Incidence Of Conflict Research Articles

MEDICO-SOCIAL CHALLENGES FACED BY ORPHANS RESIDING IN ORPHANAGES IN KADUNA

Background: The plight of orphans, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, has intensified due to increasing incidences of disease, conflict, and natural disasters. In Nigeria, the orphan crisis is driven by factors such as the HIV/AIDS epidemic, terrorism, and other forms of violence. Orphans in orphanages often experience a range of challenges, including abuse, malnutrition, poor healthcare access, stigmatization, and behavioral and psychological disorders. Although some interventions address material needs, there remains a significant gap in comprehensive care that integrates medical, psychosocial, and social welfare support. This study examines the medical and social challenges faced by orphans living in orphanages in Kaduna, Nigeria. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 100 orphans in three orphanages in Kaduna. Data collection involved the use of interviewer-administered questionnaires to gather information on socio-demographic characteristics, medical issues, behavioral patterns, levels of stigma, psychosocial well-being, and coping mechanisms. Results: The mean age of respondents was 10 years, with 68% of the participants being male. Although 54.9% of the respondents had access to balanced diets, 53.7% were underweight, pointing to ongoing nutritional challenges. Medical concerns included clinical signs of illness in 33.7% of the children, and 46.7% were not fully immunized. Behavioral disorders were prevalent, with 27% of the children showing symptoms of hyperactivity, 22.3% suffering from enuresis, and 1.8% diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Despite these challenges, 83.3% of the orphans reported positive peer relationships, 89.2% had good self-esteem, and 97.8% attended school. However, instances of bullying (11.4%) and stigmatization (9%) persisted. Conclusion: The study highlights the significant medical, social, and psychological challenges facing orphans in Kaduna orphanages. While access to education and peer support was encouraging, the high prevalence of malnutrition, under-immunization, and behavioral disorders underscores the need for integrated care models. A holistic approach to care, incorporating medical, psychosocial, and educational interventions, is crucial for improving the well-being of these vulnerable children. ‎

Grounded Immoral and Irrational Features of Armed Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Purpose: This study aims to construct a moral and rational understanding of the Congolese armed conflict by anatomically decomposing its war violations and stupors. The intensification of armed violence in DR Congo between 1993 and 2003 gave the country an awful notoriety for the systematic crimes against humanity committed. The Congolese armed conflict perfectly manifested war’s immorality and irrationality through numerous and recurrent violent incidents. This study’s approach goes beyond their typical legal and political descriptions, which explicatively attenuate the wrongfulness and harmfulness of these incidents. From moral and rational lenses, it seeks to feature, understand, and explain violent actions against non-liable civilians in the conflict, their contexts, and perpetrators. This novel approach resorts to moral and rational cognitive assumptions to clarify emerging features and provides a different perspective on the Congolese armed conflict. Methodology: The study used the grounded theory methodology to comprehend the complexity of the Congolese armed conflict's moral and rational considerations directly from the data on violent incidents registered from 1993 to 2003. The study utilized different international, regional, and local reports, mainly the UN Mapping Report on human rights violations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1993 to 2003, as its secondary data source. The study applied memoing, coding, and constant comparison to retrieving properties from the reported incidents and their contexts from which it identified, formulated, and developed conceptual subcategories and categories. The study used content and cross-analysis to interpret and discuss the conceptualized data categories, definitions, and background, ensuring a thorough and rigorous research process. The study resorted to armed conflict and cognitive theories to validate findings and enrich the discussion. Findings: This study is comprehensive research that conveyed a consistent and objective picture of the Congolese armed conflict's immoral and irrational features. Using substantially moral inquiry based on unduly harmfulness to others and rational inquiry centered on favoring common ends, the study found that violent incidents bore four types of harmful actions: subjective, objective, proactive, and extreme, committed by political and military agents from different belligerents. The conflict experienced three harm-prone contexts that cultivated and amplified these harmful actions and conditioned harming agents affiliated with two main categories of belligerents, aspirational and non-aspirational, according to political ends. The political aspirations with moral grounds did not prevent harming agents from committing various harmful actions. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice, and Policy: The study articulated a new explanatory approach to African armed conflict studies by exploring human rights and international law violations as manifestations of war’s immorality and irrationality. While many studies substantially explain violent conflict incidents in legal, social, and political terms, this approach emphasizes their comprehension as wrongfulness and harmfulness related to moral and rational cognition linked to contextual conditions. The reflection offered practitioners, politicians, and militaries a blueprint of conceptual dispensation that morally and rationally featured armed conflict’s violent actions, contexts, and perpetrators.

Classroom Incivility Going Viral on Social Media: One Professor’s Encounters

The advent of social media expands the domain of the standard classroom. The outcome is that incidents of conflict, also known as classroom incivility, exist not only within the conventional classroom. They can take place on social media platforms. In this paper, the author draws on his experience with a complaint about an assignment in one of his classes that surfaced on X (formerly Twitter), feedback on the assignment that took the shape of a story on Instagram, and his response to the activity in the two venues. He draws on the concept of classroom incivility and reflects on how this term, named to describe conflict in in-person classrooms, is relevant on social media platforms.

You’re not welcome! Violence and support for an open grazing ban policy in Kaduna, Nigeria

This study examines the effect of victimization and religious affiliation on support for a policy banning the open grazing of livestock in the northern Nigerian state of Kaduna. This policy, which aims to reduce the incidence of conflicts between nomadic herders and sedentary farmers, has been implemented to varying degrees in some states across Nigeria. Kaduna is a suitable case study for investigating these relationships because, despite having the third-highest incidence of farmer–herder conflicts out of Nigeria’s 36 states, the state government has not implemented an open grazing ban policy there. The regression results show that victimization by herders increases the likelihood of supporting the policy. On average, Muslims are more supportive of the policy than Christians. The higher support among Muslims is quite surprising because most of the respondents who have been victimized by herders are Christians. Muslims might be more supportive of an open grazing ban policy due to a contagion effect: the common religion of Islam that they share with nomadic herders could lead to the attribution of blame for farmer–herder conflicts to Muslims, making them more eager to see an end to the conflict. This eagerness might be what leads to increased support for an open grazing ban policy. JEL Codes: D74, N57, Z12

Wildlife killer instincts: human wildlife conflict and fatal incidents in Botswana

Wildlife killer instincts: human wildlife conflict and fatal incidents in Botswana

Conflict Resolution in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Construction Industry

Purpose: The high incidence of conflicts within this sector has significant ramifications, such as project delays, exceeding budgeted costs, and project abandonment (Oyewunmi et al., 2018). Cultural and linguistic disparities, inadequate communication, and competing interests among stakeholders are some of the causes of these conflicts. These conflicts are made worse by the intricate contractual arrangements, weak conflict resolution procedures, and weak regulatory frameworks that characterize the sector. Even though Nigeria's economy greatly benefits from the oil and gas sector, the frequency of conflicts impedes the sector's expansion and stability. Materials and Methodology: The methodology adopted is by secondary data which entails the examination of pre-existing data from many sources, including academic journals, industry reports, and government papers. The quality of the secondary data used in these studies depended on the reliability and validity of the sources, the methodology used in data collection, and the rigor of the analysis. Findings: The ecological consequences of oil production are a significant cause for conflict in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Construction sector. It is critical for all parties involved to collaborate to reduce this impact and ensure the industry's long-term viability. Regional interests frequently influence the oil sector, particularly in areas with abundant oil resources. These interests may occasionally result in confrontations with other parties. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The research recommends that fairness and equity should be the watchword in distribution of the gains and pains of the economy so that no regions of the country will feel cheated. There should be transparent allocation of proceeds. The active participation of young individuals in the Niger Delta region in the formulation of policies that will directly impact their welfare is crucial and should be adopted.

Conflict exposure and expected victimization in Nigeria

ABSTRACT Although the Northern Nigerian state of Kaduna has the second highest incidence of violent conflicts among Nigeria’s 36 states, the population generally reports a low level of expected victimization. A large-N survey conducted in the state in 2021 showed that 65% of the population believe they are unlikely to be directly affected by violent conflict in the future. This is surprising, given that 42% of respondents experienced at least 10 conflict incidents within a 10 km radius around their dwellings between 1997 and 2020. Ordered logit regressions reveal that the more individuals are exposed to conflict, the less worried they are about getting victimized. The negative correlation between violent conflict and expected victimization might be due to the existential threat posed by violent conflict, which prompts people to rely more heavily on their ethnoreligious kinship ties for both material and non-material support. This, in turn, attenuates their fear of victimization.

Structural equation modeling analysis of factors influencing decisional conflict between dialysis modality among end-stage kidney disease patients in Wuhan

ObjectivesTo explore the influencing factors and relationships associated with decisional conflict of dialysis modality in End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients.MethodsThis study was a survey-based cross-sectional investigation conducted on 150 ESKD patients in a third-class hospital in Wuhan. The general information questionnaire, decisional conflict scale, Montreal cognitive assessment, frail scale, perceived social support scale, and brief health literacy screen were used for investigation. SPSS 25.0 was used to compare the differences between the decisional and non-decisional conflict groups, and AMOS 23.0 was used to construct a structural equation model to explore the influencing factors.ResultsThe incidence of decisional conflict in 150 ESKD patients was 33.3% (50/150). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for decisional conflict of dialysis modality in ESKD patients included monthly household income (OR = 0.184), cognitive function (OR = 7.0), social support (OR = 0.891), health literacy (OR = 0.608), the level of eGFR (OR = 1.488), and the level of cTnI (OR = 9.558). The constructed path analysis model had a good fit (x2/df = 1.499, GFI = 0.957, AGFI = 0.911, NFI = 0.906, CFI = 0.967, RMSEA = 0.055). The path analysis showed that health literacy (0.577) had the greatest impact on the decisional conflict, with a direct effect of 0.480 and an indirect effect of 0.097 through cognitive function and monthly household income. Next was social support, with an effect value of 0.434.ConclusionsIn clinical practice, it is important to enhance the health literacy of patients and their families and to provide advanced education on dialysis plans. Additionally, in managing and planning chronic kidney disease progression and dialysis, it is recommended to regularly and systematically assess cognitive function, particularly before the patient’s cognitive impairment worsens or the severity of the disease progresses. Advanced care planning can be established through collaboration between healthcare professionals and patients to ensure appropriate decision-making and management.Implications for the profession and patient careThis paper finds that the factors that influence and relate to dialysis methods in end-stage renal disease patients help nurses exercise autonomy better, assist patients in reducing their decisional conflict, and improve clinical outcomes.Patient or public contributionPatients received a relevant questionnaire survey, and caregivers assisted in conducting the study.

A Tale of Two Centuries? Expanding Constitutional Labour Rights in Canada and Their Impact on Legislation, Conflict and Wages

ABSTRACTUsing collective agreement and strike data from the Canadian Federal and provincial jurisdictions for the years 1978–2019, this study examines the effect that various legislative regimes that govern public‐sector bargaining disputes have on the incidence, duration and cost of conflict. This study seeks to replicate and improve previous estimates related to this topic but also extends the analysis to examine changes to the legal environment in Canada in which labour rights have been increasingly enshrined in constitutional law through the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This study finds, in contrast to previous studies, that the legislative regime impacts the way agreements are settled when disputes occur but not the likelihood of a directly negotiated agreement prior to impasse. It also highlights some differences in contract and wage settlements prior to and after the constitutionalization of labour rights in Canada.

Trainers Practices in Minimizing Ethical Conflicts among Athletes of a Medical College in China

This study aims to analyze the impact of a trainer's guide on trainers' practices in minimizing ethical conflicts. A sample of 150 athletes and 20 trainers from Wannan Medical College in China was selected. Using a designed pre test and post test experimental framework, the study systematically evaluated changes in trainers' practices rega rding ethical conflicts before and after implementing the guide. The results indicate that before the implementation of the trainer's guide, trainers rarely employed effective strategies and actions to manage ethical conflicts , after the guide was implemen ted, there was a significant increase in trainers' practices aimed at reducing ethical conflicts, demonstrating a clear positive shift. This finding not o nly underscores the substantial positive effect of the trainer's guide in encouraging trainers to addr ess ethical conflicts proactively but also highlights the guide's core value as a tool for reducing the incidence of such conflicts. The significance of this study lies in its validation of the trainer's guide as an effective complement to behavioral norms . Additionally, it provides empirical support for incorporating the guide into the trainer training system. Furthermore, the findings offer valuable practical references for o ther trainers, contributing to the establishment of a healthier and more ethical training environment, thereby reducing the occurrence of ethical conflicts.

Ethnic conflicts and their relationship with temperature change in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its vicinity during the past 2000 years

In the context of global warming, the study of climate change and its impacts has garnered significant attention. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with its unique natural environment and socio-cultural significance, plays a crucial role in climate change and the development of the Chinese nation. Investigating the historical interactions, development, and socio-climatic background of the nomadic groups on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and agricultural ethnic groups in eastern China contributes to understanding the intrinsic mechanisms of how climate change affects the social interconnectivity of different ethnic groups. This paper is founded on an analysis of 450 conflict events between these groups, as reflected in ancient Chinese war chronicles and ethnic relations annals, creating a decadal conflict sequence from the Eastern Han to the Qing Dynasty (25AD-1910AD). The study conducts a correlation analysis and phase-wise statistical comparison between the climate research findings and the ethnic conflict sequence, specifically examining their relationship with temperature. The main findings are: (1) From the Eastern Han to the Qing Dynasty, a total of 876 conflicts occurred between the ethnic groups in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its vicinity (averaging 4.6 conflicts per decade), with 62.1% initiated by the Ethnic groups on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and 66.6% won by the Ethnic groups in eastern China; (2) The frequency of conflicts is primarily correlated with temperatures in the Eastern region, with a less distinct correlation in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During overall warmer periods, conflict incidents were more frequent, with a higher proportion initiated by the Ethnic groups on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Conversely, in colder periods, there were fewer conflicts, with an increased proportion initiated by the Ethnic groups in eastern China; (3) Unlike conflicts between the Ethnic groups in northwestern and eastern China, the Ethnic groups on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau's external expansion was not a primary objective, indicating that the conflicts were mainly driven by regional economic strength and land productivity. The temperature can reduce land productivity by limiting the growth potential of crops and livestock or by reducing the advance to restrict their production. As a result, water resources, as a condition of land productivity variation, and climate became significant backgrounds for ethnic interactions.

Migrant Voices in Multilingual London, 1560–1600

Abstract Early modern London was multilingual, and early modern urban life was shaped by linguistic diversity. This article draws on the multilingual archives of Elizabethan London's ‘stranger churches’ – Protestant congregations which catered to the needs of French-, Dutch- and Italian-speaking migrants (among others) – to explore how linguistic diversity shaped social relations. These sources offer insights into the everyday multilingualism of the early modern city. They demonstrate London's migrant communities’ intense interest in what people said and why, and show how different languages and their speakers interacted on the streets and in the spaces of later sixteenth-century London. By charting how linguistic diversity was part of the lives of ordinary Londoners in this period, including close examination of incidents of multilingual insult, slander, and conflict, this article argues that the civic and religious authorities relied on the stranger churches’ abilities to carry out surveillance of speech in languages other than English, and that urban social relations and urban spaces were shaped by multilingualism. It ends by arguing that linguistic diversity played an essential but understudied role in the social history of early modern cities.

Chilli Cakes: A Nature-Based Solution for Enhancing Human-Wildlife Coexistence and Socio-Economic Resilience in Zimbabwe

Abstract Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) in Zimbabwe is home to a thriving population of African elephants ( Loxodonta africana ). However, this population faces constant threats stemming from human encroachment and habitat degradation, exacerbated by unplanned cultivation and a growing number of domestic livestock. As human and elephant interactions increase, so does the incidence of human-elephant conflict (HEC), posing a significant risk to both communities and elephants alike. This conflict jeopardizes the survival of elephants that venture beyond the confines of the protected area. In defence, the farmers employ various strategies to minimize HECs, including burning chilli peppers, beating drums and fire, deploying bee hives, employing dogs, and utilizing other defensive measures. A study conducted in 2019 identified HEC hot spots through GPS-tracking elephants. A collaboration with affected farmers was then sought in developing a more sustainable solution for mitigating HEC. As a result, a novel product named “Chilli Cake” was developed, drawing upon traditional knowledge and innovative science techniques to deter elephants from raiding crops. The chilli cake initiative successfully reduced HECs and improved crop protection for farmers in Malipati. These findings carry significant implications for elephant conservation through the promotion of coexistence between wildlife and people while promoting community resilience which is the basis for sustainable development in Zimbabwe and beyond. Information © The Authors 2024

The Influence of Conservation Education on Pro-wildlife Sustainability Behaviour at the Eco-centric Zone of Budongo Central Forest Reserve in Buliisa District, Uganda

Human-wildlife coexistence has become increasingly pressing in sub-Saharan Africa, especially Uganda, highlighting the need for an effective conservation education programme. The relationship between Conservation education and Human-wildlife coexistence in Uganda remains an open question. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the influence of conservation education on pro-wildlife sustainability behaviour at the eco-centric zone of Budongo Central Forest Reserve (CFR) in Uganda. Two specific objectives guided the research which include to: document the existing conservation education programs involved in enhancing human-wildlife coexistence around Budongo CFR; and to determine the influence of conservation education programs towards enhancing human-wildlife coexistence around Budongo CFR. The study employed a descriptive survey design where mixed-methods approach, including quantitative and qualitative surveys were carried out. Key informant interviews were carried out to elicit information from some community leaders and teachers. In addition, field observations were done to gauge the success of these programs towards fostering human-wildlife co-existence. The study revealed various conservation education programs in place, including environmental education in schools, community outreach programs, ecotourism, sustainable agriculture, and forest restoration. Notably, conservation education in schools played a significant role, contributing 59.1% to the variance in human-wildlife co-existence. A Pearson Correlation Coefficient analysis indicated a strong positive significant relationship between conservation education programs and improvements in human-wildlife co-existence (r=0.973, Sig=0.000). The findings showed that well-designed conservation education programs have the potential to enhance community awareness, reduce conflict incidents, and encourage sustainable co-habitation practices. However, challenges such as cultural nuances and resource limitations pose significant hurdles to program effectiveness. In conclusion, this research demonstrates the effectiveness of conservation education programs in enhancing human-wildlife coexistence around Budongo CFR. These programs have not only increased knowledge and positive attitudes but also fostered local capacity to conservation. There should be a continued investment in these programs by the government, NGOs, CBOs, and industry experts aimed at promoting sustainable coexistence and conservation in the Budongo CFR and similar areas in the country.

Technical efficiency and its determinants in health service delivery of public health centers in East Wollega Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: Two-stage data envelope analysis

BackgroundPriority-setting becomes more difficult for decision-makers when the demand for health services and health care resources rises. Despite the fact that the Ethiopian healthcare system places a strong focus on the efficient utilization and allocation of health care resources, studies of efficiency in healthcare facilities have been very limited. Hence, the study aimed to evaluate efficiency and its determinants in public health centers.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in the East Wollega zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Ethiopian fiscal year of 2021–2022 data was collected from August 01–30, 2022 and 34 health centers (decision-making units) were included in the analysis. Data envelope analysis was used to analyze the technical efficiency. A Tobit regression model was used to identify determinants of efficiency, declaring the statistical significance level at P < 0.05, using 95% confidence interval.ResultsThe overall efficiency score was estimated to be 0.47 (95% CI = 0.36–0.57). Out of 34 health centers, only 3 (8.82%) of them were technically efficient, with an efficiency score of 1 and 31 (91.2%) were scale-inefficient, with an average score of 0.54. A majority, 30 (88.2%) of inefficient health centers exhibited increasing return scales. The technical efficiency of urban health centers was (β = -0.35, 95% CI: -0.54, -0.07) and affected health centers’ catchment areas by armed conflicts declined (β = -0.21, 95% CI: -0.39, -0.03) by 35% and 21%, respectively. Providing in-service training for healthcare providers increased the efficiency by 27%; 95% CI, β = 0.27(0.05–0.49).ConclusionsOnly one out of ten health centers was technically efficient, indicating that nine out of ten were scale-inefficient and utilized nearly half of the healthcare resources inefficiently, despite the fact that they could potentially reduce their inputs nearly by half while still maintaining the same level of outputs. The location of health centers and armed conflict incidents significantly declined the efficiency scores, whereas in-service training improved the efficiency. Therefore, the government and health sector should work on the efficient utilization of healthcare resources, resolving armed conflicts, organizing training opportunities, and taking into account the locations of the healthcare facilities during resource allocation.

MITIGATION EFFORTS AND STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING HUMAN-ELEPHANT CONFLICT IN BUKIT BARISAN SELATAN NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA

This study aims to determine the conflict mitigation efforts that have been carried out and analyze strategies for managing human-elephant conflicts in the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. The research data was collected by focus group discussion and observation. The collected data were analyzed descriptively based on the factors of strength, weakness, opportunity and threat analysis to determine the strategy for managing human-elephant conflict. The results of the study indicate that several efforts have been made to reduce the incidence of conflict through patrols, monitoring, and dispelling and escorting using firecrackers. The strategy supports an aggressive growth policy (growth oriented strategy). It is hoped that the incidence of human-elephant conflict can be reduced or suppressed through a holistic and integrative approach. Mitigation of human conflict with elephants that can be done in the long term is by making special interest tourism programs and increasing human resource capacity. Keywords: conflict, conflict management, elephant, mitigation strategy

Pachyderm and petrichor: Searching for new ways to mitigate the human-elephant conflict

Geosmin, a taste and odor (T &amp; O) compound that has been hypothesized to occur in higher magnitudes in water bodies due to climate change, is a water quality parameter for human consumption, but an olfactory cue for elephants to migrate towards water holes. It is proposed here to culture bacteria capable of geosmin biodegradation for the development of a unitary, or a consortium of microbes, to lower the geosmin content in human settlement-proximal water holes, to discourage the encroachment of elephants to villages.This novel idea aims to protect both, the elephant population and the human footprint in harm’s way, furnishing a program to conserve elephants while ensuring that human lives are protected. The environmental and social impacts of this proposed nature-based solution will be centered on 1. Elephant conservation 2. Reduction of incidences of the human-elephant conflict, which together provide a natural solution to a dilemma that so far has lacked tangible, sustainable, and long-term, bio-centric remedies.This editorial projects to protect both humans and elephants in a climate-change-impacted dry zone of Sri Lanka, where there are an estimated &gt;5000-6000 elephants, which makes up 10% of the Asian elephant population in 2% of the range, the highest density of Asian elephants in any country. In an increasingly water-impoverished landscape, encroaching on human settlements for water and food flares up the human-elephant conflict that claims hundreds of lives across the human-animal divide, in any given year.There is a quote by arguably the greatest artist that walked on this earth, Pablo Picasso, who coined this wonderful line “God is really only another artist. He invented the giraffe, the elephant and the cat. He has no real style, He just goes on trying other things”. We scientists too need to be like artists – “try other things” to save the opulence of biodiversity – those giraffes, pachyderms and big cats, threatened by habitat expansion and human encroachment, of which the elephant holds the pinnacle rung. This editorial is simply a wake-up call for the scientific community to try other things.

Empirical Investigation into Collaborative Model Development for Resolving Tenure Conflicts in Forested Regions

Tenure conflict is a challenge and dilemma experienced by many countries. The dilemma is because on the one hand, there is an interest in preserving forests, on the other hand, there are claims to land ownership in forest areas long before they are designated as forest areas. The next dilemma is that the party claiming property rights is generally used for agricultural activities which have been the main livelihood for generations. This study tries to examine the incidence of tenure conflicts in various countries to map how these conflicts occur, the factors that encourage land tenure approaches in resolving them, and government (state) policies. Using secondary data resulting from a review of previous research published in reputable international journals and other reliable and credible reports. The review study model used is systematic with meta-synthesis. Apart from journals, secondary data comes from other reliable and credible reports. Data and materials consist of 67 reputable international journals and 14 books/reports published in the last ten years. The results of the analysis found that tenure conflicts were caused by many things, motivated by the ownership and interests of natural resources specifically for agriculture for the lives of the surrounding community. An interesting fact is that the handling of tenure conflicts in several countries is considered successful, marked by the provision of access to forest management ownership. Other studies such as those conducted in Latin America, Africa, and Asia offer partnership models to resolve tenure conflicts. Similar things have also been done in Indonesia but have not been completely successful. Learning from this, this research offers a model for developing forest management partnerships to resolve tenure conflicts in forest areas, while also accommodating special agricultural activities for local communities. The model offered theoretically complements and/or perfects the models used so far which have proven unsuccessful in resolving conflicts. The practical implications are a reference for the government and interested parties to resolve tenure conflicts so that forests are maintained and can provide benefits for community welfare.

The Influences of Misinformation on Incidences of Politically Motivated Violence in Europe

Misinformation has become increasingly prevalent in online media. Transnational misinformation, in particular, poses an increasing threat to the security and stability of modern nation-states. To this end, at least some anecdotal evidence suggests a direct relationship between misinformation and domestic acts of politically motivated violence. Yet, such claims lack systematic empirical evidence, especially as it relates to transnational misinformation. To address this, this paper analyzes the effects of transnational misinformation on several distinct forms of domestic political violence across Europe, sharpening our empirical understanding of the purported association between misinformation and political violence. This is achieved through the fusion of a fine-grained spatial-temporal dataset of confirmed instances of news-based misinformation with daily event data on incidents of political conflict. These combined data are analyzed using a variety of statistical techniques for the period covering January 2016–May 2022. Findings imply a positive association between transnational misinformation and several forms of political violence in Europe. Furthermore, this association is more reliable for civilian-to-government violence events than for violence between civilian actors. Altogether this paper accordingly provides novel and nuanced empirical evidence for the pernicious effects of transnational misinformation on political violence.

Effect of government expenditure on real economic growth in ECOWAS: assessing the moderating role of corruption and conflict

This study investigated the effect of government expenditure on real growth in ECOWAS countries. This paper used panel cointegration techniques to examine the impact of government expenditure on economic growth for a sample of 15 ECOWAS countries between 1999 and 2021. The study uses the POLS, FMOLS, and DOLS techniques for estimating four models. The study supports the view that government expenditure positively affects real economic growth in ECOWAS countries. However, we also found that higher control of corruption improves the effectiveness and efficiency of government expenditure in promoting economic growth. Furthermore, a higher incidence of conflict minimizes the effectiveness and efficiency of government expenditure in promoting economic growth. The finding suggests that a well-managed government can contribute positively to economic growth. The finding that government expenditure positively affects real growth in ECOWAS countries suggests that a well-managed government can contribute positively to economic growth. This finding is helpful for policymakers in ECOWAS countries interested in improving their countries’ economic growth.