Incidents In Aviation Research Articles

Analiza udesa i ozbiljnih nezgoda u vazdušnom saobraćaju primenom Microsoft Power BI alata

Safety is a priority in aviation and for all aviation entities, including civil aviation authorities, operators, air traffic control service providers and airports. With the air traffic volume increase, there is a growth in the aviation system efficiency and therefore it is necessary to maintain a high level of safety. Practical processing of the operational data includes the representation and analysis of accidents and incidents in aviation over the certain period. The data presented in the paper are based on the location of the safety event, flight phase, aircraft type, accident frequency rate and other possible factors that can affect aviation safety. The main goal of analyzing the operational data is to raise safety awareness, as well as to maintaining safety risks on satisfactory level including safety risks mitigation measures.

The effect of COVID-19 on self-reported safety incidents in aviation: An examination of the heterogeneous effects using causal machine learning

Introduction: Disruptions to aviation operations occur daily on a micro-level with negligible impacts beyond the inconvenience of rebooking and changing aircrew schedules. The unprecedented disruption in global aviation due to COVID-19 highlighted a need to evaluate emergent safety issues rapidly. Method: This paper uses causal machine learning to examine the heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 on reported aircraft incursions/excursions. The analysis utilized self report data from NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System collected from 2018 to 2020. The report attributes include self identified group characteristics and expert categorization of factors and outcomes. The analysis identified attributes and subgroup characteristics that were most sensitive to COVID-19 in inducing incursions/excursions. The method included the generalized random forest and difference-in-difference techniques to explore causal effects. Results: The analysis indicates first officers are more prone to experiencing incursion/excursion events during the pandemic. In addition, events categorized with the human factors confusion, distraction, and the causal factor fatigue increased incursion/excursion events. Practical Applications: Understanding the attributes associated with the likelihood of incursion/excursion events provides policymakers and aviation organizations insights to improve prevention mechanisms for future pandemics or extended periods of reduced aviation operations.

Trends and Characteristics of Incidents in China Civil Aviation: 1994–2020

Safety is of great importance to the sustainable development of air transportation. Because aviation accidents rarely occur, the traditional indexes based on fatal accidents and fatality could not provide enough information for accident prevention and continuous safety improvement. This paper collected data on 6,357 incidents in China civil aviation from 1994 to 2020. Afterward, a whole picture was drawn to reflect the detailed safety situation by analyzing the characteristics and trend of incidents. From 1994 to 2008, the annual number of incidents in China civil aviation remained relatively stable. After 2008, the number of incidents exhibited an obvious growth trend, but the incidents per million flight hours remained stable. From the direct cause of incidents, operator and mechanic are no longer the leading causes. Presently, 63.4% of incidents are caused by environmental factors, showing an increasing trend. From the operation phase, most incidents occurred during the cruise phase (29.8%), followed by the approach phase (19.4%), and the take-off phase (16.0%). In addition, there have been many incidents that occurred during uncertain phase. From the typical incidents, bird strikes and lightning strikes account for 43.8% and 6.7% of the total incidents, respectively, showing an annually ascending trend. Engine shutdown accounts for 9.4% but the number exhibits a descending trend. As an important index of safety, the trend and characteristics of incidents can specifically reflect the safety situation of the aviation industry, and provide a reference for accident prevention and continuous safety improvement.

The Effect of Stress on Job Satisfaction: A Study on Pilots

Aviation is a form of transportation that is developing rapidly. The rapidly growing aviation sector has started to be preferred by people because it is advantageous compared to other modes of transportation in terms of both time and passenger comfort. As people prefer aircrafts more as a means of transportation, airline companies have started to grow, have placed new aircraft orders and continue to give. However, the most important issue that will never be compromised in the face of this rapid growth is undoubtedly flight safety. Studies have shown that, the human factor is around 70% is affected the accidents and incidents in aviation. For this reason, the human factor is important in aviation, and everything from the working hours of the employees, the time to spend on the way to and from work, and even the rest time, has become a rule by international aviation organizations. For this reason, in this thesis, it is aimed to measure the stress levels of pilots, which are one of the most important parts of the aviation industry, to observe how their inner world is in business life and also to measure how these levels affect pilots' job satisfaction. As a result of the research, a significant relationship was found between the stress levels of the pilots and their job satisfaction levels.

An Analysis Of Factors Affecting The Number Of Safety Incidents In Civil Aviation

Aviation is the youngest of the transport industries, yet despite its short history, it is considered one of the most important spheres of transport, both in terms of passenger and cargo transportation. Civil aviation is used by an increasing number of people, and the number of aircraft used by airlines around the world continues to grow. An inherent element that is a particularly important aspect of this mode of transportation is security. In civil aviation, there are numerous dangers associated with events occurring before the flight, during the flight, as well as those associated with the landing process. The events need to be controlled and their causes actively sought and ultimately prevented. The Polish Civil Aviation Authority, as part of the creation of the National Civil Aviation Safety Program, developed the National Safety Plan 2020-2023. The document covers threats identified in the Systemic, European, and National Areas. They are characterized and classified based on the materiality (significance) of the event. The aim of this article is to characterize and analyze selected factors (e.g. collisions with birds, helicopter events) that affect the number of safety incidents in civil aviation. The background of the study was the analysis and synthesis of the literature on the subject, while the main research method was the statistical analysis of historical data on aviation incidents. The data provided in Poland's National Security Plan 2020-2023 were used to distinguish the factors associated with the threats present and synthetically evaluate their impact. The analyses made it possible to identify areas of particular safety risks and form the basis for further detailed research.

Systematic Analysis and Classification of the Literature Regarding the Impact of Human Factors On Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in military and civilian areas is increasing day by day. This increased use poses risks related to accidents and incidents. Human factors are among the most important causes of accidents and incidents in aviation. Understanding the impact of these factors on unmanned aerial vehicles is vital to prevent the accidents and incidents. In this study, literature on human factors in unmanned aerial vehicles is systematically reviewed and classified. As a result of the classification made, it is aimed to understand which subjects are missing or inadequate. In this way, it is also attempted to make suggestions about future studies.

Analysis of Thermal Runaway Incidents Involving Lithium Batteries in U.S. Commercial Aviation

Thermal runaway incidents involving lithium batteries as cargo, in luggage, or as personal property in the cabin have been associated with fatalities, the destruction of cargo, and even the loss of entire aircraft. This research represents the first examination of the incidence of lithium battery thermal runaway incidents involving a variety of rechargeable lithium-ion and lithium metal batteries on commercial flights in the U.S.A. The objective is to examine the occurrence of these thermal runaway incidents and the circumstances surrounding them from the best available data source, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) hazardous material incident database. Using descriptive statistics, the frequency of incidents and the circumstances surrounding these incidents, including incident characteristics, device type, preceding event, activity of device, and location of incident between 1996 and July 2019, are examined. There were records of 274 thermal runaway incidents in U.S. commercial air transportation during the approximately 23-year period., with 76% of these incidents reported since 2015. Fire was the most commonly reported characteristic and loose lithium batteries not otherwise specified were the most common device involved in these thermal runaways. Missing information on the circumstances surrounding incidents among was a common condition, and “Not Specified” represented the largest categorization of preceding events, activity of device and the second largest category of location. The focus of this paper is aviation, but it is expected that some of the insights and lessons learned from incidents in aviation can be extended to other modes of transportation as well.

Major incidents that shaped aviation security

This article is giving an overview about major incidents in civil aviation, that have shaped the aviation security policies over the course of time. It begins with industry threats and security breaches (hijackings and terrorism), the counter measures and policy decisions are giving an example of changing the aviation security. The article continues with analysing the impact of 9/11, but also the current threats to civil aviation and the international efforts in combating them. The objective is to analyse the impact of the incidents on the evolution of aviation security and find out whether industry has been reactive or proactive to aviation threat mitigation. This article concludes that the security methods are reactively implemented, and a proactive attitude of the stakeholders has to maintain it course towards the aviation security, as we believe the aviation will have an increasingly part in the future of transportation.

The Regulatory Framework for Safety Management Systems in Airworthiness Organisations

In recent years, a growing emphasis on safety has driven various industries, both in manufacturing and service, to implement a Safety Management System (SMS) in their organisations. SMSs have also been widely implemented in aviation due to both regulatory requirements and voluntary implementation with the aim of decreasing incidents and accidents whilst reducing inefficiencies and costs stemming from the repercussions of safety failures. The aviation industry involves various players for the provision of services ranging from airline operations, maintenance, aerodrome operations, air traffic services, aircraft and component design, manufacturing, and training. Not all organisations in the aviation industry have implemented SMSs. Furthermore, SMS is currently not regulated for all aviation organisations. Whilst technology has played a key role in driving down the number of accidents and incidents in aviation, the growth in air traffic demands having programs in place to further drive down accident rates. In this context, this article provides an investigation to the regulatory framework for the implementation of SMSs in aviation, including the requirements stipulated by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) and the status of SMS regulation of key National Aviation Authorities (NAA) and Military Aviation Authorities (MAA), with a focus on organisations involved in airworthiness including initial and continuing airworthiness. This article also investigates the challenges of implementing SMSs in organisations involved in Airworthiness, as well as the benefits that could be gained by service providers as well as NAA’s or MAA’s through SMSs.

Fault-Tolerant Certifiable Control for a V-Tail Remotely Piloted Aircraft System

This paper presents a new approach from a certification standpoint toward the fault-tolerant control (FTC) strategies used to accommodate failures of a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) in non-conventional aerodynamic configuration. The reference aircraft of this paper is the ATLANTE RPA, which has a V-tail. A novel review of the most common accidents and incidents in general and commercial aviation, and in the RPAS sector, has been conducted in order to check the relevance of the proposed failures and the flight phase where they most frequently happen. Damage scenarios are, on the one hand, one locked-in-place flaperon and, on the other hand, propulsion system failure resulting in a gliding flight condition. This second scenario is an original contribution of this paper. The proposed FTC is based on the multiple model switching and tuning technique, and then a classical control is applied to each model in order to ensure the certification criteria. In the case of the propulsion system failure model, a new architecture with airspeed-on-elevator control law is proposed. This controller has been tested using a novel guidance law during the gliding, final approach, and landing phases making use of a flight simulator developed for the ATLANTE RPA. The results obtained highlight the concordance between the regulation requirements and the results for both proposed failures, making it possible for the aircraft to meet the certification requirements, while maintaining a safe condition after failures.

Identifying and Analyzing Atypical Flights by Using Supervised and Unsupervised Approaches

Effective analysis of flight data is a prominent topic in the aviation industry, with flight data recorders containing vast amounts of information on flight safety violations and maintenance issues. A demand exists for innovative techniques to analyze flight data because predefined threshold criteria, such as exceedances, are often quite rigid and cannot encompass all types of safety issues. Further, the accumulation of flight data presents a big data problem, so that it is infeasible for humans to analyze the data manually in a reasonable time. Statistics show that many accidents and incidents in aviation are recurrent. Therefore, to mitigate potential safety issues, machine-learning algorithms can be trained to identify accident precursors. This research had two purposes. The first was to perform cluster analysis by using Kohonen self-organizing maps (SOMs) to identify unstable approaches that transpired at the Grand Forks, North Dakota, International Airport. The Cessna 172 model aircraft was used, and unsafe practices were identified without specifying predefined thresholds. The second purpose was to employ the analytical techniques asynchronously to address the big data problem. The validated results indicated that SOMs identified hard landings and unsafe low-level maneuvers and that some approaches that were high, fast, and steep would be harder to detect by using traditional flight safety analysis techniques.

Learning from accidents: Updates of the European regulation on the investigation and prevention of accidents and incidents in civil aviation

Civil aviation has a longstanding tradition of investigating accidents and reporting incidents, which contributes to making aviation one of the safest forms of transport. To make flying safer, independent investigation into accidents is essential as it the surest way of identifying the causes of an accident and answering the fundamental questions “What really happened?” and “What can be done to prevent similar incidents in the future?”. The obligation to investigate accidents is enshrined in the Chicago Convention of 1944. Recognizing the importance of accident investigation, the European Union adopted Council Directive 94/56/EC establishing the fundamental principles governing the investigation of civil aviation accidents and incidents and later on Directive 2003/42/EC on occurrence reporting. They both significantly contributed to harmonization of accident prevention. But with air traffic steadily increasing, accidents do happen despite the best efforts of regulators and industry. The organization of the air transport sector is much more complex now than it was a decade ago. Today there is significant divergence in the investigating capacity of the EU Member States compared to 1994. Furthermore nowadays investigating air accidents take new kinds of expertise and more resources than a decade ago. At the same time there is a new legal and institutional environment in Europe derived from the adoption of European aviation safety rules. Also the organizational set-up has changed substantially with the establishment of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), which is now responsible for certifying aircraft in the EU. The EU rules on investigating air accidents need to be updated to reflect the current realities of Europe's aviation market and the complexity of the global aviation industry. Accordingly, over the last few years the European Commission has been working on a Regulation on the investigation and prevention of accidents and incidents in civil aviation, with the intention of updating and replacing the existing Directive. With this new regulation the Commission aims to promote more efficient and independent inquiries into the causes of air accidents and also expects to strengthen the rights of the victims of air accidents. Today the end is in sight, once that the Commission and European Parliament have reached an agreement about the content and text of this new regulation. Reasons behind this new regulation are presented in this paper together with a detailed explanation of its main contents, an assessment of their impact and their expected benefits.

Investigation of Alarm-Related Accidents and Incidents in Aviation

With increases in technology, pilots have assumed the role of system monitors. As such, they have become dependent upon sensor-based alarm signals, some of which are unreliable. Researchers have shown that unreliable alarms foster mistrust and complacency by operators, and may degrade flight tasks and alarm reactions. To supplement available laboratory investigations, we tabulated the number of events involving true, false, and missed alarms within the Aviation Safety Reporting System database, the National Transportation Safety Board database, and the U.S. Army's Aviation Safety database. We also separated the results by aircraft type, avionics, flight phase, and specific problem. Our investigation revealed that alarm-related problems occur frequently across flight environments, and that false alarms remain a significant concern in aviation. Given the pervasiveness of alarm-related problems, it is important that future researchers devote considerable effort to improve aviation alarm systems.

Alarm Related Incidents in Aviation: A Survey of the Aviation Safety Reporting System Database

Today's aircraft cockpits are complex environments requiring pilots to monitor a large number of automated displays and alarm systems. A recent investigation of alarm-related incidents in Naval aircraft found high rates of alarm-related problems, particularly false and missed alarms. For the current research, we analyzed a sample of narrative accounts taken from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS). We categorized and tabulated the data according to alarm problem (false, missed, or other), aircraft type, avionics (alarm system), and flight phase. Our findings indicated that alarm-related incidents are still quite common in civil aircraft. Furthermore, most alarm-related incidents occur during the approach phase of a flight, and are likely to involve the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) or the Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). We recommend further empirical research to understand alarm-related problems, particularly the cry-wolf effect.

Enforcement of International Regulations

Abstract Disastrous incidents in international aviation in 1985 prompted the U.S. Congress to pass legislation, The International Security and Development Cooperation Act, to deter crimes against civil aviation. It requires that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) assess international airports serving as last points of departure into the United States. The implementation of this law, through the Foreign Airport Assessment Program, yields benefits for both the United States and the host governments assessed. It provides for an exchange between the U.S. government and foreign governments on how to strengthen security procedures: a mechanisms for international airports to obtain technical assistance, training, and equipment for the United States; and a way to regulate foreign air carriers.