Including Cell Phones Research Articles

Roadmap to Data Generated by New Technologies and the Stored Communications Act

This brief paper, created as part of a training on new technologies and evidence for MCLE New England, outlines the standards used to compel disclosure of information under the Stored Communication Act, and reviews the types of data stored on various consumer devices and their likely custodians, as well as cases and notes relevant to each devices. The paper serves as a quick introduction and checklist for those considering gathering information from these devices in the course of investigations in Massachusetts. The devices outlined include cell phones, social media platforms, secure messaging services, fitness trackers, home assistant devices (or smart speakers), and in-home Internet of Things devices. The 2019 edition updates and expands on the prior edition, with an expanded discussion of facial analysis technology.

Metal Fluorides as Lithium-Ion Battery Materials: An Atomic Layer Deposition Perspective

Lithium-ion batteries are the enabling technology for a variety of modern day devices, including cell phones, laptops and electric vehicles. To answer the energy and voltage demands of future applications, further materials engineering of the battery components is necessary. To that end, metal fluorides could provide interesting new conversion cathode and solid electrolyte materials for future batteries. To be applicable in thin film batteries, metal fluorides should be deposited with a method providing a high level of control over uniformity and conformality on various substrate materials and geometries. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), a method widely used in microelectronics, offers unrivalled film uniformity and conformality, in conjunction with strict control of film composition. In this review, the basics of lithium-ion batteries are shortly introduced, followed by a discussion of metal fluorides as potential lithium-ion battery materials. The basics of ALD are then covered, followed by a review of some conventional lithium-ion battery materials that have been deposited by ALD. Finally, metal fluoride ALD processes reported in the literature are comprehensively reviewed. It is clear that more research on the ALD of fluorides is needed, especially transition metal fluorides, to expand the number of potential battery materials available.

Rare-earth recovery

Cover story The U.S. coal industry is facing tough times. Demand for coal is dwindling, and the industry is under fire for polluting streams and rivers with coal ash and acid mine drainage. But in that waste, and in some cases in the coal itself, are valuable rare-earth elements that may be readily recovered. If researchers can figure out how to extract them economically, sales of rare earths could help pay for some of the cleanup costs now borne by the coal industry and several coal-mining states. Demand for rare-earth elements, which include the lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium, has ticked upward over the past few decades. The long list of high-tech products that rely on rare earths include cell phones, flat-screen TVs, electric cars, wind turbines, satellites, defense aircraft, and high-performance magnets. In 2015, global demand for rare-earth elements was 149,000 metric tons per year, according to Mary Anne

A hands-on hardware-based approach to teaching computer science concepts

Traditional introductory computer science courses begin with learning how to program in some high-level language, typically Java, Python, C++, etc. Students start off by learning correct language syntax and then how to generate simple output, e.g., Hello World. This approach lacks an explanation of application and purpose. Since electronic digital devices are ubiquitous, including cell phones, the theory is to use electronic hardware to teach computer science concepts and programming. There is strong evidence indicating that students using a hands-on hardware-based approach to develop applications that are of interest to them will result in a broader and stronger understanding of computer science. A hands-on approach is achieved by developing a video game that communicates with an Arduino microcontroller that reads data from an accelerometer. This approach is designed to motivate students and encourage them to pursue an education in the STEM fields.

Structure and Voltage Recovery Driven by Defects Elimination in Li-Rich Layered Oxide Cathode Materials

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are ubiquitous in a wide range of technologies, including cell phones, electric vehicles, and energy grid, and are indispensable in the transition toward sustainable energy technology. The battery performance is inherently connected to the capability of lithium ions to reversibly intercalate with the electrodes. The capacity of classical layered transition metal (TM) oxides, the primary commercial cathode materials, is limited to cationic redox activity. Anionic redox has thus emerged as a new paradigm for designing novel cathodes for next generation LIBs. It is recently confirmed oxygen redox in lithium-rich layered oxides (LRLO) with composition xLi2MnO3∙(1-x)LiTMO2, which enables this group of materials exhibit reversible capacities exceeding 280 mAh g-1. Unfortunately, this material undergoes voltage fading and instability that is rooted in irreversible structural transformation in terms of defects formation including lithium and oxygen vacancies, lithium tetrahedron, TM migration, edge dislocations, stacking fault, and local strain. Modification methods including morphology control, composition gradient, surface treatment, foreign elements doping, etc., have been proposed in the literatures to mitigate the defects formation and maintain the structure reversibility. Despite their improvement, the intrinsic voltage fading is still inevitable and remains a challenge that will require considerable effort to overcome. In this work, we demonstrate a path to recover the layer structure and working voltage through high-temperature annealing. The treatment at high temperature recovers the local Li-excess environments around oxygen, oxygen stacking sequence, and eliminates microstrain associated with different defects. As a result, the voltage profile once more shows plateau region during charge and the average discharge voltage is restored of the cycled cathode after heat treatment. Both theoretical calculations and experimental characterizations illustrate the mechanisms underlying the heating induced recovery. The structure metastability and defects removal are decisive in structure and voltage recovery of LRLO cathode material.

Student Use of the Information Commons: An Exploration through Mixed Methods

Abstract
 
 Objective – In this case study, librarians at the William H. Hannon Library at Loyola Marymount University explored user behaviour in the Information Commons, user preferences for furniture style and configuration, and how users engaged with a mix of technology, resources, and activities inside the space.
 
 Methods – The researchers used a mixed-methods case study consisting of 2,443 “direct observations,” 646 environmental scans, 248 patron surveys, and 46 whiteboard poll questions. They created visualizations of results in Tableau, with filters for zone and variable. They then carried out a follow-up furniture preferences survey with 190 respondents. 
 
 Results – Independent study dominated the space usage. Users valued spaciousness, quiet, privacy, and a clean environment. Users frequently multi-tasked with additional devices as they simultaneously used the library computers, including cell phones, headphones, and laptops. The majority of students self-reported using a library computer for email and to access the campus online learning platform. They also reported reading/studying and printing as frequent activities, although these were less frequently observed. Unattended belongings were observed along with broken electrical outlets. Temperature and noise levels were highly variable. 
 
 Conclusions – This methodology allowed for the exploration of space use and satisfaction and uncovered implications for the redesign of the library space. The library has already taken steps toward making improvements based on this assessment project including: removing some reference stacks in favor of additional seating space, an inventory of all electrical outlets, and the exploration of new furniture and noise control strategies.

P‐86: Pixel Level Luminance Measurement and OLED Correction

Accurate measurement and correction of OLED displays at the pixel level requires a novel approach utilizing multiple high resolution cameras. This impacts all OLED displays including cell phones, tablets, wearables, virtual reality, near‐to‐eye, and augmented reality devices. High resolution measurement makes it possible to detect, measure and correct every pixel.

Use of cell phones and computers for health promotion and tobacco cessation by American Indian college students in Montana.

Cell phones and personal computers have become popular mechanisms for delivering and monitoring health information and education, including the delivery of tobacco cessation education and support. Tobacco smoking is prevalent among American Indians (AIs) and Alaska Natives (ANs), with 26% AI/AN adult men smoking compared to 19% of Caucasian adult males and 22% of African American adult males. Smoking is even more prevalent in Northern Plains AI populations, with 42% of men and women reporting current smoking. The literature on the availability and use of cell phones and computers, or the acceptability of use in health promotion among AIs and ANs, is scant. The authors report findings from a survey of AI students regarding their cell phone and computer access and use. The survey was conducted to inform the development and implementation of a text messaging smoking cessation intervention modeled on a program developed and used in Australia. A 22-item paper and pencil survey was administered to students at tribal colleges in rural Montana. The survey questions included cell phone ownership and access to service, use of cell phones and computers for health information, demographics, tobacco use habits, and interest in an intervention study. The study was reviewed and determined exempt by the institutional review boards at the tribal colleges and the lead research university. The study was conducted by researchers at the tribal colleges. Survey respondents received $10 when the survey was completed and returned. Data analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Among 153 AI respondents, the mean age was 29 years, range was 18-64 years. Overall, 40% reported smoking cigarettes with a mean age of 16 years at initiation. A total of 131 participants (86%) had cell phones and, of those, 122 (93%) had unlimited text messaging. A total of 104 (68%) had smart phones (with internet access), although 40% of those with smart phones reported that internet access on their phone was very slow or location limited. A total of 146 (95%) participants reported having access to a computer, although 32% of those did not have daily access. Students aged less than 23 years were more likely to have cell phones with internet access. Cell phone ownership differed by site (93% vs 77%, p=0.007). About 60% of the respondents who smoked indicated interest in participating in the intervention study. This study revealed that AI tribal college students in the rural communities surveyed had less cell phone, smart phone, and computer and internet access than that reported for undergraduate college students elsewhere in the USA. Research efforts and public health interventions must be culturally appropriate and technologically viable, therefore access to and acceptability of mobile technology must be evaluated when planning and implementing interventions for rural and other marginalized populations. The findings from this study contribute to the literature regarding the access to and acceptability of mobile technology for health promotion among AI/AN college students in rural and remote areas, and helped introduce the proposed study to the community and solicited useful data regarding tobacco prevalence and interest in tobacco research in the target population.

Kernel Learning for Dynamic Texture Synthesis

Dynamic textures (DTs) that represent moving scenes such as flames, smoke, and waves, exhibit fixed dynamics within a period of time and have been successfully modeled using linear dynamic systems (LDS). In this paper, we show that the widely used LDS model can be approximated using a principal component regression (PCR) model with the main advantage of simplicity. Furthermore, to capture the nonlinearity of training frames, we extend traditional PCR to its kernelized version and introduce kernel principal component regression (KPCR) to model and synthesize DTs. To ensure algorithm stability, we remove the standard state model and directly apply the quantized kernel least mean squares algorithm from signal processing domain to approximate the performance achieved with KPCR. We term this improvement kernel adaptive dynamic texture synthesis (KADTS), which also has the benefits of computational and memory efficiency. These advantages make KADTS ideally suited for real-world applications, since the majority of electronic devices, including cell phones and laptops, suffer from limited memory and real-time constraints. We demonstrate, via both theoretical and experimental analyses, the connections between DT synthesis using KPCR and KADTS with a regularization network theory. We also show the superiority of our proposed algorithms for DT synthesis compared with other dynamic system-based benchmarks. MATLAB code is available from our project homepage http://bmal.hust.edu.cn/project/dts.html .

Using a Mobile Health Intervention to Support HIV Treatment Adherence and Retention Among Patients at Risk for Disengaging with Care.

Less than half of the 1.2 million HIV-infected individuals in the United States are in consistent medical care, with only a third receiving treatment resulting in viral suppression. Novel interventions to improve engagement are necessary to ensure medical adherence, improve long-term outcomes, and reduce HIV transmission. Mobile health (mHealth) strategies including cell phone and text messaging have shown success in the developing world for medical adherence, yet mHealth interventions have not been developed and evaluated to improve retention in HIV care in the United States. We conducted a 6-month pilot study investigating the use of a clinic-based bi-directional texting intervention to enhance engagement in HIV care among those with higher risk of loss to follow up, including those with a recent HIV diagnosis or those re-engaging in HIV care at a large urban clinic in New England.

Interest in Use of Technology for Healthcare Among Veterans Receiving Treatment for Mental Health.

There is great interest in leveraging technology, including cell phones and computers, to improve healthcare. A range of e-health applications pertaining to mental health such as messaging for prescription refill or mobile device videoconferencing are becoming more available, but little is known about the mental health patient's interest in using these newer applications. We mailed a survey to 300 patients seen in the general mental health clinic of a local Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Survey questions focused on interest in use of cell phones, tablets, and other computers in patients' interactions with the healthcare system. A total of 74 patients, primarily treated for depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or anxiety disorders, returned completed surveys. Nearly all reported having a cell phone (72/74, 97%), but fewer than half reported having a smartphone (35/74, 47%). Overall, a substantial majority (64/74, 86%) had access to an Internet-capable device (smartphone or computer, including tablets). Respondents appeared to prefer computers to cell phones for some health-related communications, but did not express differential interest for other tasks (such as receiving appointment reminders). Interest in use was higher among younger veterans. Most veterans with a mental health diagnosis have access to technology (including cell phones and computers) and are interested in using that technology for some types of healthcare-related communications. While there is capacity to utilize information technology for healthcare purposes in this population, interests vary widely, and a substantial minority does not have access to relevant devices. Although interest in using computers for health-related communication was higher than interest in using cell phones, single-platform technology-based interventions may nonetheless exclude crucial segments of the population.

Is Long-Term Cell Phone Use Linked to Breast Cancer? A Review of the Evidence

Cancer of the breast is the second leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. The majority of cancer of the breast cases (95%) is not hereditary. Can long-term cell phone use be linked to breast cancer? It is unlikely that electromagnetic radiation is involved, but it could possibly be due to the generated heat (cell phones only occasionally transmit when people are not talking on them). Therefore, is there any method or reported statistics that can be used to link the increasing breast cancer incidence with cell phone use and placement? Some young women who placed their mobile devices, including cell phones, in their bra believed that it caused their cancer because it was on the same side and in the same area their phone was adjacent to and came into contact with their skin for prolonged periods. This review highlights what is known about the link between cell phone use, which continues to increase rapidly, and breast cancer explores the association between prolonged exposure to non-ionizing radiation from cell phones and breast cancer. In conclusion, until more data are obtained concerning whether carrying a cell phone is associated with breast cancer, great care should be taken to avoid any potential risks. Strenuous efforts should be made to encourage users of cell phones to follow mobile device manufacturers’ recommendations, and if possible, to avoid skin contact until the potential risks, if there are any, are fully understood.

Prevalence of risk factors including cell phone use among patients with brain tumors

Background Central nervous system tumors represent a major public health problem as they bear unfavorable clinical prognosis merely by their localization. Epidemiological data of central nervous system tumors in Egypt have been rather incomplete, although there are some regional reports. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between suspected risk factors including cell phone use and primary brain tumors. Patients and methods This study included 100 patients with a settled diagnosis of primary brain tumors and 100 controls. They were subjected to the following: detailed medical and neurological history taking with special emphasis on risk factors that are common with primary brain tumor. Data were obtained by means of personal interviews, designed to take full data about the suspected risk factors. Thorough general and neurological examination was carried out. All patients were investigated using routine laboratory investigations and MRI of the brain. Histopathological studies were carried out to confirm the nature of brain tumors. Patients with metastatic brain tumor and/or cancer outside the brain were excluded. Results Our study showed that urban residence was more prevalent in the patient group. Meningioma was higher among female patients, whereas other types of primary brain tumors were higher among male patients. Risk for primary brain tumors was significantly higher among patients with ipsilateral regular cell phone use of more than 10 years. The risk significantly increased in astrocytic tumors in relation to meningioma and other types of primary brain tumors. Conclusion Significant risk factors for primary brain tumors in our study were urban residence, female sex in meningioma, and ipsilateral regular cell phone use more than 10 years.

Teen Drivers’ Perceptions of Inattention and Cell Phone Use While Driving

Objective: Inattention to the roadway, including cell phone use while driving (cell phone calls, sending and reading texts, mobile app use, and Internet use), is a critical problem for teen drivers and increases risk for crashes. Effective behavioral interventions for teens are needed in order to decrease teen driver inattention related to cell phone use while driving. However, teens’ perceptions of mobile device use while driving is a necessary component for theoretically driven behavior change interventions. The purpose of this study was to describe teen drivers’ perceptions of cell phone use while driving in order to inform future interventions to reduce risky driving.Methods: We conducted 7 focus groups with a total of 30 teen drivers, ages 16–18, licensed for ≤1 year in Pennsylvania. The focus group interview guide and analysis were based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, identifying the attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and norms about inattention to the roadway. Directed descriptive content analysis was used to analyze the focus group interviews. All focus groups were coded by 2 research team members and discrepancies were reconciled. Themes were developed based on the data.Results: Teens had a mean age of 17.39 (SD = 0.52), mean length of licensure of 173.7 days (SD = 109.2; range 4–364), were 50% male and predominately white (90%) and non-Hispanic (97%). From the focus group data, 3 major themes emerged: (1) Recognizing the danger but still engaging; (2) Considering context; and (3) Formulating safer behaviors that might reduce risk. Despite recognizing that handheld cell phone use, texting, and social media app use are dangerous and distracting while driving, teens and their peers often engaged in these behaviors. Teens described how the context of the situation contributed to whether a teen would place or answer a call, write or respond to a text, or use a social media app. Teens identified ways in which they controlled their behaviors, although some still drew attention away from the roadway.Conclusions: Cell phone use while driving is a contributor to motor vehicle crashes in teens, and effective interventions to decrease risks are needed. Teens viewed some types of cell phone use as unsafe and describe methods in which they control their behaviors. However, some of their methods still take attention off the primary task of driving. Teens could benefit from behavior change interventions that propose strategies to promote focused attention on the roadway at all times during the driving trip.

Carbon Wrapped Sulfur Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Batteries

Introduction: Currently available rechargeable Li-ion batteries based on spinal, layer and olivine crystal structures of Li (Mn, Ni, Co) Ox and related material systems, shows lower capacity and poor cycling characteristics. In addition, LiCoO2 is expensive and environmentally unfriendly. Due to high volume and gravimetric energy density, rechargeable lithium batteries have become the dominant power source for portable electronic devices including cell phones and laptops. However, the energy and power densities of rechargeable lithium batteries require significant improvement in order to power electric vehicles1. Lower specific capacities of cathode materials (~150mAh/g for layered oxides and ~170mAh/g for LiFePO4) compared to those of the anode (370mAh/g for graphite and 4200mAh/g for Si) have been a limiting factor to the energy density of batteries. It is highly desirable to develop and optimize high capacity cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. Sulfur is a promising cathode material with a theoretical specific capacity of 1672mAh/g,2 ~ 5 times higher than those of traditional cathode materials based on transition metal oxides or phosphates. Sulfur also possesses other advantages such as low cost and environmental friendly. Experimental: Here we present a rational design and synthesis of a novel carbon-sulfur composite material at low temperature. Sulfur particles are synthesized and wrapped by carbon black a simple assembly process. The phase formation behavior of the synthesized powder was investigated using X-ray diffraction, using Cu Kα radiation. The morphology of the synthesized powder was investigated using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Carl Zeiss Leo Omega 922 at 200 KeV). Result: The XRD patterns (Fig1.) of all samples could be indexed to the orthorhombic space group based on the phase –pure ordered structure. Electrochemical properties will be study using cyclic Voltammetry, Charge-Discharge Curves, and Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS). These measurements are still in progress. Fig1. X ray diffraction patterns of Sulfur-carbon composite (insert morphology image).

Student perceptions of engagement using mobile-based polling as an audience response system: Implications for leadership studies

The increase in ownership and use of mobile-based devices among college students creates unique opportunities for faculty to develop highly engaging learning environments. With many educational institutions offering campus-wide Wi-Fi, students have the ability to use their mobile devices, including cell phones, tablets, and laptops for engaging with curriculum, specifically with leadership concepts. One method of engaging students is through the use of mobile-based polling, as an audience response system (ARS). Although most studies on the use of ARS in educational settings include traditional response system methods (e.g., clickers), emerging technologies have fueled interest in mobile-based polling. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects that mobile-based polling has among students of leadership when used as an audience response system. A survey regarding perceptions of mobile-based polling was administered to students enrolled in undergraduate leadership courses with the purpose of understanding its importance on various aspects of student engagement. Results regarding their polling experiences indicated that students became highly engaged on three levels— behaviorally, emotionally, and cognitively. Additionally, survey responses suggested that students viewed mobile-based polling as viable for purposes outside of the classroom. Suggestions for using mobile-based polling for learning leadership concepts are also presented. The authors of this study not only present mobile-based polling as an emerging technology with advantages over traditional clickers, but as a pedagogical approach for increasing student engagement and as a tool for enhancing leadership skills.

Contribution of Product and Provider Quality to Cell Phone Industry Quality

As the quality management research gradually matures, researchers need to move to the contingent effects of the contexts. This paper examines cell phone product quality, including cell phone device quality and software quality; cell phone provider quality, consisting of network quality and customer support in-store, voice, and online quality; and overall quality. This research incorporates the complex interrelationships of the conceptual framework and tests each under the cell phone industry environment. A survey of cell phone users was conducted to perform factor analysis and partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results show that organizations will benefit from customizing their quality management practices built on both product and provider service factors. This research contributes to the literature by showing that organizations may customize their quality efforts on both product and provider (service) factors. It offers a more innate understanding of the different quality systems employed by an organization and the effect each has on overall quality. This paper also presents the discussion about the insights for industry practitioners and the directions for future research.

Cognitive and Affective Aspects of SMS based Learning at the University Level

Mobile learning delivery platforms include cell phone based SMS technologies that provide access to learning materials without being limited by space or time. Sophisticated technological advances in the domain of pedagogical delivery have led to flexible, motivated, userfriendly, controlled and adaptive learning using cell phone based delivery platforms. In the present study 296 first year college students who studied academic Hebrew language in a mandatory 28 week long (yearly) 'Introduction to Academic Hebrew' course were divided into two comparison groups and exposed to two different modes of vocabulary delivery. The first group of students received weekly lists of academic Hebrew vocabulary definitions sent via SMS messages to their cell-phones and the second group received weekly lists of academic Hebrew vocabulary definitions sent via email messages to their personal computer email inboxes. The academic Hebrew vocabulary lists studied by the students and provided via SMS and email delivery platforms were identical and the students received weekly lists 20 words and their exact definitions (total of 560 words) for the 28 week period of the course. At the end of the course the students in the two groups were tested on a standardized Academic Hebrew Vocabulary Achievement Test (AHVAT) and responded to a questionnaire that examined their levels of learner self-esteem, learner attribution and learner technological efficacy. Results of the study indicate that there were no significant differences between the achievement scores on the standardized Academic Hebrew Vocabulary Achievement Test attained by students in the SMS delivery group and students in the email delivery group. However, there were significant differences between the students in the two different delivery groups regarding their levels of learner self-esteem, learner attribution and learner technological efficacy. The students who received academic Hebrew vocabulary definitions via SMS messages indicated significantly higher levels of learner self-esteem, learner attribution and learner technological efficacy than their counterparts who received academic Hebrew vocabulary definitions via email messages. The results of the study indicate the potential evident in SMS based learning delivery platforms regarding enhancement of students' attitudes such

English

Recent increase of hormonal disorders in human may be correlated to the increased exposure to electromagnetic fields produced by various instruments, including cell phones. Because of its position in the body, thyroid gland is one of the organs most likely to be exposed to cell phone radiation. The aim of this study was to assess the adverse effects of cell phone radiation along with the protective effects of garlic on pituitary thyroid hormones and histology of thyroid gland in rats. Five groups of rats were used: control, sham (exposed to 900 MHz wavelength), experimental 1 (receiving garlic extract), and experimental 2 and 3 (receiving both extract and microwaves). After a month, rats were weighed and serum levels of TSH, T4 and T3 were measured using ELISA kits. Thyroid glands were also removed and their probable histological changes were studied. The mean body weight in the sham group showed a statistically significant decrease compared to the control group, whereas, ‌an increase was seen in the experimental group 3 compared with sham (P<0.05). In addition, the concentrations of T4 and T3 hormones were lowered while TSH increased significantly in all groups compared to the control. Furthermore, histological examination of thyroid revealed a reduction in the number of cubic cells and disorder among them, as well as a reduction in the amount of follicular fluid and follicular diameter in groups exposed to radiation and received garlic extract. Although, microwaves can cause weight lost, presence of allicin and vitamins A and B in garlic can compensate some of this weight lost. In addition, both microwaves and garlic extract have a considerable effect on thyroid gland, reflected both in its secretion and in its morphology. These changes might be attributed to induction of heat and non-specific stresses, alterations of cortisol level, production of ROS and activities of various enzymes. However, some of these overlapping effects are synergistic and others are antagonistic, and thus, garlic consumption is not always beneficial in reducing deleterious effects of cell phones.   Key words: Electromagnetic radiation, cell phone, garlic, thyroid hormone.

Social Media and Citizen Journalism in the 2009 Iranian Protests: The Case of Neda Agha-Soltan

Traditional scholarship on social movements and journalism could not envision the dramatic changes that emerging social media have brought to social uprisings. Social media technology have served to challenge cultures of control, simultaneously eroding barriers between public and private lives and promoting civic engagement of individuals in their societies. This chapter explores the implications of emerging social media employed by citizens during the disputed 2009 Iranian elections. It focuses on the use of social media including cell phones, Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, blogs, and YouTube to spread information about the death of Neda Agha-Soltan and, as a result, coalesce anti-government protestors. Starting from the case of Neda Agha-Soltan, this chapter investigates how social media have changed the role of protestors functioning as citizen journalists in social movements.