volcanic succession of olivine-pyroxenites, andesite, and dacite discovered in the Kildyam Late Jurassic complex in Central Yakutia. Petrographic and microprobe studies confirmed the liquid immiscibility in silicate melts during crystallization. Immiscible liquids are preserved as globules of one glass in another in andesites and as melted inclusions of native iron in matrix, clinopyroxene and plagioclase phenocrysts. Our analyses reveal the complex textural relationships between silicates and Fe-oxides, native iron and (Cu, Pb, Ag and Au)-rich phases, and provide unequivocal textural evidences, not observed previously. Purpose of this research is to preserve a very important data on IO (Iron Oxide) or IOCG (Iron Oxide Copper Gold) mineralization. Obtained results support occurrence and diverse of gold, silver, copper and lead minerals in magnetite lavas. During the early stage of fine-grained subvolcanic olivine-clinopyroxenite end pyrrhotite, globular igneous sulfides is a first proposed style of economic deposit formation. The second proposed style of economic mineralization in Kildyam is to be a magnetite-bearing lava; iron enrichment of the melilitic melt phase, followed by iron depletion and silica enrichment. The vesicle-hosted alloys and sulfides provide significant new data on metal transport and precipitation from high-temperature magmatic vapors. During syneruptive vapor phase exsolution, volatile metals (Cu-Zn, Fe-Al-Cu, Ni-Fe-Cu-Sn) and Ag-Cu-sulfides contribute to the formation of economic concentrations. Major conclusions contribute to 3-step genetic model. (1) Early-formed magmatic minerals led to partial dissolution of olivine-clinopyroxenite and their enrichment in Cu, Co and Ni relative to other metals, while troilite globules droplets grew.(2) First stage of division into two immiscible silicate and sulfide melt liquids (a) K-rich dacitic and rhyolithic glass, and (b) vesicles of heavy sulfide minerals with a large segregations and drops of native iron. (3) Lava of fused magnetite crystals and voids enriched in silver and gold, and (b) globular disseminated chalcopyrite in mineralized melilitic rocks.

Incorporation of Iron(II) and (III) in Hydroxyapatite—A Theoretical Study

Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAp) doped with various transition metals has generated great interest in view of its potential application in a wide variety of fields, including in catalysis as a support with a series of attractive properties. Despite a large number of experimental works devoted to the synthesis and application of iron-substituted hydroxyapatites, problems concerning the location, introduced defects, and charge compensation schemes for Fe2+ and/or Fe3+ cations in the crystal structure of HAp remain unclear. This paper is devoted to the comprehensive analysis of iron (II) and (III) introduction into the HAp lattice by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We show that the inclusion of Fe2+ in the Ca(1) and Ca(2) positions of HAp is energetically comparable. For the Fe3+, there is a clear preference to be included in the Ca(2) position. The inclusion of iron results in cell contraction, which is more pronounced in the case of Fe3+. In addition, Fe3+ may form a shorter linkage to oxygen atoms. The incorporation of both Fe2+ and Fe3+ leads to notable local reorganization in the HAp cell.

Oxide Inclusions in Ductile Cast Iron as Starting Materials for Production SiMo Iron Castings

Oxide Inclusions in Ductile Cast Iron as Starting Materials for Production SiMo Iron Castings

\u03a0-GISANS: probing lateral structures with a fan shaped beam

We have performed grazing incidence neutron small angle scattering using a fan shaped incident beam focused along one dimension. This allows significantly reduced counting times for measurements of lateral correlations parallel to an interface or in a thin film where limited depth resolution is required. We resolve the structure factor of iron inclusions in aluminium oxide and show that the ordering of silica particles deposited on a silicon substrate depends on their size. We report hexagonal packing for 50 nm but not for 200 nm silica spheres deposited by a modified Langmuir-Schaefer method on a silicon substrate. For the 200 nm particles we extract the particles shape from the form factor. Moreover, we report dense packing of the particles spread on a free water surface. We name this method π-GISANS to highlight that it differs from GISANS as it gives lateral information while averaging the in-depth structure.

Microanalysis of a ductile iron by microchip laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser beams with ns pulse width are generally employed as an excitation source in the process of detecting inclusions and elemental segregation on a workpiece surface by microanalysis of the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. In addition, the ablation crater interval of laser sampling on the sample surface is generally 20 μm or more. It is difficult to detect the morphology of inclusions smaller than 50 μm in diameter and the micro-segregation of elements. However, in this work, when the laser ablation crater is 10 μm and the sampling resolution of the laser on the sample surface is 5 μm, the morphology and distribution of spherical inclusions (20–60 μm) in ductile iron can be detected according to the difference of the Fe spectrum on the Fe matrix and the spheroidal inclusions. Moreover, the distribution of micro-segregation of Mg and Ti elements in ductile iron was also studied.

Evolution of Inclusions in Magnesium–Calcium-Treated Liquid Iron

With the development of clean steel technology, the control of non-metallic inclusions in steel is of increasing importance. Magnesium–calcium treatment can effectively balance the castability of molten steel and the control on inclusion size, which is an inclusion modification approach with application prospect. In view of this, how three addition methods (i.e., adding Mg before Ca, adding Mg after Ca, and adding Mg together with Ca) influenced the modification effect of inclusions in liquid iron was experimentally studied, and how these inclusions evolved with time was discussed in this paper. The results demonstrated that despite the sharp difference in their inclusion evolution, composite inclusions with a magnesium aluminate spinel (MAS) core and an outer CaO–Al2O3–MgO layer were formed by all the three addition methods, with the average inclusion size of 1–2 μm. Furthermore, thermodynamic calculation was adopted to reveal the transformation relationship between MAS and calcium aluminate in each of the three addition methods, and clarify the formation and disappearance mechanisms of the intermediate product CaS in the process of Mg–Ca treatment. The thermodynamic calculation results agreed well with the experiment data.

Measurement of the Iron Spectrum in Cosmic Rays from 10 GeV/n to 2.0 TeV/n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station.

The Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), in operation on the International Space Station since 2015, collected a large sample of cosmic-ray iron over a wide energy interval. In this Letter a measurement of the iron spectrum is presented in the range of kinetic energy per nucleon from 10 GeV/n to 2.0 TeV/n allowing the inclusion of iron in the list of elements studied with unprecedented precision by space-borne instruments. The measurement is based on observations carried out from January 2016 to May 2020. The CALET instrument can identify individual nuclear species via a measurement of their electric charge with a dynamic range extending far beyond iron (up to atomic number Z=40). The energy is measured by a homogeneous calorimeter with a total equivalent thickness of 1.2 proton interaction lengths preceded by a thin (3radiation lengths) imaging section providing tracking and energy sampling. The analysis of the data and the detailed assessment of systematic uncertainties are described and results are compared with the findings of previous experiments. The observed differential spectrum is consistent within the errors with previous experiments. In the region from 50 GeV/n to 2 TeV/n our present data are compatible with a single power law with spectral index -2.60±0.03.

Diffusion crushing of graphite in integrated cast iron processing

Purpose. It is necessary to investigate the possibility of crushing graphite inclusions in cast irons. The aim of the work was to study structural changes in graphite under explosive action followed by thermal cycling treatment of gray cast iron. Methods. Gray cast irons were subjected to explosive action (pressure is 90 GPa, the deformation rate is 100 s-1, the time is 10-6...10-7 s). Then the cast irons were subjected to thermal cycling: 950 °C, holding for 20 min, cooling with a furnace; 5 cycles. Metalographic ("Neophot-21"), micro-X-ray spectral ("Nanolab-7"), X-ray diffraction (DRON-2.0) research methods were used. Results. The features of diffusion crushing of graphite in cast irons with different types of metal matrix (ferritic, austenitic) and graphite shape (lamellar, spherical) have been studied. The features of structural changes in the cast iron matrix under explosive action, which determine the conditions for the transformation of graphite during subsequent thermal cycling, are discussed. It is shown that this process of diffusional crushing of graphite can be accompanied by local melting, which leads to the formation of regularly distributed dispersed particles of graphite. Scientific novelty. From the point of view of physical mesomechanics of plastic deformation, the processes of structural changes in the metal matrix of cast irons are considered. It is shown that nonequilibrium defect substructures of the cast iron matrix obtained during the explosion determine the features of diffusion crushing of graphite inclusions during subsequent thermal cycling. The conditions for diffusion crushing of graphite with reflow and in the solid-phase state have been established. Practical significance. It has been established that the complex processing of “explosive loading + thermal cycling” promotes crushing of coarse graphite inclusions, which is favorable for the mechanical and operational properties of cast irons. The use of the results obtained will make it possible to develop technologies for complex processing with regulated parameters of graphite inclusions, which will lead to an expansion of the field of application of gray cast irons. Keywords: cast iron; shock wave treatment; graphite; thermal cycling; stress relaxation

Using of leaching reactant obtained from mill scale in hydrometallurgical copper extraction.

This study, which covered a set of leaching processes at a few stages, investigated the inclusion of iron found in mill scale, which is a waste of the iron-steel industry, in the solution as FeClx=2,3 in the presence of HCl and the conditions of using this solution with an oxidizing character in extraction of metals from chalcopyrite concentrate. Mill scale was treated with HCl, and an FeClx solution was obtained at a 100% Fe solubility and 83.43% Fe3+ conversion rate in the conditions of 60 min, 105 °C, 7 M HCl, and 1/10 solid-liquid ratio. This solution that was obtained was later used in copper extraction from a chalcopyrite concentrate. In the optimum conditions (120 min of leaching time, 105 °C of leaching temperature, 1/25 solid-liquid ratio, 400 rpm stirring speed), 95.04% of the copper was taken into the solution. In the leaching experiment in a medium containing mill scale + chalcopyrite and HCl at the same time, under the optimum conditions (120 min of leaching time, 105 °C of leaching temperature, 7 M HCl concentration, 1 g chalcopyrite concentrate, 1/25 solid-liquid ratio, 5 g mill scale, 400 rpm stirring speed), approximately 96% of copper was taken into the solution.

Magnetic memory. Mechanical tests and proposed mechanisms

The article considers the issue of an attempt to experimentally study the effect of constant magnetic fields on the processes of plastic deformation of aluminum alloys. An analysis of the influence of a magnetic field on the creep of an Al alloy with iron inclusions is presented. Estimates of the supposed mechanisms of the influence of the magnetic field on the creep processes are given.

Chemical Route to Yb14MgSb11 Composites with Nanosized Iron Inclusions for the Reduction of Thermal Conductivity

The rapid rise of atmospheric CO2 has spurred keen research interest in sustainable energy technologies including thermoelectric materials which can reliably and robustly turn heat directly to elec...

Alignment and Rotational Disruption of Dust

Abstract We reveal a deep connection between alignment of dust grains by radiative torques (RATs) and mechanical torques (METs) and the rotational disruption of grains introduced by Hoang et al. The disruption of grains happens if they have attractor points corresponding to high angular momentum (high J). We introduce fast disruption for grains that are directly driven to the high-J attractor on a timescale of spin-up, and slow disruption for grains that are first moved to the low-J attractor and gradually transported to the high-J attractor by gas collisions. The enhancement of grain magnetic susceptibility by iron inclusions expands the parameter space for high-J attractors and increases the percentage of grains experiencing the disruption. The increase in the magnitude of RATs or METs can increase the efficiency of fast disruption but, counterintuitively, decreases the effect of slow disruption by forcing grains toward low-J attractors, whereas the increase in gas density accelerates disruption by transporting grains faster to the high-J attractor. We also show that the disruption induced by RATs and METs depends on the angle between the magnetic field and the anisotropic flow. We find that pinwheel torques can increase the efficiency of fast disruption but may decrease the efficiency of slow disruption by delaying the transport of grains from the low-J to high-J attractors via gas collisions. The selective nature of the rotational disruption opens a possibility of observational testing of grain composition and physical processes of grain alignment.